Indivíduos portadores do glutamato na posição 27 do gene que codifica para o receptor beta2-adrenérgico têm resposta vasodilatadora muscular aumentada durante manobras fisiológicas. No entanto, o impacto do consumo agudo de gordura nessa resposta não é conhecido. Neste estudo, testou-se a hipótese de que o consumo gordura afetaria a resposta vasodilatadora aumentada destes indivíduos durante manobras fisiológicas. Vinte e cinco indivíduos saudáveis foram subdivididos em dois grupos: 11 homozigotos para o glutamato (Glu27Glu, 40+-3 anos; 65+-3kg) e 14 homozigotos para a glutamina (Gln27Gln, 40+-2 anos; 64+-2kg). O fluxo sangüíneo muscular foi medido por pletismografia de oclusão venosa. A resposta vasodilatadora muscular foi avaliada durante 3 minutos de exercício e estresse mental em jejum e 3 horas após consumo de 62 g de gordura. A condutância basal foi semelhante entre grupos (Glu27Glu=2,3+-0,1; Gln27Gln=2,2+-0,1; P=0,21). O aumento da condutância vascular durante exercício e durante o estresse mental foi maior no grupo Glu27Glu (0,73+-0,2 vs 0,22+-0,1; P=0,008 e 1,8?0,3 vs 1,2+-0,2; P=0,04, respectivamente). O consumo agudo de uma preparação rica em gordura eliminou esta diferença. A resposta de pressão arterial e freqüência cardíaca foi semelhante antes e após a ingestão de gordura. Os níveis de triglicérides, glicose e insulina foram semelhantes ao longo de todo período de estudo. O consumo agudo de gordura elimina a resposta aumentada do fluxo sangüíneo muscular durante manobras fisiológicas dos indivíduos portadores do genótipo Glu27Glu no receptorbeta2- adrenérgico. / Subjects who have glutamic acid at position 27 in gene encoding to beta2-adrenoceptor have increased muscle vasodilatory response during physiological maneuvers. However, the impact of a high-fat meal in this response is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a high-fat meal would modify the increased muscle vascular reactivity during handgrip and mental stress in these subjects. Twenty-five healthy subjects were subdivided in two groups: 11 were homozygous to glutamic acid (Glu27Glu, 40?3 years; 65+-3kg) and 14 were homozygous to glutamine (Gln27Gln, 40+-2 years; 64+-2kg). Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion pletysmography. Forearm blood flow was recorded for 3 minutes of handgrip and mental stress during fasting and three hours after 62g of fat consumption. Baseline forearm vascular conductance was similar between groups (Glu27Glu=2.3+-0.1; Gln27Gln=2.2+-0.1; P=0.21). Forearm vascular conductance during handgrip and mental stress was greater in the genotype Glu27Glu (0.73+-0.2 vs 0.22+-0.1; P=0.008 and 1.8+-0.3 vs 1.2+-0.2; P=0.04, respectively). Acute fat consumption eliminated the difference of vasodilatory response previously achieved. Blood pressure and heart rate response were similar before and after fat intake. Triglycerides, glucose and insulin levels were also similar between groups. We concluded that high-fat ingestion abolishes the augmented muscle blood flow responses during physiological maneuvers in individuals who are homozygous for the Glu27 allele of the beta2-adrenoceptor gene.

Dietas ricas em gordura ou carboidrato têm sido difundidas e consumidas nas últimas décadas, entretanto pouco é conhecido sobre as consequências metabólicas destas em longo prazo. Neste estudo, foram analisados a quantidade de gordura intramiocelular (IMCL), a função endotelial, além da lipemia, glicemia, insulinemia e resistência à insulina após semanas de dieta rica em gordura ou carboidrato, perdendo ou mantendo peso. De 43 mulheres triadas com sobrepeso (25< BMI <29.9 Kg/m2), 22 foram randomizadas para duas diferentes sequências de dietas. O IMCL foi medido através de espectroscopia por ressonância magnética 1H e a função endotelial pela pletismografia. Após 4 semanas de dieta rica em carboidrato, mantendo peso, foi observado aumento no IMCL do músculo tibial anterior (2.06 ± 1.27 vs. 3.52 ± 1.92, p=0.04) e na insulinemia em jejum (11.55 ± 4.43 vs. 14.03 ± 5.23, p=0.04), enquanto a dieta rica em gordura, no mesmo período, ocasionou aumento no HDL-C (37.06 ± 8.42 vs. 42.5 ± 9.32, p=0.003) e redução nos níveis de triglicerídeos em jejum (102,83 ± 34,10 vs. 75,83 ± 20,91, p=0,02). A função endotelial, colesterol total, LDL-C e resistência à insulina não mudaram durante esta fase. A perda de peso (média de 5%, por 8 semanas), não promoveu modificações nos parâmetros metabólicos vistos com a dieta de manutenção de peso. A partir destes resultados, concluiu-se que a ingestão de dieta rica em carboidrato, por 4 semanas de manutenção de peso, aumenta a insulinemia em jejum e o IMCL do músculo tibial anterior, enquanto a dieta rica em gordura pelo mesmo período aumenta o HDL-C e reduz triglicerídeos em mulheres saudáveis com sobrepeso. / High fat or high carbohydrate (cab) diet have been widely difunded and consumed during last decades; however it is not clear their metabolic effects in long term. In the present study we analyzed intramyocellular lipids (IMCL), endothelial function, plasma lipids, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance after high fat or high cab diet during weeks, maintaining or losing weight. 43 overweight women (25< BMI <29.9 Kg/m2) were screened, 22 of them were randomized to two different diet sequence. IMCL was measured by using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and endothelial function by using plethysmography method. Tibialis anterior IMCL (2.06 ± 1.27 vs. 3.52 ± 1.92, p=0.04) and fasting insulinemia increased (11.55 ± 4.43 vs. 14.03 ± 5.23, p=0.04) after four weeks of high cab diet after maintenance phase, while fasting HDL-C increased (37.06 ± 8.42 vs. 42.5 ± 9.32, p=0.003) and triglycerides levels decreased (102.83 ± 34.10 vs. 75.83 ± 20.91, p=0.02) after maintenance phase of high fat diet. Endothelial function, total cholesterol, LDL-C and insulin resistance did not alter during maintenance phase. A weight loss of 5%, after eight weeks, did not promote changes in the metabolic parameters, as seen during maintenance phase. Based on these results, it was concluded that high cab diet, four weeks with no weight change, increases tibialis anterior IMCL and fasting insulinemia, while high fat diet during same period increases HDL-C and decreases triglycerides in a healthy overweight women population.

Endocannabinoids are products of phospholipid-derived arachidonic acid that regulate hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. We hypothesize that differences in the quality and quantity of maternal dietary fat will modulate the neonatal phospholipid arachidonic acid content of the brain affecting the stress response via differences in endocannabinoid concentration of stress-activated brain areas. Dams were fed a 5% (C) or 300.10 fat diet rich in either n-6 (C, HF) or n-3 (HFF) fat during the perinatal period. PND4-5 HFF milk displays a reduced n-6/n-3 ratio compared to C and HF milk. PND10 hypothalamic and hippocampal PL AA levels are reduced in HFF pups relative to C and HF offspring; and predict endocannabinoid levels in a region-specific manner. In all pups pre-treated with an endocannabinoid receptor antagonist (AM251) or an inhibitor of the endocannabinoid degradative enzyme (URB597), basal and stress-induced ACTH secretion dose-dependently increased. Moreover, HFF pups exhibited a tendency towards reduced AM251 sensitivity under stressful conditions. These data suggest that the nature of perinatal dietary fat can differentially influence neonatal brain arachidonic acid levels and their endocannabinoid derivatives; and endocannabinoid signaling may be altered between diet groups since pups exhibit differences in sensitivity to endocannabinoid receptor blockade.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture (MCTo), designed to increase energy expenditure and improve lipid profiles containing medium chain triglycerides, phytosterols and n-3 fatty acids in the form of flaxseed oil, versus the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (ALA). Forty-eight hamsters were fed (i) hypercholesterol emic (HC) control, (ii) HC MCTo, (iii) HC ALA, (iv) HC MCTo/ALA diets for 4 weeks. No effects on food intake, body weight, total body water, lean body mass, fat mass, and tissue thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were observed. ALA alone had no effect on total cholesterol (TC); however, MCTo feeding increased TC with (p < 0.03) and without (p < 0.003) ALA when compared to control. ALA increased HDL levels compared to control (p 0.04) and MCTo/ALA (p < 0.007) groups. MCTo, with (p < 0.0001) or without (p < 0.006) ALA, increased non-HDL cholesterol levels versus control. The non-HDL:HDL ratio was decreased by ALA compared to MCTo (45%) and MCTo/ALA (68%) (p < 0.0001), a similar trend was seen when compared to the HC control (22%) group (p < 0.14). Triglyceride levels were not altered by any of the dietary treatments. Liver and heart tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) was increased (p < 0.05) by all three treatments when compared to control. Both tissues showed an increase (p < 0.05) in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) when fed ALA compared to all other treatments. Hamsters fed ALA had a lower (p < 0.05) GSH/GSSG ratio compared to all treatment groups. In conclusion, MCTo feeding does not elicit beneficial effects on circulating plasma lipids and measures of body composition. In addition, our results do not clearly support an improvement in oxidative status through supplementation of ALA. However, our results do support the existence of beneficial effects of ALA on circulating lipoprotein content in the hamster.

The dissertation analyses the economic and ecological aspects of Darvill Waste Water Works (WWW) through key indicators from Sustainable Development Records (SDR). The SDR study identifies disturbances caused by large concentrations of soap, oil and grease (SaG), therefore a framework of proposed solutions to dealing with these problems has also been investigated. The first component of the study highlights the importance of adequate indicators. Key indicators provide important information that is useful to management and policy makers. The SDR used to analyse the DarvillWWW in Pietermaritzburg provides relevant information for the management of Darvill WWW and Umgeni Water (UW), the City Council and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). According to the SDR model the Works is identified as a service providing social institution. The operation of this institution affects the community of Pietermaritzburg as well as the surrounding natural environment. SDR uses the key indicators of effectiveness, Thrift and Margin to analyse the economic and ecological impacts of the service provided.The study incorporates relevant data for Darvill WWW during 1993- 1996. Effectiveness measures the degree of compliance with national water quality standards as set out by the DWAF. Compliance of the following variables, E.coli, Chlorine, Soluble Reactive Phosphate (SRP), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Ammonia were investigated. These variables produce varying trends. Increasing compliance is linked to improved plant efficiency while decreasing compliance is linked to the poor quality of industrial effluent. Industrial effluent containing large concentrations of SOG is a particular problem. Thrift measures the costs of operating the Works in terms of energy, chemicals, labour and capital. Overall financial, energy and labour thrift declined while chemical thrift increased. Increasing chemical thrift is due to the reduced consumption of chemicals as a result of a greater reliance on the process of biological phosphate removal. Decreasing thrift is related to increased costs of capital, energy and labour due to the deteriorating quality of vegetable oil effluent. Margin measures the deviation of non-complying samples from water quality standards. Analysis of the data produced varying trends. The following variables were analysed, E.coli, Chlorine, SRP, TSS, Conductivity, COD and Ammonia. Marginal difference is studied in an attempt to analyse those samples which do not comply with national standards. Deteriorating quality of industrial effiuent seems to be the reason for deviation from the standards. Chemical margin was also studied for the period between 1993-1996. Chemical margin is a comparison between the value of sludge produced and the cost of chemicals used to produce the sludge. The SDR study highlights deteriorating quality of industrial effluent as a cause for concern to Darvill WWW. Proposed management options are investigated to provide a workable solution. The second part of the study investigates alternate options for handling wet industrial effluent from the vegetable oil industries. These industries were identified as the source of large concentrations of SOG that were entering the Works which impacts negatively on the operational capacity, thereby increasing operating costs and decreasing the quality of the service provided. Vegetable oil industries were found guilty of discharging industrial effluent that did not meet the City standards into the sewers, they were also charged with illegal dumping into rivers. The study identified the interested and affected parties and alternate solutions were proposed to the problems. Interested and affected parties include UW, Pietermaritzburg City Council, DWAF. Some of the aspects that were investigated include the local industrial tariff, the drainage By-laws, national legislation, the "polluter pays" principle and the principle of pollution prevention. Economic incentives using economic instruments were reviewed. These include ecotaxes such as marketable/tradable permits and pollution charges. These instruments may allow for more equitable charges thereby promoting the "polluter pays" principle. The use of these instruments may be able to achieve a workable solution but further investigations are necessary. SDR analysis indicates that Darvill WWW seems to be effectively treating wastewater but operating costs are increasing in order to achieve compliance. These costs are being unfairly borne by the City ratepayers and UW and a more equitable situation is necessary. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

Emulsions containing three different types of milk fat fractions (MF13, MF27 and MF42) and anhydrous milk fat (AMF) were prepared at oil to water (O/W) ratios of 1:9, 3:7, 5:5 and 7:3 using rhamnolipids as emulsifiers. The prepared emulsions were analyzed for their storage stability and properties (colour, particle size, zeta potential and rheology). The effects of various factors (freezing/thawing, heating, pH, salts and ionic strength) on the stability of emulsions were also investigated. All emulsions prepared with an O/W ratio of 7:3, regardless of the type of milk fat, rendered a highly condensed, semi solid and cream-like substance whereas other emulsions containing less oil were in a liquid form. Among the four different O/W ratios tested, the highest emulsion stability during the storage of 12 weeks was observed from the emulsions containing 1:9 O/W ratios, due to a combine effect of smaller emulsion particle size and lower collision frequency between droplets. Interestingly, the emulsions with 7:3 O/W ratios were found to be more stable than the ones with 5:5 O/W ratios. This might be due to the limited movements of closely-packed emulsion droplets induced by the high oil concentration of 7:3 O/W ratios. The emulsion stability was significantly affected by low pH, especially at lower than pH 4, due to the loss of electrostatic repulsions between droplets leading to droplet coalescence and also possibly due to hydrolysis of rhamnolipid molecules. The presence of salts (NaCl, KCl and CaCl2) also rendered the emulsion unstable. The degree of instability was gradually increased with increasing salt concentrations. CaCl2 had the most significant effect even at a very low concentration. The viscosity of emulsions increased with increasing oil concentration but was not affected by the types of milk fats. Emulsions with 3:7, 5:5 and 7:3 O/W ratios exhibited non-Newtonian and shear thinning flow behaviour. At 7:3 O/W ratios, MF13 exhibited gel-like properties whereas both MF42 and AMF emulsions became more solid-like at higher frequency.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_cs_me_jabo.pdf: 551610 bytes, checksum: f32e6cfeda668e6d17e2f08a7c090eb9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os antioxidantes podem agir retardando ou prevenindo a oxidação do substrato envolvido nos processos oxidativos, impedindo a formação de radicais livres. Neste estudo foram avaliados os efeitos do óleo de caju e mamona, empregados isoladamente ou em associação, e do óleo de peixe sobre o status oxidativo de cães. As dietas utilizadas foram controle (CN); óleo de Cajú (OCA), contendo 0,06% de óleo de cajú; óleo de mamona (OMA), contendo 0,018% de óleo de mamona; óleo de caju e mamona em associação (OCAOMA), contendo 0,015% da mistura de ambos; óleo de peixe (PEIXE), contendo 0,5% de óleo de peixe. Os animais passaram por um período de adaptação de 30 dias, recebendo uma dieta comercial padrão. Após este período foram alimentados com as dietas experimentais por 84 dias. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue nos períodos 0, 28, 56 e 84 dias. Após esse período, uma simulação de estresse de transporte foi realizada e após 3 horas procedeu-se a coleta de sangue. Foram realizados os ensaios do ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), Capacidade Antioxidante Total (TAC) e o Sequestro do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH) nas amostras de soro coletadas. Não houve efeito da adição das diferentes fontes de lipídeos, embora tenha sido verificado uma tendência a redução (p=0,06) nos níveis séricos de TBARS nos animais que receberam dieta contendo óleo de peixe. Não foi verificado efeito da inclusão dos óleos de caju e mamona sobre o status oxidativo dos cães. Por outro lado, o modelo de stress empregado no estudo promoveu modificações nos parâmetros oxidativos analisados, porém, sem efeito do tratamento recebido. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos e parâmetros de avaliação do status oxidativo dos cães, o uso de óleo de caju e mamona nas doses utilizadas não promoveu alteração no status oxidativo dos cães / Antioxidants may act by preventing or retarding the oxidation of oxidative processes involved in preventing the formation of free radicals. This study evaluated the effects of cashew and castor oil, used alone or in combination, and fish oil on the oxidative status of dogs. The diets were control (CN); oil Cashew (OCA), containing 0.06% of cashew nut oil, castor oil (OMA), containing 0.018% of castor oil, castor oil and cashew nuts in combination (OCAOMA) containing 0.015% of the mixture of both; fish oil (FISH), containing 0.5% fish oil. The animals went through an adjustment period of 30 days, receiving a standard commercial diet. After they were fed the experimental diets for 84 days. Blood samples were collected in periods 0, 28, 56 and 84 days. After this period, a simulation of transport stress was performed after 3 hours and proceeded to collect blood. Assays were performed in the thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and the sequestration of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) in serum samples collected. No effect of addition of different lipid sources, although it has been a trend to decrease (p = 0.06) in serum levels of TBARS in the animals fed the diet containing fish oil. There was no effect of inclusion of cashew and castor oil on the oxidative status of the dogs. Moreover, the model used in the study of stress promoted oxidative modifications in the parameters considered, however, no effect of treatment received. In view of the results and parameters for assessing the oxidative status of the dogs, the use of cashew and castor oil in the doses used does not change the oxidative status of dogs

Submitted by GABRIEL PERES (gabrielperes@uol.com.br) on 2017-01-12T17:59:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Gabriel_Peres__MEPAREM - final_PG.pdf: 1188057 bytes, checksum: 3d743000ee2199b4bada7a4a8ceff65e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-16T16:15:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 peres_g_me_bot.pdf: 1188057 bytes, checksum: 3d743000ee2199b4bada7a4a8ceff65e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T16:15:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 peres_g_me_bot.pdf: 1188057 bytes, checksum: 3d743000ee2199b4bada7a4a8ceff65e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / Outra / Fundamentos: Diversos estudos realizados visam a prevenção de complicações em cirurgia dermatológica, dentre as quais o sangramento. Trabalhos anteriores demonstraram que uma dieta com sobrecarga lipídica poderia influenciar o padrão coagulatório, reduzindo o sangramento cirúrgico. Este trabalho visa avaliar o efeito da sobrecarga lipídica nos parâmetros laboratoriais de coagulação e sangramento. Casuística e métodos: Dez indivíduos coletaram amostras de sangue em jejum e após trinta minutos da ingestão de sorvete (21g de gordura). Procederam-se exames: hemograma, tempo de sangramento, TTPA, TP, VHS, viscosidade plasmática e perfil lipídico. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados (teste t de Student para amostras dependentes ou Wilcoxon). Considerou-se significativo p<0,05. Resultados: Houve alteração no perfil lipídico (p<0,05): colesterol total (média: 190,3 para 194,4), VLDL (mediana: 19,5 para 21,0) e triglicerídeos (mediana: 101,5 para 105,0), porém, sem alteração significativa das frações LDL e HDL. A contagem de plaquetas apresentou diminuição (média: 243,2 mil para 232,1 mil; p<0,05), entretanto, sem alterações significativas no coagulograma, hemossedimentação e viscosidade sanguínea. Conclusão: A modificação no perfil lipídico indicou adequada absorção da gordura, todavia, não se demonstrou, sob os parâmetros laboratoriais avaliados, e o protocolo empregado, evidências de que a sobrecarga lipídica por via oral promova alterações coagulatórias ou de viscosidade sanguínea. / Background: Several studies have already been performed for the prevention of complications in dermatologic surgery, including bleeding. Previous researches have shown that a diet with fat overload could influence the pattern of coagulation and repair mechanisms, reducing surgical bleeding. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a lipid overload in the parameters of coagulation and bleeding. Patients and Methods: Blood samples were performed in ten individuals, collected on fasting and thirty minutes after eating ice cream (21g of fat). Held up tests: blood count, bleeding time, aPTT, PT, ESR, plasma viscosity and lipid profile. The data were tabulated and analyzed (Student t test for dependent samples or Wilcoxon). A significant p<0,05 was considered. Results: There was an increase in lipid profile (p<0,05): total cholesterol (mean: 190,3 to 194,4), VLDL (median: 19,5 to 21,0) and triglycerides (median: 101,5 to 105,0), but no significant changes on LDL and HDL fractions. The platelet count also showed a decrease (mean: 243200 to 232100; p < 0,05), however, no significant changes in coagulation, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and blood viscosity. Conclusion: The increase in lipid profile indicated adequate absorption of fat, however, not shown, under these laboratory parameters with the chosen protocol, evidences that an orally fat overload is able to modify coagulation or blood viscosity. / FUNADERSP (RESP-SBD): 28/06/2016