Atualmente, a simulação de falhas é um estágio importante em qualquer desenvolvimento de Circuitos Integrados. A predição de falhas comportamentais em qualquer estagio do processo é essencial para garantir que o chip desenvolvido seja bem implementado. Vários problemas podem ser conferidos e solucionados enquanto se executa a simulação. As falhas transientes mais conhecidas são os Single-Event-Upset (SEU), as quais acontecem nos circuitos de memória, e as Single-Event Transient (SET), que acontecem em circuitos de lógica combinacional. A análise do comportamento do circuito sob falhas é fundamental para a escolha de técnicas de proteção e medição da susceptibilidade aos diferentes tipos de falhas. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma ferramenta para simular os efeitos que acontecem quando uma fonte de falha é inserida num circuito digital, especialmente falhas SEU. Além disso, é desenvolvido o método TMR que pode verificar a existência de uma falha e inibir que esta se propague pelo circuito todo. Foram desenvolvidos módulos para simulação de circuitos analógicos como o Oscilador Controlado por Voltagem (VCO) permitindo a visualização dos efeitos de falhas nestes circuitos. A ferramenta LabVIEWr da National Instruments é usada para criar o conjunto de Instrumentos Virtuais (VIs) para simular os SEUs. Esta é também usada pela simulação de SETs. Foram feitos várias simulações com as ferramentas desenvolvidas para validar sua funcionalidade os quais mostram resultados semelhantes aos descritos na literatura. As ferramentas desenvolvidas para simulação de falhas transientes em portas lógicas inserem falhas SET de forma automática sem análise prévia do sinal de saída. Usando as ferramentas de Lógica Booleana é possível obter resultados para fazer estudos estatísticos dos erros acontecidos e determinar tendências no comportamento das técnicas de Redundância Modular Triplo (TMR) e TMR com redundância no tempo. O modelo desenvolvido para a análise de falhas do VCO apresenta uma melhor semelhança com o resultado real que com o simulado com ferramentas comerciais. / Nowadays, the fault simulation is an important step in any IC design. Predicting the behavioral faults of any process step is essential to ensure that the design is well implemented. During the simulation various problems can be detected and corrected. The transient faults are the most well known Single-Event-Upset (SEU), which affect memory circuits, and Single-Event Transient (SET), which affect combinational logic circuits. The analyses of the circuit under faults is crucial to the choice of protection techniques and measurement of susceptibility to different types of failures. In this work a tool to simulate the effects that occur when a source of fault is inserted in a digital circuit, especially SEU faults is presented. In addition to modeling a fault, it is developed a Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) method capable of verifying the existence of a fault preventing it from spreading through the whole circuit. It is also developed a Voltage Controled Oscillator (VCO) to view fault effects in analog circuit. LabVIEWr is used to create a set of virtual instruments to simulate SEUs. It is efficient in modeling the characteristics of SETs. It is possible with this toolkit to replicate the effects of SEUs and SETs described in the literature. The tools developed for simulation of transient faults in logic gates insert SET failures automatically without output signal prior analysis. Using the tools of Boolean Logic is possible to obtain results to make statistical studies of the errors that occurred and determine trends in the behavior of TMR with and without redundancy in time. The model developed for failature analysis of the VCO is similar to the real result with that simulated with commercial tools.

It is shown that the path delay fault (PDF) model may not be very effective in guiding post silicon debug. It is also shown that the multiple transition fault (MTF) model allows for significant reduction of the initial suspect set. However the number of faults is much higher than the number of PDFs. A Monte Carlo approach is presented that uses multiple transition faults with appropriately assigned weights to identify defective embedded segments. It is experimentally verified that the approach guides diagnosis more efficiently than the path delay fault model. Fault-implicit algorithms are presented to cope with fault-related scalability challenges. Our results in ISCAS '89, ISCAS'85, ITC '99 benchmarks show a huge reduction in the suspect set using the proposed fault model and algorithms. It is shown that the proposed method guides effectively fault diagnosis.

A mineração subterrânea na região carbonífera de Santa Catarina possui forte controle estrutural. A área de pesquisa da Mina D situa-se na porção NE do município de Araranguá. Este trabalho definiu o comportamento estrutural das rochas sedimentares e da camada de carvão Barro Branco na área de pesquisa através da avaliação integrada de imagens de satélite e dados de 100 furos de sondagem. As principais direções dos lineamentos identificadas nas imagens de satélite são N30º-60ºW, N60º-80ºE e N30º-60ºE. O mapa de contorno estrutural da camada de carvão e as seções geológicas mostram que a área é afetada por falhas normais de direção N30°-60°W, N50°-70°E, N10°-20°W e E-W. As falhas normais de direção NE apresentam extensão regional e exercem significativa influência no arranjo estrutural da área. Nesses casos os rejeitos são expressivos (>100 metros) e inviabilizam a recuperação econômica do carvão em algumas porções da área. A orientação das galerias deve ser de modo paralelo a estas falhas nas suas proximidades. As falhas normais de direção NW são as mais frequentes e possuem extensão e rejeitos menores (<30 metros). O planejamento da lavra deve considerar esse sistema de falhas, evitando o cruzamento das mesmas. As falhas normais de direção N-S foram identificadas na área e apresentam rejeitos expressivos (>70 metros). Ocorrem ainda falhas inversas associadas ao soerguimento ocasionado por intrusões de diabásio. Próximo a estas áreas podem ocorrer zonas de acúmulo de tensões, geralmente associadas a problemas de instabilidade de teto e levantamento de piso. A metodologia aplicada demonstrou ser eficiente na determinação prévia das estruturas tectônicas e na avaliação preliminar da sua influência na mineração subterrânea de carvão. / The underground coal mining in the carboniferous region of Santa Catarina state has a great structural control. The Mina D research area is located in the NE portion of the Araranguá city. This study has defined the structural bearing of the sedimentary rocks and the Barro Branco coal seam in the research area through the integrated evaluation of satellite images and 100 boreholes data. The major lineaments identified in the satellite images have N30º-60ºW, N60º-80ºE and N30º-60ºE directions. The coal seam structural contour map and the geological sections presents that the area is affected by normal faults which have N30°- 60°W, N50°-70°E, N10°-20°W and E-W directions. The NE direction normal faults have regional extension and are the most influent in the structural arrangement of the area. This faults have expressive tailings (>100 meters) and prevent the economic recover of the coal in some portions of the area. The galleries should be oriented parallel to it. The normal faults with NW direction is the most frequent and have minor extension and tailings (<30 meters). The mining plan should consider it in order to avoid have to cross it. The N-S direction normal faults were identified in the area and presents expressive tailings (>70 meters). Inverse faults occur associated with the uplift related to diabase sills intrusion. Close to this area may occur stress accumulation zones usually related to roof instability and floor heaving problems. The applied methods proved to be efficient in the determination of tectonic structures and in the preliminary evaluation of their influence on underground coal mining.

Le manque et l’ambiguïté des observations géologiques ainsi que le choix des concepts utilisés pour leur interprétation ne permettent pas de représenter les structures géologiques avec certitude. Dans ces travaux de thèse, je m’intéresse à l’estimation des incertitudes associées à la représentation des structures faillées à partir de données éparses. Une première contribution de cette thèse est l’étude des incertitudes d’interprétation lors de l’association des observations pouvant appartenir à une même faille. Des règles numériques, traduisant les concepts et les connaissances utilisés pendant l’interprétation structurale (telles que les orientations et les dimensions des structures) assurent la reproductibilité de l’interprétation. Chaque scénario d’association est représenté par un métamodèle reposant sur la théorie des graphes. Je présente une méthode numérique d’interprétation multi-scénarios basée sur ce formalisme. Son utilisation montre que la dimension combinatoire du problème rend faible la probabilité de trouver la bonne association et que le choix des règles perturbent les associations obtenues. Une seconde contribution est l’intégration d’une distribution théorique du déplacement sur le plan de failles normales et isolées pour assurer la cohérence cinématique des modèles structuraux en trois dimensions. Je présente un opérateur cinématique pour déplacer numériquement les structures à proximité d’une faille non nécessairement plane. Le champ de déplacement est paramétré par deux profils décrivant l’évolution du rejet sur la surface de faille (TX et TZ), un profil d’atténuation dans la direction orthogonale à la surface de faille (TY) et une valeur de déplacement au centre de la faille (Dmax). Ces paramètres sont choisis à partir des observations structurales par optimisation numérique. L’utilisation de cet opérateur permet de valider des interprétations structurales et d’assurer la cohérence cinématique des modèles structuraux construits à partir de données éparses et/ou dans des contextes de déformation polyphasée. Les méthodologies présentées sont testées et discutées en utilisant deux jeux de données. Le premier est composé de neuf lignes sismiques 2D acquises au large du Maroc (marge d’Ifni) qui imagent un socle cristallin faillé. L’interprétation de ces données éparses est guidée par des connaissances dérivées de l’étude d’un affleurement proche. Cependant, l’association des observations appartenant à la même faille ainsi que la chronologie de la mise en place des structures restent fortement incertaines. Le second jeu de données utilisé est situé dans le bassin de Santos, au large du Brésil. Des failles normales y recoupent une série sédimentaire bien stratifiée. Elles sont imagées par un cube sismique de haute résolution. Des observations éparses synthétiques en sont extraites pour tester l’approche. La qualité des données sismiques 3D donne une bonne confiance dans le modèle de référence. Cela permet de tester les méthodes numériques et les règles géologiques développées dans cette thèse pour estimer les incertitudes structurales / The sparsity and the incompleteness of geological data sets lead geologists to use their prior knowledge while modeling the Earth. Uncertainties in the interpretation are an inherent part of geology. In this thesis, I focus on assessing uncertainties related to the modeling of faulted structures from sparse data. Structural uncertainties arise partly from the association of fault evidence explaining the same structure. This occurs especially while interpreting sparse data such as 2D seismic lines or limited outcrop observations. I propose a mathematical formalism to cast the problem of associating fault evidence into graph theory. Each possible scenario is represented by a graph. A combinatorial analysis shows that the number of scenarios is related to the Bell number and increases in a non-polynomial way. I formulate prior geological knowledge as numerical rules to reduce the number of scenarios and to make structural interpretation more objective. I present a stochastic numerical method to generate several interpretation scenarios. A sensitivity analysis, using synthetic data extracted from a reference model, shows that the choice of the interpretation rules strongly impacts the simulated associations. In a second contribution, I integrate a quantitative description of fault-related displacement while interpreting and building 3D subsurface models. I present a parametric fault operator that displaces structures closely surrounding a fault in accordance with a theoretical isolated normal fault model. The displacement field is described using the maximum displacement (Dmax), two profiles on the fault surface (TX and TZ), and a third profile representing the displacement attenuation in the normal direction to the fault surface. These parameters are determined by numerical optimization from the available structural observations. This kinematic fault operator ensures the kinematic consistency of structural models built from sparse data and/or in polyphasic deformation contexts. These two modeling methodologies are tested and discussed on two data sets. The first one contains nine seismic lines imaging a faulted and fractured basement in the Ifni Margin, offshore Morocco. The interpretation of these lines is guided by orientation measurements coming from a nearby onshore field analog. However, uncertainties remain on the association of observations and on the structure chronology. The second data set is located in the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil. A seismic cube exhibits normal faults within a layered sedimentary sequence. I build a reference structural model from this high quality seismic data. The kinematic and stochastic methodologies can be tested and discussed on synthetic sparse data extracted from this known reference model

Acquérir des informations sur les forts séismes passés est crucial pour anticiper les caractéristiques des forts séismes futurs. Une partie des traces laissées par les forts séismes passés sont enfouies dans les premiers mètres du sol et sont en général révélées par des tranchées de quelques mètres de profondeur ouvertes à travers les failles sismogènes. Bien que pertinente, cette méthode est destructive. L'objectif a été de développer une nouvelle forme de paléosismologie, non destructive, basée sur l'imagerie géoradar pseudo 3D, capable de retrouver ces traces enfouies des séismes passés. Dans ce travail, cinq sites d’étude sont présentés, situés le long de failles actives décrochantes de Nouvelle Zélande. Notre nouvelle approche débute, dans un premier temps, par l’analyse ‘classique’ de la morphologie de surface à partir de données LiDAR et de MNT GPS haute résolution. Ceci nous permet d’identifier l'ensemble des marqueurs morphologiques préservés à la surface et les déplacements horizontaux qu’ils ont enregistrés. Dans un second temps, l’analyse des profils GPR pseudo-3D acquis en chacun des sites révèlent des réflecteurs principaux dans les premiers 5-10 m du sol recoupés par un grand nombre de marqueurs morphologiques, partiellement ou totalement invisibles en surface. La plupart de ces marqueurs enfouis sont coupés et décalés par la faille considérée. Les mesures de ces décalages fournissent des collections denses de déplacements cumulés sur chacune des failles investiguées avec généralement un nombre de mesures effectués en sub-surface 10 à 20 fois plus important qu’en surface et couvrant une plus large gamme de valeurs. L’application sur la faille de Hope de cette approche a notamment permis de mettre en évidence un déplacement latéral caractéristique de 3.2 ± 1 m lors des 30-35 derniers forts séismes. Ce travail démontre le potentiel de l'imagerie géoradar pseudo-3D à détecter une partie de l'histoire sismique des failles et, ce faisant, à fournir des informations sur les caractéristiques des forts séismes passés. / Collecting information on past strong earthquakes is crucial to anticipate the characteristics of the future strong earthquakes that threaten us. A part of the traces left by the past earthquakes remains hidden in the first few meters of the ground. Until now, paleoseismological trenches across faults have been used to search for these traces. Though relevant, this method is destructive and allows, at best, detecting the few most recent events. The objective of my PhD work, done in the framework of the ANR project CENTURISK, was to develop a novel form of paleoseismology, of geophysical type, based on multi-frequency, pseudo-3D GPR surveys. The idea is to image at high-resolution the architecture of the first ≈ 10 m of the ground over wide areas along active faults, in order to detect the possibly buried traces, especially the offsets, produced by the last 10-20 strong earthquakes on the fault. We have first developed the approach by adapting the acquisition and processing of GPR data to the selected targets. We have then applied the approach on some of the largest active strike-slip faults in New Zealand, where sedimentation conditions are ideal. Twelve sites were investigated, 5 of them are presented in this work. At each site, we first analyzed the surface morphology in the greatest detail on LiDAR data and high resolution GPS DEMs. This analysis allowed us to identify all the morphological markers preserved at the ground surface, and being offset by the fault. We measured these surface offsets, doing so collecting a dense population of cumulative displacement values. We then surveyed each site with 40-60, 100 and 250 MHz, hundreds of meters long GPR profiles, parallel to the fault and regularly spaced by 5-10 m on either side of the fault trace. At each site, the processing of the GPR data revealed a large number of buried markers – palaeosurfaces and incision features, hidden in the first 5-10 m of the ground. Most of the buried markers were observed cut and laterally displaced by the fault, and these offsets could be measured. The measures provide a dense collection of cumulative offsets on each investigated fault, generally 10-20 times more than ever reported. To analyze these dense surface and sub-surface data collections, we used statistical methods made to define and retain only the best constrained offset values. These best values are separated by slip increments that are directly related to the successive coseismic slips that we search. The entire analysis revealed that the offsets measured in the sub-surface fill the gaps in the surface record, and that the surface offsets are systematically lower than those measured in the sub-surface on the same markers. Additionally, the buried record is longer than the surface record. Applied to the Hope Fault, our novel approach allowed identifying the last 30-35 strong earthquakes that broke the fault, each had produced a lateral offset at surface of 3.2 ± 1 m and got a magnitude ≈ Mw 7.0-7.4. Applied to the Wellington Fault (at Te Marua site), the approach allowed identifying a minimum of 15 past strong earthquakes, each had produced a lateral offset at surface of 3.7 ± 1.7 m and got a magnitude ≈ Mw 6.9-7.6. My PhD work thus confirms the great potential of pseudo-3D Ground Penetrating Radar survey to detect a significant part of the fault seismic history, and thus to provide critical information to determine the displacements and magnitudes of the past strong earthquakes on faults. Applied to seismogenic faults worldwide, in complement to surface approaches, the geophysical GPR paleoseismology should help better assessing seismic hazard.

Les transformateurs de puissance sont des éléments clés des systèmes électriques. Leurs défaillances sont très coûteuses, principalement à cause de la non-disponibilité du service électrique qu'elles entraînent. L'évaluation rapide et précise de défauts internes des transformateurs est en conséquence un facteur clé d'une exploitation efficace et sûre. Un tel diagnostic est généralement établi par un expert humain qui fait corréler différents types d'informations telles que des résultats d'essais électriques ou chimiques, le déclenchement de protections ou l'historique de l'appareil… Cette thèse présente une méthode d'aide au diagnostic de défauts originale qui reprend, en les formalisant, la démarche et la capitalisation d'expérience de l'expert. Les informations disponibles sur le transformateur à étudier sont mises en correspondance avec le système proposé de manière systématique. Des hypothèses de défaut sont alors formulées et un degré de confiance calculé pour chacune d'elle. Pour améliorer la confiance en certaines de ces hypothèses la méthode recherche, et propose, de renseigner des informations utiles pouvant améliorer le diagnostic. Il progresse ainsi jusqu'à ce que la confiance d'au moins une hypothèse soit suffisante pour l'utilisateur. Le système peut de plus évoluer efficacement dans le temps en prenant facilement en compte de nouveaux types d'essais ou de nouvelles informations pouvant être discriminants dans un diagnostic, et ainsi améliorer les diagnostics futurs automatiquement. / Power transformers are keys components to the electrical systems. Its failures are very expensive mostly by causing long electrical service unavailability. Quick and accurate assess of transformer's internal faults is consequently a key issue for an efficient and safe service life. Such diagnosis is mainly led by a human expert, due to his ability to link together many different kind of information as electrical or chemical tests, tripped protections or history of the apparatus… This thesis presents an original method of diagnosis aid that behaves somehow like an expert, and capitalizes his experience, by formalizing it. The available information on a particular transformer are used to search any similarities within the developed system, on a systematic base. Then faults hypothesis are proposed and according confidences are calculated. To improve those hypothesis' confidences the method will propose to inform new useful information that could improve the diagnosis. Then it continues up until at least one hypothesis confidence is high enough for the user. This system could easily evolve over time by taking into account new kind of tests or new information that could be significant in any diagnosis, and then improve future diagnosis automatically.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Banca: Anna Diva Plasencia Lotufo / Banca: Sandra Cristina Marchiori de Brito / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma metodologia, para detecção e classificação de faltas de curto-circuito, direcionada para os eventos de alta impedância em subestações de energia elétrica. A detecção é executada por um cálculo algébrico simples via observação da diferença absoluta entre o valor eficaz médio estimado e o valor eficaz medido a partir da oscilografia das correntes trifásicas. Caso seja detectada a anomalia de corrente, procede-se a sua classificação baseada na lógica fuzzy. Trata-se de um problema que apresenta maiores dificuldades de identificação e classificação, tendo em vista que tais perturbações são sutis, o que se diferenciam em relação aos eventos caracterizados como de baixa e ou de média impedância. Os distúrbios de alta impedância, muitas vezes, não são detectados pelo sistema proteção. Neste caso, o sistema de proteção consideraos como uma operação em regime permanente, não distinguindo entre uma falta de alta impedância e um aumento/diminuição da corrente elétrica em decorrência das variações da demanda solicitada pelos consumidores. Ressalta-se que a metodologia, aqui proposta, segue os princípios formulados na referência Decanini (2008), com as devidas adaptações ao problema associado às faltas de alta impedância. A metodologia, proposta neste trabalho, usa dados oscilográficos que são processados de modo que a detecção e classificação das faltas possam ser estimadas através de um conjunto de características extraídas dos sinais de correntes. Este conjunto de característica é classificado pela lógica nebulosa e sua saída resulta na indicação do tipo da falta. Deve-se ressaltar que este algoritmo além de ser eficiente na detecção e classificação de faltas de alta impedância, sua eficiência destacase também na localização e detecção de faltas de baixa impedância... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work presents a methodology to detect and classify short circuit faults principally for high impedance occurrences in electrical power systems. The detection is executed by a simple algebraic calculus observing the absolute difference with the efficient medium estimated value and the efficient value measured from the oscillogram of the three-phase currents. When a current anomaly is detected the classification is based on the fuzzy logic. It is a problem that presents some difficulties in identification and classification, considering that these perturbations are little which are different from the events characterized as low or medium impedance. The high impedance perturbations sometimes are not detected by the protection system. In this case, the protection system considers as one operation in steady state, and do not distinguish with a high impedance fault or an increasing/ decreasing of the electrical current due to the demand variation requested by the users. It is emphasized that the proposed methodology follows the fundamentals according the reference Decanini (2008), with the adaptations to the associated problem to the high impedance faults. The proposed methodology use oscillogram data that are processed in a way that the detection and classification of the faults are estimated by a set of characteristics from the current signals. This set is classified by logic fuzzy and the output results on the type of the fault. It is emphasized that this algorithm besides being efficient is detecting and classifying high impedance faults, is also efficient in localizing and detecting low impedance faults. The necessary data for the diagnosis of the faults were obtained by simulation of a radial feeder model with the ATP software. Results are satisfactory and show the viability of the proposed methodology that is faster for obtaining the solutions and is able to detect... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandesjunior_ja_me_ilha.pdf: 4603291 bytes, checksum: 36699db66d480afb9c0cd31e5f7b4427 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os métodos de diagnose de falhas buscam evitar que estas ocorram sem predição, de modo que medidas preventivas possam ser tomadas para garantir a integridade física dos equipamentos e pessoas envolvidas no processo em que o sistema monitorado está inserido. Os eixos rotativos são elementos passíveis de fenômenos prejudiciais causados pela própria condição de movimento, que são refletidas na ciclagem das tensões atuantes em seu material. Este trabalho propõe a detecção em tempo real de trincas em eixos rotativos, pelo monitoramento do sistema em operação, usando a metodologia dos observadores de estados. Inicialmente, o projeto de observadores de estado via Regulador Linear Quadrático e Filtro de Kalman é introduzido. Em seguida, os observadores de estados com entradas desconhecidas são apresentados. Os modelos numéricos são obtidos por discretização através do Método dos Elementos Finitos e pelo ajuste da resposta em freqüência. A validação numérica do método proposto é feita pela identificação de alterações de parâmetros de rigidez de um sistema massa-mola-amortecedor e de trincas simuladas em um eixo rotativo numérico através de um modelo de falha empírico. A validação experimental da técnica proposta é obtida pela identificação de um entalhe transversal causado no eixo de um sistema rotativo experimental / The faults diagnosis methods seeks to avoid them not to occur without prediction, so that preventive tasks can be taken to ensure the physical integrity of equipments and people involved in the process where the monitored system is inserted. The rotating shafts are elements capable of harmful phenomena caused by its own movement condition, which are reflected on the cycling of the acting stresses on its material. This work proposes the real-time structural crack detection in rotating shafts, by the monitoring of the system in operation, using the methodology of the state observers. Initially, the project of state observers via Linear Quadratic Regulator and Kalman Filter are introduced. Then, the unknown input state observers are presented. The numerical models are obtained by discretization through the Finite Elements Method and the frequency response fitting. The numerical validation of the proposed method if verified by the identification of stiffness parameters change of a mass-spring-damper system and flaws simulated in a numerical rotating shaft using an empirical model of failure. The experimental validation is obtained by the identification of a transversal dent caused in the shaft of an experimental rotating system

Orientador: Gilberto Pechoto de Melo / Coorientador: Gustavo Luiz Chagas Manhães de Abreu / Banca: Luiz de Paula do Nascimento / Banca: Kátia Luchese Cavalca Dedini / Resumo: Os métodos de diagnose de falhas buscam evitar que estas ocorram sem predição, de modo que medidas preventivas possam ser tomadas para garantir a integridade física dos equipamentos e pessoas envolvidas no processo em que o sistema monitorado está inserido. Os eixos rotativos são elementos passíveis de fenômenos prejudiciais causados pela própria condição de movimento, que são refletidas na ciclagem das tensões atuantes em seu material. Este trabalho propõe a detecção em tempo real de trincas em eixos rotativos, pelo monitoramento do sistema em operação, usando a metodologia dos observadores de estados. Inicialmente, o projeto de observadores de estado via Regulador Linear Quadrático e Filtro de Kalman é introduzido. Em seguida, os observadores de estados com entradas desconhecidas são apresentados. Os modelos numéricos são obtidos por discretização através do Método dos Elementos Finitos e pelo ajuste da resposta em freqüência. A validação numérica do método proposto é feita pela identificação de alterações de parâmetros de rigidez de um sistema massa-mola-amortecedor e de trincas simuladas em um eixo rotativo numérico através de um modelo de falha empírico. A validação experimental da técnica proposta é obtida pela identificação de um entalhe transversal causado no eixo de um sistema rotativo experimental / Abstract: The faults diagnosis methods seeks to avoid them not to occur without prediction, so that preventive tasks can be taken to ensure the physical integrity of equipments and people involved in the process where the monitored system is inserted. The rotating shafts are elements capable of harmful phenomena caused by its own movement condition, which are reflected on the cycling of the acting stresses on its material. This work proposes the real-time structural crack detection in rotating shafts, by the monitoring of the system in operation, using the methodology of the state observers. Initially, the project of state observers via Linear Quadratic Regulator and Kalman Filter are introduced. Then, the unknown input state observers are presented. The numerical models are obtained by discretization through the Finite Elements Method and the frequency response fitting. The numerical validation of the proposed method if verified by the identification of stiffness parameters change of a mass-spring-damper system and flaws simulated in a numerical rotating shaft using an empirical model of failure. The experimental validation is obtained by the identification of a transversal dent caused in the shaft of an experimental rotating system / Mestre

A mineração subterrânea na região carbonífera de Santa Catarina possui forte controle estrutural. A área de pesquisa da Mina D situa-se na porção NE do município de Araranguá. Este trabalho definiu o comportamento estrutural das rochas sedimentares e da camada de carvão Barro Branco na área de pesquisa através da avaliação integrada de imagens de satélite e dados de 100 furos de sondagem. As principais direções dos lineamentos identificadas nas imagens de satélite são N30º-60ºW, N60º-80ºE e N30º-60ºE. O mapa de contorno estrutural da camada de carvão e as seções geológicas mostram que a área é afetada por falhas normais de direção N30°-60°W, N50°-70°E, N10°-20°W e E-W. As falhas normais de direção NE apresentam extensão regional e exercem significativa influência no arranjo estrutural da área. Nesses casos os rejeitos são expressivos (>100 metros) e inviabilizam a recuperação econômica do carvão em algumas porções da área. A orientação das galerias deve ser de modo paralelo a estas falhas nas suas proximidades. As falhas normais de direção NW são as mais frequentes e possuem extensão e rejeitos menores (<30 metros). O planejamento da lavra deve considerar esse sistema de falhas, evitando o cruzamento das mesmas. As falhas normais de direção N-S foram identificadas na área e apresentam rejeitos expressivos (>70 metros). Ocorrem ainda falhas inversas associadas ao soerguimento ocasionado por intrusões de diabásio. Próximo a estas áreas podem ocorrer zonas de acúmulo de tensões, geralmente associadas a problemas de instabilidade de teto e levantamento de piso. A metodologia aplicada demonstrou ser eficiente na determinação prévia das estruturas tectônicas e na avaliação preliminar da sua influência na mineração subterrânea de carvão. / The underground coal mining in the carboniferous region of Santa Catarina state has a great structural control. The Mina D research area is located in the NE portion of the Araranguá city. This study has defined the structural bearing of the sedimentary rocks and the Barro Branco coal seam in the research area through the integrated evaluation of satellite images and 100 boreholes data. The major lineaments identified in the satellite images have N30º-60ºW, N60º-80ºE and N30º-60ºE directions. The coal seam structural contour map and the geological sections presents that the area is affected by normal faults which have N30°- 60°W, N50°-70°E, N10°-20°W and E-W directions. The NE direction normal faults have regional extension and are the most influent in the structural arrangement of the area. This faults have expressive tailings (>100 meters) and prevent the economic recover of the coal in some portions of the area. The galleries should be oriented parallel to it. The normal faults with NW direction is the most frequent and have minor extension and tailings (<30 meters). The mining plan should consider it in order to avoid have to cross it. The N-S direction normal faults were identified in the area and presents expressive tailings (>70 meters). Inverse faults occur associated with the uplift related to diabase sills intrusion. Close to this area may occur stress accumulation zones usually related to roof instability and floor heaving problems. The applied methods proved to be efficient in the determination of tectonic structures and in the preliminary evaluation of their influence on underground coal mining.