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Worldwide, women face gender-based violence daily. Gender-based violence constitutes a growing problem in societies worldwide, and one in three women globally has experienced some sort of intimate partner violence, which is the most common form of gender-based violence. Femicides are the worst form of gender-based violence with a fatal outcome, and an issue of human rights, developmental issue, health issue, and societal issue. Latin America is the regions with one of the highest femicide rates in the world, and that is one reason for why the regions was chosen. There is a wide range of research done on the subject of femicides, however there is a scarcity on the subject of Latin American government responses and legislations, and how these impact the femicide rates in the region. This thesis will examine how government responses affect femicide rates in five selected countries; Costa Rica, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. The study will be a qualitative comparative multi-case desk study analyzed through an abductive approach. The theory applied will be the social inclusion and exclusion theory to understand if policies are inclusive or exclusive, and if the nature of the legislations have an impact on the femicide rates. The main underlying causes of femicides are impunity, lack of political will, funding, and the machismo culture. The analysis suggests that the current femicide legislations are not of appropriate nature to curb femicides as they do not tackle the underlying causes of it.

Turkey and its authoritarian policies are in the headlines: the topic of Syrian refugees and the EU – Turkey deal, gross human rights violations, repression against opposition parties, and last but not least the withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention in March 2021. Heavy protests of feminist activist groups are demanding the end of gender-based violence and femicide.Against this background, the thesis investigates the reasons for the rapidly rising number of femicides in Turkey since 2008. It is argued that femicides are not isolated, individualized acts. Rather, they need to be grasped by the present social, political, and gendered context of Turkey. A contextual intersectional analysis is applied to examine the multifaceted and multilayered political phenomenon of femicides.The analysis reveals that femicides are not caused by single-issue factors, but rather by a variety of interlocking determinants such as deeply entrenched gender roles and patriarchal structures, gender-based violence, the regulatory landscape and the creation of political conditions that institutionalize gender hierarchy and violence.The unique contribution of this paper is the adoption of a decolonial view that incorporates a view to the resistance practices embedded into practices of repression and violence.

This thesis examines the issue of femicides in Germany and Spain, contextualized within the broader European Union (EU) framework. It employs feminist and postcolonial theoretical frameworks to analyze policy mobilization and the framing of gender-based violence in these two countries. Feminist theory challenges patriarchal structures and advocates for gender equality, focusing on the centrality of women's experiences and voices in research. Postcolonial theory explores the legacies of colonialism and imperialism, shedding light on historical power imbalances and their contemporary implications. Intersectionality, a core aspect of both theories, provides a nuanced understanding of how overlapping forms of oppression affect women, particularly in the context of gender-based violence. The study uses Critical Frame Analysis (CFA) to dissect how femicides are perceived and addressed in public discourse and policies in Germany and Spain. Despite similar femicide rates, these countries have distinct legal frameworks and cultural attitudes towards gender violence. The research highlights the EU's Eurocentric tendencies and the marginalization of intersectional perspectives on inequality policies. By integrating feminist and postcolonial theories, this thesis aims to uncover the complex dynamics of femicides, offering insights into the structural changes necessary to promote gender equality in the EU. The Analysis revealed that while Spain has a more gendered approach to legislation and a more intersectional approach to policies as a whole than Germany does, both countries struggle with explicitly addressing femicides and implementing effective interventions.

El origen de la violencia de género proviene de la normalización de concepciones retrogradas y mentalidades machistas que permiten el desarrollo de una sociedad donde los derechos humanos son parciales a un género. En el 2019, Perú alcanzó una cifra récord en feminicemos en una década respecto al resto de Latinoamérica. Para lo cual, San Juan de Lurigancho replica este patrón societario de violencia, siendo el distrito con mayor cantidad de feminicidios, violencia de género y embarazos infantiles en todo el país. Consecuentemente, el Centro de Apoyo Integral y Casa Refugio se emplazará en San Juan de Lurigancho, por ser el distrito que presenta mayor vulnerabilidad para las mujeres con el propósito de tratar de erradicar, prevenir y atender la violencia contra la mujer; a pesar de que, desde un punto de vista humanitario, este edificio no debería existir. La problemática de violencia de género no es simétrica. El 80% de las víctimas de agresiones psicológicas, físicas o sexuales son mujeres. Se tiene una sociedad que pone a las mujeres en un lugar de vulnerabilidad. Por ende, se plantea un proyecto que ayude a resguardar y proteger la integridad de estas mujeres resilientes y sus derechos humanos, a través, de arquitectura humanitaria que se desenvuelva alrededor de la priorización de bienestar psicológico, físico, emocional, educativo y económico. La complejidad de esta problemática se ve reflejado en las necesidades de los usuarios, por lo cual, se plantean tres estrategias proyectadas en el programa arquitectónico: apoyo preventivo, inmediato y reactivo. / The origin of gender violence is the normalization of retrograde conceptions and sexist mentalities, which allow the growth of a society where human rights are partial to one gender. In 2019, Peru reached the record of femicides in a decade compared to the rest of Latin America. For which, San Juan de Lurigancho replicates this societal pattern of violence, being the district with the highest number of femicides, gender violence and child pregnancies throughout the country. Consequently, the Integral Support Centre and Shelter Home will be in San Juan de Lurigancho, as it is the district that presents the greatest vulnerability for women with the purpose of trying to eradicate, prevent and address violence against women; even though, from a humanitarian point of view, this type of building should not exist. The gender violence problem is not symmetrical. 80% of the victims of psychological, physical, or sexual violence are women. As a result of having a society that puts women in a place of vulnerability. Hence, this project is one that helps safeguard and protect the integrity of these resilient women and their human rights, through humanitarian architecture that is developed around the prioritization of psychological, physical, emotional, educational, and economic well-being. The complexity of this problem is reflected in the needs of the users; therefore, three strategies are proposed in the architectural program: preventive, immediate and reactive support. These strategies respond to each type of need and, to prevent, act and respond to the circumstances of each woman. / Trabajo de investigación