D.Phil. (Geology) / The structural history and mechanisms of bedding-parallel faulting associated with the Ventersdorp Contact Reef (VCR) on the Kloof Gold Mine are discussed. Pre-VCR deformation is determined by folding of the Booysens Shale Formation and the Turffontein Subgroup. Extension of Ventersdorp age (± 2700 Ma) probably took place by the simultaneous operation of normal, strike-slip and oblique slip faults (mixed-mode extension). Because the strikeslip and oblique-slip faults were extensional, they could be utilised as conduits for dykes, forming "Fault and Dyke Zones". Northwestward directed thrusting, which postdates the normal faulting, resulted in positive inversion. The thrust faults have a ramp-flat symmetry with ramps forming in the VCR horizon and the overlying Alberton Formation and flats forming in the underlying Booysens Shale Formation and along the contact between the VCR and the Alberton Formation. The thrust faults follow complex deformation paths, indicated by out-of-sequence thrusting, simultaneous folding and thrusting, underthrusting and compressed boudins. Hanging-wall ripouts, which can be related to this thrust event, are introduced as a shear sense indicator. No northwestward verging thrust faults of post-Transvaal age (post 2430 Ma) could be identified, indicating that this compressional event occurred prior to the deposition of the Black Reef Quartzite Formation. The minimum amount of shortening due to northwestward directed thrusting was estimated as 37 % with the help of restored sections. However, due to the out-of-sequence propagation of thrust faults, a control of the strain estimation was possible and true shortening probably exceeded the calculated amount of shortening considerably. The restoration of sections with out-of sequence thrusts is discussed in detail. Sheath fold-like structures in pseudotachylyte can be related to northwestward directed thrusting and are introduced as a new shear sense indicator.

Un système technologique piloté est constitué d’une variété de composants interagissant ensemble et combinant de multiples phénomènes physiques. Ces composants, subissant un stress en fonctionnement, finissent par être affectés par des défauts pouvant avoir de graves conséquences pour l’intégrité du système lui-même ou son environnement. Ces défauts sont généralement répertoriés par des techniques de sureté de fonctionnement et classés par ordre de criticité.Une solution, pour réduire les sinistres consécutifs à la survenue d’un défaut critique, est de mettre en place un diagnostiqueur embarqué capable, dans un délai bref, de détecter cette survenue puis d’identifier le défaut, en vue de placer le système dans un mode de fonctionnement plus sûr. Il apparaît alors impératif, durant la conception du diagnostiqueur, d’étudier la diagnosticabilité des défauts, étude consistant à s’assurer que le diagnostiqueur sera toujours capable de détecter et d’identifier sans ambiguïté les défauts préalablement répertoriés.Cette thèse établit une chaîne complète de développement d’un diagnostiqueur embarqué pour les systèmes technologiques pilotés. Y sont décrites, dans un cadre théorique unifié et cohérent basé sur l’utilisation de modèles homogènes, toutes les étapes depuis la conception jusqu’à la réalisation du diagnostiqueur : représentation comportementale du système et modélisation des défauts, étude de la diagnosticabilité de ces défauts, puis génération du diagnostiqueur lui-même. Le lien rigoureux établi entre l’étude de la diagnosticabilité et la génération du diagnostiqueur, qui fonde la correction et la cohérence de l’approche, constitue un aspect saillant et original de ces travaux.Cette thèse résulte d’un projet collaboratif réunissant l’entreprise Sherpa Engineering, le Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI) unité mixte de recherche de l'Université Paris-Sud et du CNRS et enfin le Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Embarqués (LISE) du CEA LIST. / A technological system is constituted with many components interacting with each other and combining multiple physical phenomena. Those components may be affected by faults resulting in serious damage to the system integrity or its environment. Those faults are generally listed by using safety analysis methodology and classified according to their severity level.A solution for reducing damages resulting from the occurrence of a critical fault is to embed a diagnosis system, which can quickly detect its occurrence and identifying the fault, this in order to put the system in the appropriate safety mode. Therefore the design process of this diagnosis system must include a diagnosability study of faults. It consists in checking that the diagnosis system will always be able to detect and identify any of the listed faults without ambiguity.This thesis introduces a complete tool-chain to develop a diagnosis system for technological systems. By using a unified theoretic and coherent framework relying on homogeneous models, all steps from the conception to the construction of the diagnosis system are described: behavioral representation of the system and faults modeling, diagnosability study of faults, generation of the diagnosis system. The rigorous link established between the diagnosability study and the associated diagnosis system generation, which ensures the coherence and correction of this approach, constitutes a salient and original aspect of this work.This thesis results from a collaborative project between the company Sherpa Engineering, the Laboratory for Computer Science (LRI) at Université Paris-Sud, joint with CNRS, and the Laboratory of Model driven engineering for embedded systems (LISE) from the CEA/LIST.

The substantial growth in the use of automated in-process sensing technologies creates great opportunities for manufacturers to detect abnormal manufacturing processes and identify the root causes quickly. It is critical to locate and distinguish two types of faults - process faults and sensor faults. The procedures to monitor and diagnose process and sensor mean shift faults are presented with the assumption that the manufacturing processes can be modeled by a linear fault-quality model. A W control chart is developed to monitor the manufacturing process and quickly detect the occurrence of the sensor faults. Since the W chart is insensitive to process faults, when it is combined with U chart, both process faults and sensor faults can be detected and distinguished. A unit-free index referred to as the sensitivity ratio (SR) is defined to measure the sensitivity of the W chart. It shows that the sensitivity of the W chart is affected by the potential influence of the sensor measurement. A Bayesian variable selection based fault diagnosis approach is presented to locate the root causes of the abnormal processes. A Minimal Coupled Pattern (MCP) and its degree are defined to denote the coupled structure of a system. When less than half of the faults within an MCP occur, which is defined as sparse faults, the proposed fault diagnosis procedure can identify the correct root causes with high probability. Guidelines are provided for the hyperparameters selection in the Bayesian hierarchical model. An alternative CML method for hyperparameters selection is also discussed. With the large number of potential process faults and sensor faults, an MCMC method, e.g. Metropolis-Hastings algorithm can be applied to approximate the posterior probabilities of candidate models. The monitor and diagnosis procedures are demonstrated and evaluate through an autobody assembly example.

Recent advances in the use of thermal proxies provide a window into how faults slip during earthquakes. Faults have a similar large-scale structure with a fault core, where earthquakes nucleate, and a surrounding damage zone, but complexities in fault zone architecture and rheology influence earthquake propagation. For example, changes in thickness of slipping layers in the fault core, compositional heterogeneity, and fault surface topography can influence fault strength and either facilitate or arrest a rupture. A further barrier to our understanding of earthquake behavior is in constraining the frictional energy that goes into the earthquake energy budget. Earthquakes can propagate when the energy available at the rupture tip is greater or equal to the energy being expended through radiation of seismic waves, permanent deformation within the process zone, and heat through friction. By quantifying the total energy involved in coseismic slip we can gain a more complete picture of the energy required for rupture propagation and how this may vary across faults. Although fracture and radiated energy can be constrained seismologically, thermal energy requires quantification by other means, and up until recently only few estimates existed for frictional energy. In this thesis I utilize biomarker thermal maturity to quantify temperature rise across multiple faults and explore what this can tell us about earthquake behavior. In chapters two through four, I focus on three large faults of varying structural and rheological complexity. Beginning with the Muddy Mountain thrust of southeast Nevada in Chapter two, I identify thermal evidence of coseismic slip in principal slip zones (PSZs) along this exhumed fault. I show that considerable heterogeneity in the thickness of slipping layers occurs a long a fault and that this has a large effect on coseismic temperature rise and hence fault strength, due to the effect of high temperature dynamic weakening mechanisms. In Chapter three, I move on to the creeping central deforming zone of the San Andreas fault, and show that it has experienced many large earthquakes that are clustered in a 4 m-wide zone adjacent to an actively creeping region. This work shows that the central San Andreas fault and other creeping faults can host seismic slip and should be included in seismic hazard analyses. Furthermore, I demonstrate the potential of K/Ar dating as a tool to constrain the age of earthquakes and find that these central San Andreas fault events are as young as ~3.3 Ma. In Chapter four, I focus on the Hikurangi Subduction zone, which has hosted large earthquakes and regular slow slip events in the past. Here, using drill core collected through the Pāpaku fault, a splay fault of the Hikurangi megathrust, I find evidence of temperature rise in the fault zone and deep hanging wall. Coupled forward models of heat generation and biomarker reaction kinetics estimate that displacement during these earthquakes was likely 11-15 m. These and other splay faults along the margin may pose considerable seismic and tsunami hazard to near-shore communities in the North Island of New Zealand. In Chapter five I explore what we have learned about fault behavior from biomarkers and other thermal proxies. I include measurements from five new faults and compile observations and measurements from past studies to explore how coseismic slip is localized across fault zones and put together a database of frictional energy estimates. Coseismic slip can broadly be described by two different scales of earthquake localization and that this is a function of total displacement, and to a lesser extent, material contrast across the fault. I see that frictional energy is relatively similar across faults of different displacement, depth, and maturity, and conclude that frictional energy is limited by the onset of dynamic weakening. Finally, I put together constraints on the energies involved in the budget to produce the first complete view of the earthquake energy budget and provide estimates of the total energy required for earthquake rupture across different faults.

No description available.

archives@tulane.edu / Minibasins, i.e., small basins that can be up to 8 km in depth and a few tens of km in diameter, often form in regional salt basins and on salt-rich passive margins. As salt walls grow through time, brittle strain localizes in zones directly above the salt walls leading to complex fault arrays surrounding the minibasins. These fault arrays provide insight into the relative movement of minibasins and the local deformation field, which influences the hydrocarbon exploration around them. Using high-resolution bathymetry and 2D reflection seismic data, we have examined fault systems and their interaction with salt walls around the Lyons minibasin in the Gulf of Mexico, offshore USA. This analysis shows that the geometry of salt walls varies and controls the development of faults form in the overlying sedimentary layer. The wide plateau-like salt wall creates a mechanical constraint that restricts the development of faults vertically and laterally. The narrow ridge of the salt wall has less mechanical restriction and allows faults to grow in displacement. Deformation is more localized above the narrow ridge of salt wall. This study suggests that the intricate fault patterns around minibasins result from multi-phase deformation caused by the variation of salt flow within the salt walls. Initially, minibasin subsidence expels salt upward and outward. After the minibasins is welded, the regional slope enhances the lateral flow and allows salt to flow around welded minibasins. During this stage, the lateral flow of salt is constrained by the salt wall orientation. Moreover, this study demonstrates a new approach that provides an additional perspective to understand the evolution of minibasins and their interaction, which is a limitation of 2D modeling studies. / 1 / Thi Quan H. Pham

Under the umbrella of Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE), new applications with diverse requirements have emerged and the traditional System-on-Chips (SoCs) were unable to support them. Hence, new versatile SoC architectures were designed, like chiplets and Cloud-of-Chips (CoC). A key component of every SoC, is the on-chip interconnect technology, which is responsible for the communication between Processing Elements (PEs) of a system. Network-on-Chip (NoC) is the current widely used interconnect technology, which is a layered, scalable approach. However, the last years the high structural complexity together with the functional diversity and the challenges (QoS, high latency, security) of NoC motivated the researchers to explore alternatives of it. One NoC alternative that recently gained attention is the Software Defined Network-on-Chip (SDNoC). SDNoC originated from Software Defined Network (SDN) technology, which supports the dynamic nature of future networks and applications, while lowering operating costs through simplified hardware and software. Nevertheless, SDN technology designed for large scale networks. Thus, in order to be ported to micro-scale networks proper alterations and new hardware architectures need to be considered.In this thesis, an exploration of how to embed the SDN technology within the micro scale networks in order to provide secure and manageable communication, improve the network performance and reduce the hardware complexity is presented. Precisely, the design and implementation of an SDNoC architecture is thoroughly described followed by the creation and evaluation of a novel SDNoC communication protocol, called MicroLET, in order to provide secure and efficient communication within system components. Furthermore, the security aspect of SDNoC constitutes a big gap in the literature. Hence, it has been addressed by proposing a secure SDNoC Group Key Agreement (GKA) communication protocol, called SSPSoC, followed by the exploration of Byzantine faults within SDNoC and the investigation of a novel Hardware Trojan (HT) attack together with a proposed detection and defend method. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La Cryptographie sur les Courbes Elliptiques (abréviée ECC de l'anglais Elliptic Curve Cryptography) est devenue très importante dans les cartes à puces car elle présente de meilleures performances en temps et en mémoire comparée à d'autres cryptosystèmes asymétriques comme RSA. ECC est présumé incassable dans le modèle dit « Boite Noire », où le cryptanalyste a uniquement accès aux entrées et aux sorties. Cependant, ce n'est pas suffisant si le cryptosystème est embarqué dans un appareil qui est physiquement accessible à de potentiels attaquants. En plus des entrés et des sorties, l'attaquant peut étudier le comportement physique de l'appareil. Ce nouveau type de cryptanalyse est appelé cryptanalyse physique. Cette thèse porte sur les attaques physiques sur ECC. La première partie fournit les pré-requis sur ECC. Du niveau le plus bas au plus élevé, ECC nécessite les outils suivants : l'arithmétique sur les corps finis, l'arithmétique sur courbes elliptiques, la multiplication scalaire sur courbes elliptiques et enfin les protocoles cryptographiques. La deuxième partie expose un état de l'art des différentes attaques physiques et contremesures sur ECC. Pour chaque attaque, nous donnons le contexte dans lequel elle est applicable. Pour chaque contremesure, nous estimons son coût en temps et en mémoire. Nous proposons de nouvelles attaques et de nouvelles contremesures. Ensuite, nous donnons une synthèse claire des attaques suivant le contexte. Cette synthèse est utile pendant la tâche du choix des contremesures. Enfin, une synthèse claire de l'efficacité de chaque contremesure sur les attaques est donnée. / Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) has gained much importance in smart cards because of its higher speed and lower memory needs compared with other asymmetric cryptosystems such as RSA. ECC is believed to be unbreakable in the black box model, where the cryptanalyst has access to inputs and outputs only. However, it is not enough if the cryptosystem is embedded on a device that is physically accessible to potential attackers. In addition to inputs and outputs, the attacker can study the physical behaviour of the device. This new kind of cryptanalysis is called Physical Cryptanalysis. This thesis focuses on physical cryptanalysis of ECC. The first part gives the background on ECC. From the lowest to the highest level, ECC involves a hierarchy of tools: Finite Field Arithmetic, Elliptic Curve Arithmetic, Elliptic Curve Scalar Multiplication and Cryptographie Protocol. The second part exhibits a state-of-the-art of the different physical attacks and countermeasures on ECC.For each attack, the context on which it can be applied is given while, for each countermeasure, we estimate the lime and memory cost. We propose new attacks and new countermeasures. We then give a clear synthesis of the attacks depending on the context. This is useful during the task of selecting the countermeasures. Finally, we give a clear synthesis of the efficiency of each countermeasure against the attacks.

In the Basin and Range Province, the geologic regime of the Pilot Valley, linear trending block faults have isolated many valleys both topographically and hydrologically. Discharge from these arid, closed basins occurs only as evaporation. Minerals dissolved in discharging fluid are precipitated at the valley floor as the liquid evaporates. The resulting salt flats and high density brines are known as playas. The Pilot Valley Playa surface was sampled concurrently with the recording of a Thematic Mapper remotely sensed image to define the surface conditions that correspond to image data. An association was found between the band 7 (infrared wavelength radiation) image data and the measured depth to water; and between the visible wavelength data and the evaporite mineral deposits on the playa. The specific gravity of the shallow subsurface brine was found to increase as the liquid brine surface approached the elevation of the valley floor. By using the observed relationships, three remotely sensed images were interpreted with respect to temporal changes in the areal extent of playa evaporite deposits and water depth between 1984 and 1988. The visible wavelength data indicated that the areal extent of the evaporite deposits diminished during the study period. The water level at the playa margins was interpreted to have dropped, and at the playa center to have remained stable. These interpretations suggest that a decrease in the extent of evaporite deposition is related to a drop in the water level around the playa margins. The interpreted changes of the playa surface are used to draw the following conclusions about the hydrology of the Pilot Valley. The distinct variation in depth to water around the playa margin suggests that these areas are influenced by the discharge from the surrounding ranges. The relatively stable water depth in the central playa and the associated thicker evaporite deposits suggest that the subsurface brine acts here as a buffer to discharge variations. If the temporal changes of the playa margins do result from discharge variation, the discharge zone at the base of the Silver Island Range is wider than that of the adjacent, higher elevation Pilot Range.

The late Miocene Cedar Springs fault system is a high-angle transpressional system in the Silverwood Lake area, western San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. This thesis presents the study of oblique-slip faults with modest amounts of slip, which represent the early stages of fault development by using slip as a proxy for maturity. A structural and geochemical characterization is provided for six fault zones ranging from 39 m of slip to 3.5 km of offset in order to develop a model of fault zone geometry and composition. Basic geometric and kinematic results are provided for an additional 29 small-displacement (cm- to m-scale) faults. The main faults of this study can be divided into the fault core composed of sheared clay gouge and micro breccia, the primary damage zone made up of chemically altered rock with microstructural damage and grain-size reduction, and the secondary damage zone, which is characterized by an increased fracture density relative to the host rock. Although there appears to be a general increase in fault core thickness with increasing slip, the correlation is insignificant when analyzing all faults. Both the primary and secondary damage zones appear to thicken with increased slip on the main fault. Overall, the structure and composition of the faults studied here are similar to those of larger strike-slip and reverse faults. This indicates that the fault core develops early in a fault's history. Subsequent slip appears to be focused along these narrow zones, with some deformation accumulating in the damage zone. Whole-rock geochemical analyses typically show a reduction in the abundance of Na, Al, K, and Ca in the fault core and primary damage zone relative to the host rock. This indicates enhanced fluid-rock interactions in these zones. Calculations of the energy consumed to produce the chemical alteration in the fault core indicate that a considerable amount of the total earthquake energy may be lost to alteration. This thesis concludes that fault processes are similar throughout the different stages of development, and the study of relatively small-displacement faults can therefore be used to understand fault evolution through time and the processes of larger faults in the brittle crust.