Shading devices have the potential to reduce peak cooling load and annual energy consumption because they can be used to control solar gain. Thus, the need to model shading devices in a glazing system analysis is important. This thesis deals with various measurement techniques and model development related to solar optics in windows with shading devices. It also considers longwave radiative properties of shading devices via model development and experimentation. The different shading devices examined were roller blinds, insect screens, pleated drapes and venetian blinds. The energy performance of windows with shading devices was modeled using a two step procedure. Solar radiation was considered in the first step by developing a multi-layer solar optical model for glazing/shading systems. This newly developed model is an extension of an existing model for systems of specular glazing layers and includes the effect of layers that create scattered, specifically diffuse, radiation in reflection and/or transmission. Spatially-averaged (effective) optical properties were used to characterise shading layers, including their beam-diffuse split. The multi-layer solar optical model estimates the system solar transmission and absorbed solar components. The absorbed solar components appear as energy source terms in the second step – the heat transfer analysis. The heat transfer analysis involves the formulation of energy balance equations and requires both effective longwave properties and convective heat transfer coefficients as input. The simultaneous solution of the energy balance equations yields the temperature as well as the convective and radiative fluxes. The effective solar optical properties of flat materials like drapery fabrics, roller blinds and insect screens were obtained by developing a new measurement technique. Special sample holders were designed and fabricated to facilitate measurements using an integrating sphere installed in a commercially available spectrophotometer. Semi-empirical models were then developed to quantify the variation of solar optical properties with respect to incidence angle. In turn, effective layer properties of venetian blinds and pleated drapes were modeled using a more fundamental net radiation scheme. The effective longwave properties of flat materials were obtained by taking measurements with an infrared reflectometer using two backing surfaces. The results enabled simple models to be developed relating emittance and longwave transmittance to openness, emittance and longwave transmittance of the structure. In turn, effective longwave properties of venetian blinds and pleated drapes were modeled using a net radiation scheme. Convective heat transfer correlations were readily available. Finally, the newly developed models were validated by measuring the solar gain through various shading devices attached to a double glazed window using the National Solar Test Facility (NSTF) solar simulator and solar calorimeter. Solar gain results were also obtained from simulation software that incorporated the models. There was good agreement between the measured and the simulated results thus strengthening confidence in the newly developed models.

The concern of increasing energy consumption with depleting energy resources is ever growing. Though the solution to this problem lies in part in renewable energies, it is becoming increasingly clear that sustainable building design also plays a critical role. Controlling solar gain, for example, can greatly reduce the cooling energy consumption and lowering the peak cooling load. Having the ability to model these effects can have a substantial impact on the sizing of equipment and further reduce operational costs of a building. As a result, renewed interest has been invested by researchers and industry to promote the development and use of building simulation tools to aid in the design process. Efforts at the University of Waterloo’s Advanced Glazing Systems Laboratory have resulted in a set of shading device models, with emphasis on generality and computational efficiency, tailored for use in building simulation. These models have been validated with measurements at the component level and with measurements performed at the National Solar Test Facility (NSTF) on a full scale window system, giving confidence to model validity. Continued research has resulted in the integration of these shading device models into ESP-r via the Complex Fenestration Construction (CFC) module, capable of modelling multi-layer glazing and shading layer systems and greatly improving the value of ESP-r as a design tool. The objective of the current research was to implement shading device models for roller blinds, pleated drapes and insect screens to the CFC module. These would be in addition to the venetian blind model which had previously been established. A Monte-Carlo ray tracing analysis of pleated drape geometry and incident angle dependent fabric characteristics gave further confidence to the view factor or net reduction method used by the implemented models. On model implementation, a preliminary comparison was performed between a high-slat angle venetian blind, a roller drape and drapery fabric, all given the same material properties, with similar results. Further comparison was then performed using EnergyPlus shading device models to establish further confidence in the functionality of the models. Though there was some discrepancy between the results, primarily due to convective models, good agreement was found, and the effect of the shading device models on building performance was demonstrated. The successful implementation of roller blind, pleated drape and insect screen shading models to the CFC module in ESP-r has been demonstrated in the current research. It should also be noted that the convective models for indoor shading attachments is a worthwhile topic for further research, at which point it would then be beneficial to conduct further empirical validation on the ESP-r simulation.

The concern of increasing energy consumption with depleting energy resources is ever growing. Though the solution to this problem lies in part in renewable energies, it is becoming increasingly clear that sustainable building design also plays a critical role. Controlling solar gain, for example, can greatly reduce the cooling energy consumption and lowering the peak cooling load. Having the ability to model these effects can have a substantial impact on the sizing of equipment and further reduce operational costs of a building. As a result, renewed interest has been invested by researchers and industry to promote the development and use of building simulation tools to aid in the design process. Efforts at the University of Waterloo’s Advanced Glazing Systems Laboratory have resulted in a set of shading device models, with emphasis on generality and computational efficiency, tailored for use in building simulation. These models have been validated with measurements at the component level and with measurements performed at the National Solar Test Facility (NSTF) on a full scale window system, giving confidence to model validity. Continued research has resulted in the integration of these shading device models into ESP-r via the Complex Fenestration Construction (CFC) module, capable of modelling multi-layer glazing and shading layer systems and greatly improving the value of ESP-r as a design tool. The objective of the current research was to implement shading device models for roller blinds, pleated drapes and insect screens to the CFC module. These would be in addition to the venetian blind model which had previously been established. A Monte-Carlo ray tracing analysis of pleated drape geometry and incident angle dependent fabric characteristics gave further confidence to the view factor or net reduction method used by the implemented models. On model implementation, a preliminary comparison was performed between a high-slat angle venetian blind, a roller drape and drapery fabric, all given the same material properties, with similar results. Further comparison was then performed using EnergyPlus shading device models to establish further confidence in the functionality of the models. Though there was some discrepancy between the results, primarily due to convective models, good agreement was found, and the effect of the shading device models on building performance was demonstrated. The successful implementation of roller blind, pleated drape and insect screen shading models to the CFC module in ESP-r has been demonstrated in the current research. It should also be noted that the convective models for indoor shading attachments is a worthwhile topic for further research, at which point it would then be beneficial to conduct further empirical validation on the ESP-r simulation.

Traumatismo em dentes decíduos pode causar sequelas tanto na dentição decídua como permanente. Em dentes decíduos, uma destas sequelas é a alveólise. Este estudo teve como objetivos: adequar a definição do termo alveólise e sugerir sua classificação em incisivos decíduos traumatizados; verificar sua ocorrência no Centro de Pesquisa e Atendimento de Traumatismo em Dentes Decíduos da Disciplina de Odontopediatria da FOUSP e fazer análise descritiva dos tipos de alveólise com as variáveis relacionadas a criança, ao trauma e ao dente. Um examinador avaliou 2516 prontuários (fichas, radiografias e fotografias) e selecionou 64 casos. Após critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram analisados 61 prontuários apresentando 73 incisivos superiores decíduos com alveólise. A ocorrência de alveólise foi de 2,4%, sendo 43,8% das crianças entre 4,1 a 5 anos de idade e 63% do sexo masculino. O dente mais afetado foi o incisivo central superior decíduo (89%). Após a classificação de alveólise, verificou-se ocorrência de 9,6% dos dentes com fenestração apical, 19,2% com deiscência total e 71,2% com deiscência parcial. A média de tempo decorrido entre o trauma e o diagnóstico de alveólise foi de 15 meses para fenestração apical, 23,5 meses para deiscência total e 7,5 meses para deiscência parcial. A oclusão em 57,5% das crianças no diagnóstico era normal. O traumatismo periodontal ocorreu em 86,3% dos dentes, sendo que os traumatismos do tipo luxação e luxação lateral foram os mais encontrados em: 42,8% dos dentes com fenestração apical, 35,7% com deiscência total e 57,7% com deiscência parcial. O traumatismo de alta severidade ocorreu na maioria dos dentes com alveólise (82,2%). Clinicamente, 71,2% dos dentes apresentaram padrão angular e 8,2% padrão linear. Em 21,9% dos dentes observou-se perda óssea proximal. Em 89% dos dentes não ocorreu lesões de cárie e 87,7% não tiveram trauma de repetição. O tratamento endodôntico prévio não foi realizado em 94,5% dos dentes. A necrose pulpar foi observada em todos os casos de fenestração apical e em 92,9% dos casos de deiscência total. Em 76,9% dos casos de deiscência parcial não observouse necrose. Todos os dentes com fenestração apical e 85,7% dentes com deiscência total foram extraídos. Nos casos de deiscência parcial, quase metade dos dentes (44,2%) foram acompanhados. Neste estudo, a alveólise em incisivos decíduos foi definida como patologia ósseo-gengival, caracterizada pela exposição da porção apical e/ou vestibular da raiz do decíduo na cavidade bucal, devido a reabsorção da tábua óssea vestibular, com ou sem envolvimento do osso alveolar marginal, causada por infecção periapical e/ou periodontal originada por cárie, traumatismo dentário ou pela pressão do dente no osso alveolar no momento do trauma. Alveólise pode ser classificada: fenestração apical e deiscência total ou parcial. Clinicamente pode apresentar padrões tipo linear ou angular (mesial, vestibular, distal). Radiograficamente, a perda óssea proximal pode ser classificada em horizontal ou vertical. Alveólise é uma sequela de baixa ocorrência, e o tratamento de escolha para fenestração apical e deiscência total é a exodontia e para deiscência parcial pode ser o acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico ou exodontia, dependendo da gravidade do caso. / Dental trauma in primary teeth may cause sequelae in both primary and permanent dentition. One sequelae in primary teeth is alveolysis. This study aimed: to adjust the definition of alveolysis and to suggest its classification in traumatized primary incisors; to verify its occurrence at the Center of Research and Treatment of Dental Trauma in Primary Teeth of the School of Dentistry of the University of Sao Paulo and to do a descriptive analysis of the variables child, trauma and tooth related to the types of alveolysis. One examiner evaluated 2516 charts (records, radiographs and photographs) and found 64 eligible cases. After inclusion and exclusion criteria, 61 records were analyzed. Alveolysis was found in 73 upper primary incisors. Its occurrence was 2.4% and it was mostly present in male (63%) and children aged between 4.1 to 5 years (43.8%). The primary upper central incisor was the most affected tooth (89%). After classification of alveolysis, the evaluated teeth presented: apical fenestration (9.6%), total dehiscence (19.2%) and partial dehiscence (71.2%). The meantime between trauma and diagnosis of alveolysis was 15 months for apical fenestration, 23.5 months for total dehiscence and 7.5 months for partial dehiscence. The occlusion at diagnosis was normal in 57.5% of the cases. Periodontal trauma occurred in 86.3% of teeth; luxation and lateral luxation were found in 42.8% of teeth with apical fenestration, 35.7% of teeth with complete dehiscence and 57,7% of teeth with partial dehiscence. Trauma severity was high in mostly teeth (82.2%). Clinically, it was found that 71.2% of the teeth presented angular pattern and 8.2% of the teeth presented linear pattern. Proximal bone loss was observed in 21.9% of teeth. We observed that 89% of the teeth did not presented caries and 87.7% of the teeth did not repeated trauma. The previous endodontic treatment was performed in 94.5% of the teeth. Pulp necrosis was observed in all cases of apical fenestration and in 92.9% of the cases of total dehiscence; 76.9% of the cases of partial dehiscence, pulp necrosis was not observed. All teeth with apical fenestration and 85.7% of the teeth with total dehiscence were extracted. In cases related to partial dehiscence, almost half of the teeth (44.2%) were followed up. In this study, alveolysis in primary incisors was defined as a bone-gingival pathology characterized by the exposure of the apical and/or buccal root portion in the oral cavity. The root exposure is due to the bone resorption of the buccal bone plate with or without marginal alveolar bone involvement. This resorption is caused by periapical and/or periodontal infection caused by tooth decay, dental trauma or pressure of the alveolar bone at the time of dental trauma. Alveolysis can be classified into: apical fenestration and total/partial dehiscence. Clinically, patterns such as linear or angular (mesial, buccal, distal) may be observed. Radiographically, the proximal bone loss may be classified in horizontal or vertical. Alveolysis has low incidence and the chosen treatment for apical fenestration and total dehiscence is the tooth extraction, and for partial dehiscence, the treatment can be clinical/radiographic monitoring and extraction, which depends on the case severity.

Buildings in USA consume close to 40% of overall energy used and fenestration products (e.g. windows, doors, glazed-wall etc.) are the largest components of energy loss from buildings. Accurate evaluation of thermal performances of fenestration systems is critical in predicting the overall building energy use, and improving the product performance. Typically, two-dimensional (2-D) heat transfer analysis is used to evaluate their thermal performance as the 3-D analysis is highly complex process requiring significantly more time, effort, and cost compared to 2-D analysis. Another method of evaluation e.g. physical test in a hotbox is not possible for each product as they are too expensive. Heat transfer in fenestration products is a 3-D process and their effects on overall heat transfer need to be investigated. This thesis investigated 3-D heat transfer effects in fenestration systems in comparison to the 2-D results. No significant work has been done previously in terms of 3-D modeling of windows, which included all the three forms of heat transfer e.g. conduction, convection and radiation. Detailed 2-D and 3-D results were obtained for broad range of fenestration products in the market with a range of frame materials, spacers, insulated glass units (IGU), and sizes. All 2-D results were obtained with Therm5/Window5 (e.g. currently standard method of evaluating thermal performance) and GAMBIT/FLUENT while all 3-D results were obtained with GAMBIT/FLUENT. All the three modes of heat transfer mechanism were incorporated in the heat transfer modeling. The study showed that the overall 3-D heat transfer effects are relatively small (less than 3%) for present day framing and glazing systems. Though at individual component level (e.g. sill, head, Jamb) 3-D effects were quite significant (~10%) but they are cancelled by their opposite sign of variation when overall fenestration system effect is calculated. These 3-D heat transfer effects are higher for low conducting or more energy efficient glazing and framing systems and for smaller size products. The spacer systems did not have much impact on the 3-D effects on heat transfer. As the market transforms towards more insulating and higher performance fenestration products, 3-D effects on heat transfer would be an important factor to consider which it may require correlations to be applied to 2-D models, or may necessitate the development of dedicated 3-D fenestration heat transfer computer programs.

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Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-02-13T16:22:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Karine Evangelista Martins Arruda - 2009.pdf: 8715038 bytes, checksum: d21da1c098fc0bfd5e300a4c0e32fdb8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-02-13T16:23:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Karine Evangelista Martins Arruda - 2009.pdf: 8715038 bytes, checksum: d21da1c098fc0bfd5e300a4c0e32fdb8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-13T16:23:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Karine Evangelista Martins Arruda - 2009.pdf: 8715038 bytes, checksum: d21da1c098fc0bfd5e300a4c0e32fdb8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-16 / The effects of orthodontic treatment on periodontal structures have been studied in literature, especially regarding the integrity of alveolar bone and gingival health of the teeth to be displaced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of alveolar defects (dehiscence and fenestrations) in patients with Class I and Class II division 1 malocclusions and in different facial types using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The sample comprised 159 tomography exams of patients with no previous orthodontic treatment, giving a total of 4319 teeth. The presence or absence of dehiscence and fenestration in the buccal and lingual surfaces was checked in axial and crosssectional views. The results showed that 155 patients (96.9%) presented some type of alveolar defect. The Class I malocclusion patients presented higher prevalence of dehiscences (35%) than those with Class II division 1 malocclusion. There was no statistically significant difference between the facial types. Lower incisors, lower canines and lower first premolars were respectively the teeth with more occurrences of alveolar defects. This study concluded that CBCT is indicated for patients who need extensive tooth movement and have unfavorable gingival biotype. / Os efeitos do tratamento ortodôntico nas estruturas periodontais tem sido objeto de estudo da literatura, principalmente quanto à integridade óssea e saúde gengival dos dentes a serem deslocados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de defeitos alveolares (deiscências e fenestrações) em pacientes com maloclusão de Classe I e Classe II divisão 1 e em diferentes tipos faciais por meio de tomografia computadorizada volumétrica. A amostra foi composta de 159 exames tomográficos de pacientes indicados para tratamento ortodôntico, totalizando 4319 dentes avaliados. A presença ou ausência de deiscência e fenestração nas faces vestibular e lingual/palatina era observada em tomogramas axiais e transversais. Os resultados demonstraram que 155 pacientes (96,9%) apresentaram algum tipo de defeito alveolar. Os pacientes com maloclusão de Classe I apresentaram maior prevalência das deiscências (35%) em relação aos pacientes com maloclusão de Classe II divisão 1. Entre os tipos faciais não houve diferença estatisticamente significante. Incisivos inferiores, caninos inferiores e primeiros pré-molares inferiores foram respectivamente os dentes com maior ocorrência dos defeitos. Este estudo concluiu que a tomografia computadorizada volumétrica está indicada nos casos de pacientes que necessitem de movimento ortodôntico mais extenso e possuam biótipo gengival desfavorável.

L'efficacité énergétique du bâtiment occupe une place importante dans les projets de construction. La façade, intermédiaire entre l'environnement et l'intérieur, joue un rôle clé pour déterminer les performances énergétiques du bâtiment. Les systèmes de fenestration complexes sont généralement utilisés pour améliorer son efficacité. L'étude des performances de la façade inclut généralement la consommation d'énergie, l'éclairage naturel et les aspects de confort visuel et thermique. Les efforts récents s'orientent vers l'utilisation de modèles intelligents tels que le Building Information Modeling. CFS pourraient être facilement comparées dans la phase de conception du bâtiment afin d'optimiser ses performances. Nous présentons une méthodologie pour transformer le modèle architectural du BIM en modèle énergétique ainsi que des modèles optique et thermique du CFS compatibles avec le BIM. Ces modèles sont validés par une comparaison avec des données expérimentales et les normes actuelles. / The energy efficiency of the building occupies an important place in construction projects. The facade plays a key role in determining the performance of the building. Complex fenestration systems (CFS) are therefore generally used to improve its efficiency. The facade's performance evaluation usually includes energy consumption, natural lighting, visual and thermal comfort aspects in order to choose the optimal CFS. Recent efforts have focused on using rich models such as Building Information Modeling (BIM). These models provide an opportunity for automation and cost savings. Several CFS models could easily be compared to optimize the building's performance. In this thesis, we present a methodology to transform the architectural model of the BIM into a Building Energy Model compatible with several simulation software. We also present optical and thermal models compatible with BIM. These models are validated by comparison with experimental data and current standards.