This master thesis is based on a field study, conducted in Lugufu 1 and Mtabila 1 refugee camps in Kigoma, western Tanzania, where we held twenty-eight interviews with Congolese and Burundian refugee women. The Congolese and Burundian refugees have fled to Tanzania due to long-lasting conflicts in Congo and Burundi respectively; most arrived in mid-1990s. Thereby, the camps are no longer in phases of emergency and refugees have, since long, established everyday routines and habits that shape their everyday lives; our main interests lie in these. Accordingly, our aim with this study has been to attain a deepened understanding of how these refugee women experience their everyday lives with regards to safety. Since the women themselves were the narrators, security-related problems connected to firewood collection were, inevitably, frequently brought up and are therefore given much space throughout the study. Of great importance for the study is the Sphere Project, in particular the three Cross-Cutting issues - Gender, Environment, and Security – which are all, we believe, intimately related to Feminist Geography. Moreover, our purpose has been to interpret the answers given by these refugee women through arguments and concepts included in Feminist Geography and thereby enable new ways of understanding how, for example, the physical environment affects the everyday routines of refugee women. Furthermore, as several feminist geographers (who, to this date, mainly have focused on western, urban areas) approach women’s fear by looking at the prevailing social and power structures, such structures have also been given much space in our study. Consequently, our study sheds light on security-related issues, which refugee women face in their everyday lives. From the results found in our study, we believe, that if feminist geographers were to include refugee women residing in a non-western, rural context, they would stand to gain a broadened knowledge of how different women experience and are affected by fear and safety.

This dissertation aims to understand the demographic dynamics of the city of Santa Maria/RS through the focus on gender and conjugal relations. Thus, it intended to, as a main objective, understand the gender relations/relationships through the patriarchate and paradoxical space contexts, which are concepts of primal importance for Feminist Geography and Gender Studies. The research has the following specific objectives: a) to spatialize the analysis of demographic dynamics in Santa Maria/RS, focusing on the different values of the demographic data (finance, literacy, household heads, the proportion of population by sex gender), according to the 2010 census; b) to achieve interpretations for the correlations between census data on the quality and perception of women which live in the spatial area obtained in the goal "a" c) to interpret the population dynamics through the conjugal relations/relationships, considering the social conditions of women at Agroindustrial Street, spatial area of study. Methodologically, the research steps are grounded on interpretations offered by interviews with women that live in that neighborhood, in order to express their experiences. Among the study results, it emphasizes the maintenance of patriarchal conceptions in the interviewees‟ speech, even though most of them were already have inserted in the labor market and access to educational improvement. / A presente dissertação pretende compreender a dinâmica demográfica do município de Santa Maria/RS mediante o enfoque das relações de gênero e de conjugalidade. Dessa maneira, procura-se, como objetivo geral, entender as relações de gênero através dos contextos do patriarcado e do espaço paradoxal, conceitos de exímia importância para a Geografia Feminista e estudos de Gênero. A investigação apresenta como objetivos específicos: a) espacializar a análise da dinâmica demográfica em Santa Maria/RS enfocando os diferentes valores dos dados demográficos (renda, alfabetização, chefes de domicílio, proporção da população por sexo), conforme bairro pelo Censo 2010; b) Buscar interpretações das correlações de dados censitários na qualidade e percepção das mulheres que vivem o recorte espacial obtido no objetivo a ; c) Interpretar a dinâmica populacional através das relações de conjugalidade, considerando as condições sociais das mulheres do Bairro Agroindustrial, recorte espacial de estudo. Metodologicamente, as etapas da pesquisa estão alicerçadas em interpretações oferecidas pela realização de entrevistas com mulheres residentes no referido bairro, visando expressar suas vivências. Entre os resultados do estudo, ressalta-se a permanência de concepções patriarcais na fala das entrevistadas, mesmo que grande parte delas já estivesse inserida no mercado de trabalho e no acesso ao aprimoramento educacional.

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Recent work in the geohumanities has renewed a call for the inclusion of creative work within the discipline of geography. This dissertation works both creatively and critically to answer that call, and to contribute to the geohumanities generally and the subfield of geopoetics particularly. In the theoretical portion of this work, I draw from and dialogue with creative geographies, emotional geographies, nonrepresentational theory, and post-human geographies, arguing that geopoetics is both theory and practice-based and focuses on how to apprehend the world, how to acknowledge and practice the act of perceiving, and the relationship that grows through the act of perceiving and being perceived. This attendance is an ethical act; it helps to enrich understandings of place and of human relationships to the world. I use this understanding of geopoetics to rethink relationships to place through the embrace of poetic technique, an ethics of care, and an acceptance of situated, autobiographical emotion in practice. I use the work of three philosopher-poets (McKay, Zwicky, Lilburn) to argue that geopoetics is a relational ontology that helps contribute culturally to embodied understandings of ethics, landscape, and environment through its practice of attendance and perception. Separately, all three writers contribute variously to conceptualizations of wilderness, home and place; together, I propose that their work serves to further define geopoetics through the manner by which one attends to the world. I also specifically use Zwicky’s work on lyric to intervene in non-representational theory, clarifying ideas on a body-in-the-world. Attendance, for me, involves emotional, sensory, and philosophical engagement but is focused on the world, not on the perceiver. The creative portion of this dissertation puts the theoretical work into practice, adding to understandings of what geopoetics might do. This creative work is an act of attendance, which has as its root a geography of love and an emphasis on how to perceive. Its inclusion further validates creative practice and the inclusion of creative professionals within the discipline of geography. / Graduate / 2022-08-25

Diese Dissertation forscht in der Philosophie und in der Theorie des Sozialraumes, und kommt zu einer theoretischen Betrachtung des Sozialraumes, die helfen kann, Sozialprozesse in Berlin zu erklären. Bezug nehmend auf Lefebvres, Theorien der Unterschiedlichkeit und der Vielfältigkeit wird spatialisiert. Im Gegenzug werden anhand von Theorien, der Unterschiedlichkeit und Vielfältigkeit, die auf transnationalem Urbanismus, und der feministischen Geographie basieren, die Grenzen der lefebvreschen Theorie des Sozialunterschiedes herausgestellt. Während die Theorien von Lefebvre schwerpunktmäßig auf Marx basieren, basieren die feministischen poststructural Theorien des Unterschiedes in der Darlegung auf endloser Flexibilität, Zerteilung und radikaler Vielfältigkeit. Es gibt folglich eine unüberwindbare Kluft zwei theoretischen Perspektiven. Um die Beschränkungen und die Möglichkeiten dieser Perspektiven zu veranschaulichen, werden zwei soziale Phänomene beschrieben Das erste ist die Entwickelung der Hausbesetzerszene in Berlin nach dem Mauerfall. Das zweite sind die Erfahrungen, der Newcomers in Berlin. Einige Grenzen der Hausbesetzer und der Newcomers werden durch die Anwendung der Theorien des produzierten Raumes von Lefebvre, der flexiblen Vielfältigkeit von Doreen Massey, der übernationalen feministischen Geographie von Geraldine Pratt, und der radikalen Flexibilität und Fragmentation von Zygmunt Bauman deutlich. Die Geographie der Hausbesetzerbewegungs- und die Geschichte der Newcomers decken nicht nur einen Mangel an Zentralität, sondern auch ein umfangreiches überterritoriales Netz auf. Sie zeigen auch, dass Unterschiedlichkeit sich im Raum materialisiert. Eine Brücke zwischen Lefebvre und poststruktureller Unterschiedlichkeit konnte durch das Überdenken der für Lefebvre notwendigen Zentralität des Sozialraumes, so wie des ökonomische Reduktionismus gefunden werden. Gleichzeitig, kann der Diskurs der Unterschiedlichkeit einen Nutzen aus einer tieferen Analyse der materiellen Form des Raumes. Diese Abhandlung ist folglich ein Zugang zum allgemeinen Überdenken der räumlichen Sozialtheorie. / This ideational dissertation delves into the philosophy and theory of social space, and arrives at a theoretical vision of social space which can help explain social processes in Berlin. Drawing on Lefebvre, theories of difference and multiplicity are spatialised. Conversely, drawing on theories of difference and multiplicity from transnational urbanism and feminist geography, the limits of Lefebvre’s theory of social difference are exposed. While the theories of Lefebvre are heavily based on Marx, the feminist poststructural theories of difference are based in the discourse on infinite flexibility, fragmentation, and radical multiplicity. There is thus a gaping cleft between the two theoretical perspectives. To illustrate the limitations and possibilities of these perspectives, two social phenomena are described. The first involves the post-Wall squatter scene in Berlin. The second involves experiences of newcomers in Berlin. By examining the theory of produced space from Lefebvre, the theories of coeval and flexible multiplicity from Doreen Massey, the theories transnational feminist geographies of Geraldine Pratt, and the imagery of flexible everything from Zygmunt Bauman, some theoretical borders of squatters and newcomers come into focus. The geographies of squatter movements and newcomers’ history reveal not only a profound lack of centrality, rather an extensive trans-territorial network. They also show that difference is deeply spatialised and material. A bridge between Lefebvre and poststructuralist difference might be found in the rethinking Lefebvre’s necessary centrality of social space, as the economic reductionism his Marxism requires. At the same time, the discourse on difference might benefit from a deeper analysis of the materiality of space. This dissertation is therefore an entry point into the general rethinking of social space.

This thesis explores the opportunities, challenges, and initiatives for coffee tourism in the context of Ethiopia. My research addresses five themes to achieve its research aims, which are as follows: arriving at prospective coffee tourism frameworks; addressing the reasons behind the underdevelopment of coffee tourism in Ethiopia; highlighting coffee tourism’s opportunities and challenges in Ethiopia; identifying potential coffee tourists, and; initiating coffee tourism through local collaborations. The core research methodologies are: fieldwork in Ethiopia involving a series of interviews with key stakeholders and a detailed case study of one potential coffee tourism region; digital ethnography, and; knowledge transfer activities enabled by several conceptual approaches such as development in Africa, power relations, reformed orientalism, situated knowledge, self-other, emotional geographies, and participatory geographies. Through this research, I found that coffee tourism cannot simply be a combination of coffee and tourism; coffee tourism needs to be understood through various contexts in addition to that of tourism; coffee tourism can be a more practical tourism form and a new coffee marketing vehicle in Ethiopia, and; coffee tourism potentially brings more advantages to the coffee industry in coffee bean exporting countries with current sustainable coffee initiatives such as fair trade or other coffee certification projects. Coffee tourism is not widely discussed in academia, and I argue that this research addresses several gaps in the literature: suggestions for coffee tourism frameworks, coffee tourism research in the context of Ethiopia, coffee tourism research beyond simple analysis in terms of the tourism or coffee industries, and a new illumination on Ethiopian culture, tourism, and coffee culture. Raising the topic of South Korea’s impact in Ethiopia as well as the East Asian role in coffee tourism is also an important contribution to academia. During my PhD tenure, I found a potential global partnership between coffee bean exporting countries and coffee bean importing countries through coffee. Ethiopia is an ideal place for coffee tourism, and it is my hope that coffee tourism could present an approach that brings to light Ethiopia's cultural wealth.