Šio darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti T. Ivanausko zoologijos muziejuje surinktą vištinių paukščių medžiagą ir išanalizuoti jos tinkamumą genetiniams tyrimams atlikti. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai buvo nustatyti T. Ivanausko muziejaus vištinių paukščių eksponatų rūšinę sudėtį ir pagrindines radimvietes, išskirti DNR iš muziejinės ir šviežios medžiagos ir atlikti mikrosatelitinę ir AAPD analizę. Panaudojant Laird ir kt. 1991 metodiką su kai kuriomis modifikacijomis iš šviežios medžiagos, muziejinių plunksnų ir odos buvo išskirta DNR. Iš muziejinių plunksnų ir odos išsiskyrusi DNR yra fragmentuota, todėl netinkama AAPD analizei. Gali būti, jog neigiamą poveikį eksponatų DNR turi arsenas, kuris naudojamas kaip konservanatas paruošiant odas, ar netinkamos eksponatų laikymo salygos. Iš šaldytų, šviežiai išpeštų plunksnų ir spirite fiksuotų audinių išsiskyrusi DNR yra nefragmentuota ir yra tinkama AAPD analizei atlikti. Naudojant 3 pradmenis: ROTH 180-04, OPA04 ir OPA11, AAPD metodu buvo išanalizuotos 3 naminių vištų imtys (iš Suvalkų krašto ūkio ir Žemaitijos ūkio paimtos hibridinių vištų imtys ir LVA rodailendų veislės vištų imtis). Visos hibridinės vištos buvo fenetiškai panašios į rodailendų veislės vištas. Pagal visus tris pradmenis bendras lokusų skaičius buvo 42, iš kurių 32 buvo polimorfiniai Suvalkų krašto ūkio vištose, 14 polimorfinių Žemaitijos ūkio vištose. Visi LVA vištų lokusai buvo monomorfiniai. Iš filogenetinio medžio nustatyta, kad LVA vištos genetiškai buvo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this study was to collect information about T.Ivanauskas zoo museum Galliformes and to evaluate the application of Galliformes museum piece for genetic analysis. The main tasks were to estimate the composition of species and the main finding places of Galliformes, to isolate DNA from museum feathers or skins and newly plucked feathers and to perform microsatellite or RAPD analysis. DNA from museum feathers and skins was fragmented and unsuitable for RAPD analysis. Museum specimens were salted with arsenic and it is known that arsenic inhibits DNA reparation. So, it might lead that arsenic or nonsuitable storage conditions might compromiseability to amplify DNA with PCR, further studies are needed to confirm this. DNA from newly plucked feathers and ethanol fixed tissues was suitable for RAPD analysis. Using RAPD method with 3 primers: ROTH 180-04, OPA04 ir OPA11 we evaluated 3 groups of chicken: 2 crossbred groups from Suvalkai farm and Zemaitija farm and group from LVA pedigree chickens. It was etimated 42 loci, 32 of them were polymorphic in the chicken group from Suvalkai farm, 14 polymorphic in the chickens from Zemaitija farm. All loci of LVA chickens were monomorphic and these chickens were genetically identic. The group of chickens from Zemaitija farm were more similar to LVA chickens than the group of chickens from Suvalkai farm. Using RAPD method ROTH 180-04, OPA04 ir OPA11 primers availability for other Galliformes (Tetrao tetrix and Tetrao urogallus)... [to full text]

Selection operates when the variability among individuals in heritable traits translates to differences in the number of offspring that survive to breed, which is a close estimate of fitness. Consequently, the outcome of sexual-selection should be higher reproductive success for individuals with a greater expression of the selected traits. In this thesis, the relationship between some male spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) traits and reproductive success was assessed. A particular focus was given to the role of throat feathers (TF) as sexually selected trait. The study was conducted in a wild population using a correlative approach in 2004, while in 2005 and 2006 the TF of males were experimentally shortened. The genetic parentage of the offspring was required for determining the reproductive success of males. Nine highly polymorphic microsatellites (with 11.7± 3.2 alleles per locus) were developed and optimised for this species. Parentage analyses were conducted in NEWPAT XL and CERVUS 3.0.3 and confirmed using observational data. Eighty-five percent of the offspring had at least one parent assigned. The levels of intra-specific brood parasitism, extra-pair paternity and quasi-parasitism were 7%, 7% and 1% of the offspring, respectively. Polygamy levels decreased with year, as the study population matured. The correlative study showed that males with longer TF and with better condition had a higher probability of reproducing and sired more offspring, but their offspring were not of higher quality as measured by their weight and immune response to phytohaemagglutinin. Polygynous males were also in better condition. In the experimental study, males in better condition had a higher chance of reproducing and sired more fledglings. Conversely, males with reduced TF sired significantly fewer eggs and lighter fledglings than control males. Body condition and TF length are shown to be good predictors of reproductive success and TF length is shown to be under sexual selection.

The keratinase gene (kerA) of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC®53757 was PCR amplified and subsequently cloned into Bacillus megaterium expression vector; pHIS1525.SPlipA and transformed in Bacillus megaterium ATCC®14945. The kerA gene carrying the recombinant plasmid pKERHIS1525.SPlipA was expressed in Bacillus megaterium under xylose inducible promoter, purified using Ni-NTA affinity column chromatography and consequently produced an extracellular keratinase activity of 29 U ml-1 after 18 h of incubation. The recombinant strain was further examined for feather degradation of intact chicken feathers. The chopped chicken feathers were partially degraded by the recombinant strain after 3days and the total macroscopic digestion was ultimately observed after seven days resulting in a yellowish peptide rich fermentation broth.

Very little work has been done to study and understand the internal mechanisms that provide goose down with its resiliency under repeated compression. We have employed low magnification optical microscopy to identify some of these important mechanisms. Microscopy showed that a small tertiary structure exists on most goose down fibers and creates an important point of contact when two fibers interact. This tertiary contact mechanism has been coupled with fiber orientation and incorporated into a unique strain-energy function. The principal stresses for an initial compression cycle can be determined from this strain-energy function according to the hyperelastic constitutive theory. Irreversible deformation and hysteresis necessitate another means to determine the stresses during unloading and reloading. For these stages, the framework used by Beatty et al. (2002) for an ideal Mullins material will be utilized in conjunction with a shift in the stress-free state to determine the principal stresses. The proposed model is then evaluated for uniaxial compression and shown to capture the general behavior of goose down in compression including the irreversible deformation and hysteresis.

Includes bibliography / vii, 161, [208] leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Biochemistry, 1985

O aumento da produção e abate de aves vem ao encontro da responsabilidade de destinação adequada dos resíduos de abatedouros. Pressionadas ainda pelas legislações e políticas ambientais e pelas oportunidades de negócio foram criadas as indústrias de processamento de subprodutos de origem animal, conhecidas como “graxarias”, que processam estes resíduos transformando-os em farinhas de alto valor agregado utilizadas na composição de rações. Porém, a grande variação na composição das matérias-primas e a falta de padronização do processo de fabricação são consideradas os maiores desafios para o uso desses alimentos como ingredientes de rações. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar o processo de fabricação de farinha de penas, visando o aumento do teor protéico (TP) e do valor de digestibilidade (VD), bem como determinar as variáveis e os níveis que potencialmente podem influenciar no processo de obtenção da farinha. A parte experimental deste trabalho está apresentada em três capítulos: No capítulo 1 avaliou-se a variabilidade do TP e do VD da farinha de penas de frango e peru em função dos parâmetros do processo. Observou-se uma grande dificuldade na padronização da farinha de penas contendo penas de frango e de peru. A pressão e o tempo de hidrólise diferiram entre as matérias-primas. Tanto a variável pressão como o tempo de hidrólise influenciaram no TP e no VD. Os resultados mais elevados foram obtidos para a farinha composta por 100% penas de frango. No capítulo 2 avaliou-se a Influência da etapa de pré-secagem no TP e no VD da farinha de penas. Foram utilizados planejamento fatorial e metodologia de superfície de resposta para avaliar essa influência. A pressão, tempo de hidrólise, tempo de pré-secagem e composição de diferentes matérias primas foram determinadas como variáveis independentes, enquanto as variáveis respostas foram TP e VD. O aumento no tempo de pré-secagem foi significativo (p<0,05) para elevar as variáveis. A inclusão de penas de peru foi significativa (p<0,05) na obtenção de farinha de penas, representando uma redução tanto nos resultados do TP como no VD das farinhas. No capítulo 3 avaliou-se a influência da adição de diferentes percentuais de sangue sobre as variáveis respostas, TP e VD, da farinha de penas. Foi utilizado planejamento fatorial e metodologia de superfície de resposta para avaliar essa influencia. As variáveis independentes foram pressão, tempo de hidrólise, matéria-prima e adição de sangue. O maior TP obtido foi através da dosagem de 20% de sangue para as duas matérias-primas. Os níveis das variáveis de processo com os quais se obteve os mais elevados TP (84,56%) e VD (47,96%) foram com 2,5 kgf.cm-2 de pressão e 40 min. de hidrólise. O aumento no percentual de sangue e no tempo de hidrólise foi significativo (p<0,05) para aumentar tanto o TP como o VD da farinha de penas. Com a incorporação de penas de peru ocorreu uma redução significativa (p<0,05) no TP e no VD das farinhas. / The increased poultry production and slaughtering encounters the responsibility of proper disposal of waste from slaughterhouses. Pressed further by legislation and environmental policies and the business opportunities were created industries processing animal by-products, known as "graxarias" which process these waste transforming them into high value-added flours used in feed composition. However, the wide variation in the composition of the raw materials and the lack of standardization of the manufacturing process are considered the major hallenges for the use of these foods as ingredients of rations. This study aimed to optimize the manufacturing process of feather meal, in order to increase the protein content (PC) and digestibility value (DV), and to determine the variables and levels that can potentially influence the process of flour obtaining. The experimental part of this work is presented in three chapters: the first chapter we evaluated the variability of TP and RV feather meal of chicken and turkey as a function of process parameters. There is a great difficulty in the standardization of feather meal containing chicken feathers and turkey. The pressure and time of hydrolysis differed among the raw materials. Both the variable pressure as the hydrolysis time affected in PC and DV. The highest scores were obtained for 100% flour made of chicken feathers. In chapter 2 we evaluated the influence of pre-drying step in PC and DV feather meal. We used a factorial design and response surface methodology to assess this effect. The pressure, hydrolysis time, length of pre-drying and composition of different raw materials were determined as independent variables, while the variables were PC and DV. The increase in the pre-drying time was significant (p<0,05) to increase the variables. The inclusion of turkey feathers was significant (p<0,05) in obtaining feather meal, a reduction in both the results of TP as in RV flours. In chapter 3 we evaluated the effect of adding different percentages of blood on the response variables, PC and DV, feather meal. We used a factorial design and response surface methodology to assess this influence. The independent variables were pressure, hydrolysis time, raw material and adding blood. The higher PC was obtained by measuring blood of 20% for the two raw materials. The levels of the process variables which are obtained with the highest TP (84,56%) and VD (47,96%) was 2,5 kgf.cm-2 pressure and 40 min. hydrolysis. The increase in the percentage of blood and the hydrolysis time was significant (p<0,05) increase both the PC and DV as feather meal. With the incorporation of turkey feathers there was a significant reduction (p<0,05) in PC and DV flours.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-07T11:29:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Barbosa do Nascimento.pdf: 1427269 bytes, checksum: 7a041a03b8a63fa32cef31eec8bb2b3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T11:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Barbosa do Nascimento.pdf: 1427269 bytes, checksum: 7a041a03b8a63fa32cef31eec8bb2b3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In order to study descriptive and topographical tracts and apteria in roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), (15 males and 15 females), donated after death by the Superintendency of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources - IBAMA located in Pernambuco, were used. The birds were established by subcutaneous, intramuscle or intracavitary of aqueous 10% formaldehyde and immersed in the same solution during 48 hours. Then, with the aid of surgical instruments, the feathers were cut close to the follicle, leaving 0.2 to 0.3 cm of rachis for better viewing and recording of treatment and aptérios. It was used as comparative morphology, the Gallus gallus specie. Through the results, the study showed that the treatment and apteria described represent the morphological pattern of the specie, yet anatomical variations has not been observed in thirty copies, even belonging to different order, the R. magnirostris morphological features similar to those of G. gallus, and the pterilosys R. magnirostris do not constitute an auxiliary tool for sexing, because the anatomical configuration of aptérios and treatment are the same for both sexes. / Com o objetivo de estudar descritiva e topograficamente os tratos e aptérios em Gavião carijó (Rupornis magnirostris), foram utilizadas 30 aves adultas (15 machos e 15 fêmeas), doadas por óbito pela Superintendência do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais – IBAMA em Pernambuco. As aves foram fixadas mediante a aplicação subcutânea, intramuscular e intracavitária de solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e imersas na mesma solução por 48 horas. Em seguida, com auxílio de instrumentos cirúrgicos, as penas foram seccionadas próximo ao folículo, deixando de 0,2 a 0,3 cm do raque para melhor visualização e registro dos tratos e aptérios. Utilizou-se como padrão morfológico comparativo, a espécie Gallus gallus. Através dos resultados, o estudo demonstrou que os tratos e aptérios descritos representam o padrão morfológico da espécie, haja vista não terem sido observados variações anatômicas em trinta exemplares; que mesmo pertencendo à ordem diferente, a R. magnirostris apresenta características morfológicas semelhantes as do G. gallus; e que a pterilose em R. magnirostris não constitui ferramenta auxiliar à sexagem, pois a configuração anatômica dos tratos e aptérios são iguais para ambos os sexos.

Submitted by dayse paz (daysepaz@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-06T18:14:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta_o_de_Mestrado_de_Cindy_Tavares_Barreto.pdf: 1526539 bytes, checksum: 1df2010b2061af8f93607669b374dccd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cleuza maria medina dos santos (cleuzamai@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-18T20:17:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta_o_de_Mestrado_de_Cindy_Tavares_Barreto.pdf: 1526539 bytes, checksum: 1df2010b2061af8f93607669b374dccd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T20:17:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta_o_de_Mestrado_de_Cindy_Tavares_Barreto.pdf: 1526539 bytes, checksum: 1df2010b2061af8f93607669b374dccd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Os Pelecaniformes são aves associadas aos ambientes aquáticos, estando em contato constante com contaminantes de origem antrópica. Neste contexto, o presente estudo quantificou concentrações de chumbo (Pb) e cádmio (Cd), metais não essenciais e tóxicos, relacionando-as com as características de dois habitats, técnicas de forrageamento e níveis tróficos da garçabranca-grande (Ardea alba) e do colhereiro (Platalea ajaja), no sul do Brasil. Amostras de sangue, penas e ovos (separados em casca e conteúdo) foram coletadas para as duas espécies em dois ninhais, um de ambiente exclusivamente límnico e outro predominantemente estuarino. A concentração de Pb no sangue foi diferente entre os locais de amostragem, sendo maior nas amostras coletadas no ambiente estuarino. Já a concentração na casca do ovo foi maior nas amostras do ambiente límnico. Quanto ao Cd, a concentração sanguínea foi maior na garça do que no colhereiro. Na pena e na casca do ovo, as concentrações foram maiores nas amostras coletadas no ambiente límnico. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação positiva entre as concentrações de Pb e Cd na casca e no conteúdo dos ovos, além de um alto índice de correlação entre as concentrações dos metais na casca do ovo. Embora as concentrações destes metais no sangue e penas das espécies estudadas sejam inferiores àquelas relatadas na literatura, as concentrações dos metais nos ovos foram até 605 vezes maiores que aquelas relatadas para espécies semelhantes amostras em outros ambientes aquáticos. Os ovos mostraram-se como bioindicadores mais sensíveis que os demais tecidos analisados, permitindo a constatação de contaminação por Pb e Cd nos ambientes úmidos na região sul do Brasil. Desta forma, foi verificado que as aves aquáticas analisadas no presente estudo podem ser consideradas como indicadoras/sentinelas quanto à contaminação ambiental por Pb e Cd. / Pelecaniformes are birds associated with wetlands, in close contact with contaminants of anthropogenic origin. The current study quantified lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations, both non-essential and toxic metals, in tissues of great egrets (Ardea alba) and roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja), comparing with foraging techniques, trophic levels and estuarine vs. limnetic habitats. Blood, feathers, egg content and eggshells were sampled in two colonies, the first one limnetic and the second one estuarine. Pb concentration in blood differed between places, higher in the estuarine colony, while concentrations in eggshell were higher in the limnetic colony. Cd concentrations in blood were higher in egrets than spoonbills. In feathers and eggshells, Cd concentrations were higher in samples from the limnetic site. Positive correlations between concentration of each metal in eggshell and egg content were found, as well as a high correlation among both metals in eggshell. Despite concentrations of both metals found in blood and feathers were below those reported in other studies, concentrations in eggs were up to 605 times higher than in other similar species studied elsewhere. In general, eggs seem to be more sensitive bioindicators of contamination by metals in comparison with other tissues analyzed, indicating Pb and Cd contamination in wetlands in southern Brazil. Therefore, waterbirds investigated in the current study could be regarded as suitable indicators/sentinels of environmental contamination by Pb and Cd.

The goal of this thesis is to introduce and explain technology of hydrolysis and subsequent processing of poultry feathers and make calculation of line for processing poultry feathers. This thesis also includes technological scheme of processing line, design and final evaluation of chosen processing technology.

The goal of this thesis is to introduce and explain technology of hydrolysis and subsequent processing of poultry feathers and make calculation of line for processing poultry feathers. This thesis also includes technological scheme of processing line, design and final evaluation of chosen processing technology.