The use of fiber-reinforced polymer composites formed via injection molding is of increasing interest due to their superior mechanical properties as compared to those of the polymer matrix alone. These mechanical properties, however, are strongly dependent on the fiber length and orientation distributions within a molded part. As such, there is a need to understand and model the orientation evolution of chopped fibers in flow in order to accurately simulate the final fiber orientation distribution within injection molded parts. As a result of this, accurate and reliable experimental measurement of fiber orientation is needed. Within this research, the application and validity of the Method of Ellipses for determining the orientation of long, semi-flexible glass fibers within injection molded composites has been investigated. A fiber suspension with an average length of approximately 3.9 mm was the focus of this study and assumed to be representative of commercial distributions. A novel method to quantify fiber curvature was developed and utilized to show that flexibility in center-gated disc and the end-gated plaque samples was minimal on average for the selected fiber length distribution. Thus, it was determined that the Method of Ellipses was applicable when utilized to obtain reliable orientation data for the selected long glass fiber suspension and within the chosen geometries that exhibit 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional velocity fields. However, a modified image analysis width was found to be necessary in regions of highly aligned fibers, due to the increase in ellipse size and the need to reduce the number of partial objects and thus minimize error. This allowed for a direct comparison of the experimental orientation behavior of short and long glass fibers within the center-gated disc and the end-gated plaque, as well as the effect of the orientation distributions on the global modulus of the part. / Ph. D.

Die Dissertation widmet sich dem Schneiden von Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden mit einem Laserstrahl. Herausforderung ist dabei der thermisch und optisch inhomogene Aufbau dieser Werkstoffklasse. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an technisch relevanten Werkstoffen, basierend auf Glasfasern und thermoplastischer Matrix sowie Kohlenstofffasern mit duroplastischer Matrix. Eine grundlegende Betrachtung zur Werkstoff-Laserstrahl-Wechselwirkung zeigte zunächst den Einfluss der jeweiligen Einzelwerkstoffe und deren Mischungsverhältnis auf die absorbierten Anteile von einfallender Laserstrahlung mit den Wellenlängen λ = 1,07 µm und λ = 10,6 µm. Besondere Beachtung wurde dem Ansatz der simultanen Bearbeitung der Werkstoffe mit Laserstrahlung beider Wellenlängen gewidmet. Zielstellung war, bei gleichen optischen Randbedingungen die gute Fokussierbarkeit der Strahlung mit der Wellenlänge λ = 1,07 µm auszunutzen, um hohe Intensitäten auf dem Werkstoff zu erzeugen. Gleichzeitig sollte die Strahlung mit der Wellenlänge λ = 10,6 µm genutzt werden, um hohe absorbierte Anteile der einfallenden Laserstrahlung, vorranging im Matrixwerkstoff zu erhalten. Bei Verwendung eines Remote-Bearbeitungssystems können die Wechselwirkungszeit zwischen Laserstrahlung und Werkstoff minimiert und so hohe Vorschubgeschwindigkeiten erzeugt werden. Mit dem Mischungsverhältnis der Laserleistungen der jeweiligen Strahlquellenanteile steht dem zukünftigen Anwender ein neuartiger Freiheitsgrad zur Lasermaterialbearbeitung zur Verfügung. Im Ergebnis dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss dieses Parameters auf die Schneidbarkeit der Werkstoffe dargestellt. Der Endanwender erhält so eine grundlegende Orientierung zum Schneidverhalten von Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden in Abhängigkeit von der jeweiligen Wellenlänge sowie der Schnittorientierung gegenüber der Faserorientierung der Werkstoffe.

Fiber reinforced polymeric (FRP) composite materials are beginning to find use in construction and infrastructure applications. Composite members may potentially provide more durable replacements for steel and concrete in primary and secondary bridge structures, but the experience with composites in these applications is minimal. Recently, however, a number of groups in the United States have constructed short-span traffic bridges utilizing FRP members. These demonstration cases will facilitate the development of design guidelines and durability data for FRP materials. The Tom's Creek Bridge rehabilitation is one such project that utilizes a hybrid FRP composite beam in an actual field application. This thesis details much of the experimental work conducted in conjunction with the Tom's Creek Bridge rehabilitation. All of the composite beams used in the rehabilitation were first proof tested in four-point bending. A mock-up of the bridge was then constructed in the laboratory using the actual FRP beams and timber decking. The mock-up was tested in several static loading schemes to evaluate the bridge response under HS20 loading. The lab testing indicated a deflection criterion of nearly L/200; the actual field structure was stiffer at L/450. This was attributed to the difference in boundary conditions for the girders and timber panels. Finally, the bridge response was verified with an analytical model that treats the bridge structure as a wood beam resting upon discrete elastic springs. The model permits both bending and torsional stiffness in the composite beams, as well as shear deformation. A parametric study was conducted utilizing this model and a mechanics of laminated beam theory to provide recommendations for alternate bridge designs and modified composite beam designs. / Master of Science

No description available.

Yes / This paper aims to investigate the flexural behavior of engineered cementitious composite (ECC)-concrete hybrid composite beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and steel bars. Thirty two hybrid reinforced composite beams having various ECC height replacement ratio and combinations of FRP and steel reinforcements were experimentally tested to failure in flexure. Test results showed that cracking, yield and ultimate moments as well as the stiffness of hybrid and ECC beams are improved compared with traditional concrete beams having the same reinforcement, owing to the excellent tensile properties of ECC materials. The average crack spacing and width decrease with the increase of ECC height replacement ratio. The ductility of hybrid reinforced composite beams is higher than that of traditional reinforced concrete beams while their practical reinforcement ratios are similar. Reinforced ECC beams show considerable energy dissipation capacity owing to ECC’s excellent deformation ability. Considering the constitutive models of materials, compatibility and equilibrium conditions, formulas for the prediction of cracking, yield and ultimate moments as well as deflections of hybrid reinforced ECC-concrete composite beams are developed. The proposed formulas are in good agreement with the experimental results. A comprehensive parametric analysis is, then, conducted to illustrate the effect of reinforcement, ECC and concrete properties on the moment capacity, curvature, ductility and energy dissipation of composite beams. / National Natural Science Foundation of China (51678514, 51308490), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20130450), Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province (JZ-038, 2016), Graduate Practice Innovation Project of Jiangsu Province (SJCX17-0625), the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies and Top-level Talents Support Project of Yangzhou University

Yes / This paper explores the development of the most suitable machine learning models for predicting the bending capacity of steel and FRP (Fiber Reinforced Ploymer) bars hybrid reinforced ECC (Engineered Cementitious Composites)-concrete composite beams. Five different machine learning models, namely Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF), and Extremely Randomized Trees (ERT), were employed. To train and evaluate these predictive models, the study utilized a database comprising 150 experimental data points from the literature on steel and FRP bars hybrid reinforced ECC-concrete composite beams. Additionally, Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis was employed to assess the impact of input features on the prediction outcomes. Furthermore, based on the optimal model identified in the research, a graphical user interface (GUI) was designed to facilitate the analysis of the bending capacity of hybrid reinforced ECC-concrete composite beams in practical applications. The results indicate that the XGBoost algorithm exhibits high accuracy in predicting bending capacity, demonstrating the lowest root mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error, as well as the highest coefficient of determination on the testing dataset among all models. SHAP analysis indicates that the equivalent reinforcement ratio, design strength of FRP bars, and height of beam cross-section are significant feature parameters, while the influence of the compressive strength of concrete is minimal. The predictive models and graphical user interface (GUI) developed can offer engineers and researchers with a reliable predictive method for the bending capacity of steel and FRP bars hybrid reinforced ECC-concrete composite beams.

Yes / This paper reports the testing of 11 reinforced concrete (RC) two-span beams strengthened in flexure with externally bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. The beams were classified into two groups according to the arrangement of the internal steel reinforcement. Each group included one unstrengthened control beam. The main parameters studied were the position, length, and number of CFRP layers. External strengthening using CFRP sheets was found to increase the beam load capacity. All strengthened beams exhibited less ductility compared with the unstrengthened control beams, however, and showed undesirable sudden failure modes. There was an optimum number of CFRP layers beyond which there was no further enhancement in the beam capacity. Extending the CFRP sheet length to cover the entire hogging or sagging zones did not prevent peeling failure of the CFRP sheets, which was the dominant failure mode of beams tested.

Abstract: Recently, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials have been used in the field of civil engineering constructions especially in corrosive environments. They can be used as internal reinforcement for beams, slabs, and pavements, or as external reinforcement for rehabilitation and strengthening different structures. One of their innovative applications is the concrete-filled FRP tubes (CFFTs) which are becoming an alternative for different structural members such as piles, columns, bridge girders, and bridge piers due to their high performance and durability. In such integrated systems, the FRP tubes act as stay-in-place forms, protective jackets for the embedded concrete and steel, and as external reinforcement in the primary and secondary direction of the structural member. Extensive research was developed on CFFTs as columns, but comparatively limited research was carried out on CFFTs as beams especially those with rectangular sections. The circular sections exhibit magnificent confinement efficiency in case of columns. However, the rectangular sections have higher moment of inertia and flexural stiffness to resist the applied loads and deformations in case of beams. Moreover, the construction and architectural requirements prefer the rectangular section of beams, rather than the circular beams, due to its stability during installation and its workability during connecting to other structural members like slabs and columns. Also, CFFTs that are completely filled with concrete are not optimal for applications governed by pure bending, because the excess weight of the cracked concrete below the neutral axis may increase the transportation and installation cost. This dissertation presents experimental and theoretical investigations on the flexural behaviour of rectangular CFFT beams with steel rebar. These hybrid FRP-concrete-steel tubular rectangular beams contain outer rectangular filament-wound glass-FRP (GFRP) tubes to increase the sectional moment of inertia, to provide flexural and shear reinforcement, and to protect the inner structural elements (concrete and steel) against corrosion. The outer tubes were fully-or-partially filled with concrete and were reinforced with steel rebar at the tension side only. Inner hollow circular or square filament-wound GFRP tubes, shifted toward the tension zone, were provided inside the CFFT beam to eliminate the excess weight of the cracked concrete at the tension side, to confine actively the concrete at the compression side and to act as reinforcement at the tension side. The surfaces of tubes adjacent to concrete were roughened by sand coating to fulfill the full composite action of such hybrid section. Several test variables were chosen to investigate the effect of the outer and inner tubes thickness, fibers laminates, and shape on the flexural behaviour of such hybrid CFFT beams. To fulfil the objectives of the study, twenty-four full-scale beam specimens, 3200 mm long and 305×406 mm2 cross section, were tested under a four-point bending load. These specimens include eight fully-CFFT beams with wide range of tube thickness of 3.4 mm to 14.2 mm, fourteen partially-CFFT beams with different outer and inner tubes configurations, and two conventional steel-reinforced concrete (RC) beams as control specimens. The results indicate outstanding performance of the rectangular fully and partially-CFFT beams in terms of strength-to-weight ratio and ductility compared to the RC beams. The fully-CFFT beams with small tube thickness failed in tension by axial rupture of fibers at the tension side. While, the fully-CFFT beams with big tube thickness failed in compression by outward buckling of the outer tube compression flange with warning signs. The results indicate also that the flexural strength of the fully-CFFT beams was ascending nonlinearly with increasing the tubes thickness until a certain optimum limit. This limit was evaluated to define under-and-over-reinforced CFFT sections, and consequently to define the tension and compression failure of fully-CFFT beams, respectively. The inner hollow tubes act positively in reinforcing the partially-CFFT beams and confining the concrete core at the compression side. The strength-to-weight ratio of the partially-CFFT beams attained higher values than that of the corresponding fully-CFFT beams. Generally, the partially-CFFT beams failed gradually in compression due to outward buckling of the outer tube compression flange with signs of confining the concrete core at the compression side. The inner circular voids pronounced better performance than the square inner voids, however they have the same cross sectional area and fiber laminates. Theoretical section analysis based on strain compatibility/equilibrium has been developed to predict the moment-curvature response of the fully-CFFT section addressing the confinement and tension stiffening of concrete. The analytical results match well the experimental results in terms of moment, deflection, strains, and neutral axis responses. In addition, analytical investigation was conducted to examine the validity of the North American design codes provisions for predicting the deflection response of fully and partially-CFFT beams. Based on these investigations, a new power and assumptions were proposed to Branson’s equation to predict well the effective moment of inertia of the CFFT section. These assumptions consider the effect of the GFRP tube strength, thickness and configuration, in addition to the steel reinforcement ratio. The proposed equations predict well the deflection in the pre-yielding and post-yielding stages of the hybrid FRP-concrete-steel CFFT rectangular beams. / Résumé: Les matériaux composites en polymère renforcé de fibres (PRF) ont récemment été utilisés dans le domaine des constructions de génie civil, en particulier dans les environnements corrosifs. Elles peuvent être utilisées comme une armature interne pour des poutres, dalles et les trottoirs, ou comme une armature externe pour la réhabilitation et le renforcement de différentes structures. L'une de leurs applications novatrices est les tubes de polymères renforcés de fibres remplis de béton (TPFRB ) qui sont en train de devenir une alternative pour divers éléments structuraux tels que les pieux, les colonnes, les poutres et les piliers de ponts en raison de leur haute performance et durabilité. Dans de tels systèmes intégrés, les tubes PRF agissent comme un coffrage permanent, une chemise protectrice pour le béton et l'acier encastrés, et comme une armature externe dans les directions longitudinale et transversale de l'élément structural. La recherche a été concentrée sur les TPRFB comme des colonnes, mais très peu de recherche a été effectué les TPRFB comme des poutres particulièrement celles à section rectangulaire. La section circulaire présente une efficacité de confinement efficace en cas de colonnes. Toutefois, la section rectangulaire a un moment d'inertie plus élevé et une rigidité flexionnelle plus efficace pour résister les charges appliquées et les déformations dans le cas des poutres. Par ailleurs, les travaux de construction et les exigences architecturales préfèrent la section rectangulaire des poutres, plutôt que les poutres circulaires, en raison de sa stabilité pendant l'installation et sa maniabilité lors de la connexion à d'autres membres structuraux comme les dalles et les colonnes. En outre, les poutres TPRFB qui sont complètement remplis de béton ne sont pas optimales pour les applications contrôlées par la flexion pure, puisque le béton fissuré en dessous de l'axe neutre ne contribue pas à la résistance et augmente le poids propre et les coûts de transport et d'installation. Cette thèse présente des études théoriques et expérimentales sur le comportement en flexion de poutres rectangulaires (TPRFB) en béton armé. Ces poutres rectangulaires tubulaires hybrides en PRF-béton-acier sont composées de tubes rectangulaires externes fabriquées par enroulement filamentaire. Ces tubes fournissent un renforcement de flexion et de cisaillement; et protègent le béton armé contre la corrosion. Les poutres peuvent être soient entièrement ou partiellement remplies de béton. Des tubes intérieurs ( de section circulaires ou carrés) en polymères renforcés de fibres de verre (PRFV) sont positionnés dans la zone tendue de la poutre afin de réduire le poids et d’éliminer le béton fissuré en traction. Pour augmenter l'action composite de la section hybride, les surfaces des tubes adjacents au béton ont été rendues rugueuses par enrobage de sable. Plusieurs variables ont été choisis pour étudier l'effet de l’épaisseur des tubes extérieurs et intérieurs, les laminés de fibres, et la forme sur le comportement en flexion de ces poutres hybrides (TPRFB). Pour atteindre les objectifs de l’étude, vingt-quatre échantillons de poutre pleine grandeur, ayant une longueur de 3200 mm et une section transversale de 305×406 mm2, ont été testés sous une flexion à quatre points. Ces échantillons comprennent huit poutres de TPRFB entièrement remplis avec une large gamme d'épaisseur du tube externe de 3.4 mm à 14.2 mm, quatorze poutres de TPRFB partiellement remplis avec différentes configurations de tubes extérieurs et intérieurs, et deux poutres en béton armé conventionnel, comme échantillons de référence. Les résultats indiquent une performance exceptionnelle des poutres rectangulaires de TPRFB entièrement et partiellement remplies en termes du rapport de la résistance sur la masse et de la ductilité par rapport aux poutres en béton armé conventionnel. Les poutres de TPRFB entièrement remplies avec un tube de petite épaisseur ont rompu de façon moins ductile en tension par rupture axiale des fibres. Les poutres de TPRFB entièrement remplies et ayant une grande épaisseur ont rompu de façon ductile en compression par flambage local vers l’extérieur des parois en compression du tube externe. Les résultats indiquent également que la résistance à la flexion des poutres de TPRFB entièrement remplies augmente d’une façon non linéaire avec l'augmentation de l'épaisseur des tubes jusqu'à une certaine limite optimale. Cette limite a été évaluée pour définir les sections TPRFB sous-armées et surarmées et, par conséquent, pour définir la rupture en tension et en compression des poutres de TPRFB entièrement remplies, respectivement. Les tubes creux intérieurs agissent positivement dans le renforcement des poutres de TPRFB partiellement remplies et en confinant le noyau de béton du côté en compression. En général, les poutres de TPRFB partiellement remplies ont rompu en compression par flambage local vers l'extérieur des parois en compression du tube externe. Les vides circulaires intérieurs ont montré une meilleure performance que les vides carrés intérieurs, bien qu’ils aient la même superficie de la section transversale et le même taux de PRF. Une analyse théorique basée sur la compatibilité des déformations d’une section en flexion a été développée pour prédire la réponse moment-courbure de la poutre TPRFB en tenant compte des pourcentages de confinement externe et interne. Les résultats analytiques et les résultats expérimentaux s’accordent en termes de moment, flèche, déformations, et positions de l'axe neutre. En outre, une étude analytique a été menée afin d'examiner la validité des codes de conception nord-américains pour prédire la réponse en flexion des poutres TPRFB. En se basant sur les résultats de ces études, de nouvelles équations ont été proposées pour mieux prédire le moment effectif d'inertie de la section et une nouvelle procédure de conception pour prédire les capacités ultimes. Ces équations considèrent l'effet de la résistance des tubes en PRFV externe et interne que le taux d’armature en acier. En outre, ils prédisent bien la flèche dans les phases avant et après la limite élastique des poutres rectangulaires hybrides à haute performance.

Most of the today’s concrete structures are older than tenyears, and the need to strengthening existing structures is growing steadily. This is due to various reasons such as degradation due to ageing, environmentally induced degradation, poor initial design or construction and lack of maintenance, to name a few. Among the benefits of strengthening existing structures are; less impacts on the environmental and financial benefits. Therefore, there is a need to find alternative ways to strengthen concrete structures more effectively. For the past decades, several different strengthening methods have been studied. Two examples are externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) and near surface mounted reinforcement (NSM). The outcome of these studies has shown a significant enhancement to the structures. Steel plates and rebar have been used to strengthen concrete structures and have shown good increases in flexural capacity. For this purpose, resins have been used to implement the steel plates and rebar, e.g. shotcrete and epoxy. Due to the weight of steel and its sensitivity to corrosion, new materials have been sought. A promising material for this use is the fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). There are several types of FRP such as, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and aramid fiber reinforced polymer (AFRP). These new material has shown a better performance, due to their light weight, resistance to corrosion,etc. NSM and EBR perform extremely well in practice as long as sufficient anchorage is provided. However, a premature debonding has been observed by several researchers. This report will study an alternative method to reinforce existing concrete structures called “Side Near Surface Mounted Reinforcement (S-NSMR)” in association with a project run by Gabriel Sas at Luleå University of Technology. This is compared to Bottom Near Surface Mounted Reinforcement (B-NSM), which is a well-established method. It is assumed that the fiberutilisation will increase in NSM applied on the side of the beam. If this hypothesis is proven correct, the proposed method will also solve a major constrain in the utilisation of the NSM technique. In certain cases, the bottom of a beam is not fully accessible for strengthening using bottom Applied NSM techniques due to e.g. partition walls or beam-column joints. To test the effect of S-NSMR seven concrete beams, one reference beam with no fiberreinforcement and two sets of three, for S-NSMR and B-NSMR respectively with different CFRP-rebar length, were tested in the laboratory. An analytical calculation has also been carried out. In this thesis, a parametric study is performed with FEM software Atena. The thesis begins with a study of the failure phenomena occurring in the earlier mentioned strengthening method. A benchmark model is then modelled with a good comparison to the experimental results. An idealised model of the steel reinforcement in the concrete beam is used according to Eurocode 2. Material parameters in concrete are calculated according to Atena theory documents. The influence of creep and shrinkage are considered by reducing the elastic modulus of concrete by 25 %, reducing the tensile strength by 50 % and fracture energy accordingly. Thereafter, three additional parameters were chosen to continue the parametric study with Atena, 1) CFRP with E-modulus 160 GPa, 2) two different position in cross-section height of S-NSM and 3) five shorter CFRP-rebar each 100 mm smaller than the previous rebar. The behaviour of the two reinforcing types is then compared. The first parameter is, CFRP with a smaller E-modulus. It could be observed that all beams lost their stiffness, especially after yielding of the steel reinforcement. A small improvement in ductility could also be observed. The utilisation rate of CFRP increased by 13-16% in the case of S-NSM and 18-20% in the case of B-NSM. The second parameter is, different position of CFRP along the height of the beams cross-section in S-NSM beams. The positions of the CFRP was lowered in two steps. In each case an increase in stiffness and a decrease in ductility could be observed. However, the increase of the stiffness was still smaller than the stiffness in the B-NSM, in all cases. The failure mode changed from a ductile (concrete crushing) type to a more brittle kind (peeling-off concrete), due to large flexural cracks at the end of the CFRP-rebar.   The utilisation rate of CFRP-rebar, is decreased in each S-NSM beam except for S-NSM 2 with the height 25 mm. The reduction in the utilisation rate of the CFRP is 7-32 % and in S-NSM 2 with the height H25mm showing an increased in utilisation rate by 7 %. The third is parameter, different length of CFRP-rebar. In the case of S-NSM, the failure mode changed from a ductile failure mode to a brittle failure mode. The utilisation rate decreased with the decrease in CFRP length. In three of five cases, the S-NSM shows a higher ultimate load-displacement relation, and in all five cases the maximum tensile strains in the CFRP were higher in S-NSM than B-NSM. Even though the stiffness in the S-NSM is lower than the B-NSM, it would be more preferable to use the S-NSM than B-NSM, because of its higher ultimate load and lower displacements.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o desempenho de colunas com seção I em polímeros reforçados com fibra de vidro (pGFRP) submetidas a cargas de compressão concêntricas de curta duração. Uma revisão bibliográfica acerca das teorias existentes é apresentada, incluindo os conceitos básicos de instabilidade, teoria de flambagem global e local, modos de falha de colunas perfeitas, bem como o comportamento de colunas reais. Um programa experimental foi conduzido, incluindo a caracterização dos materiais. Vinte e nova colunas – com três diferentes seções I e diferentes tipos de resina, propriedades mecânicas, bem como comprimentos – foram testadas. Do ponto de vista global, as colunas foram biengastadas. As placas constituintes, por sua vez, foram testadas com três diferentes condições de contorno: biengastadas (CC), biapoiadas (SS) e simplesmente em contato com as chapas de base da máquina de compressão (CB). Foi observado que a condição de contorno CB – a mais adotada em estudos anteriores -, se aproxima mais de um engaste do que de uma condição simplesmente apoiada. A distribuição não linear de deformações elásticas ao longo da seção também foi investigada. Finalmente, recomendações para um ensaio de flambagem local apropriado foram propostas. / [en] This work aims to investigate the performance of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (pGFRP) I-section columns subject to short term concentric compression. A review of existing theories is presented, including the instability concepts, global and local buckling theories, perfect columns failure modes and the behavior of real columns. An experimental program including material characterization was conducted. Twenty-nine stubs – with three different I-sections geometries, having distinct flange width-to-section depth ratios (bf/d = 0.5; 0.75 and 1.0), mechanical properties, overall lengths and matrices – were tested. In a global point of view, the columns were fixed at both ends. The constituent plates, on the other hand, were tested with different end-conditions: clamped (CC), simply supported (SS) and simply in contact with base plates of the universal machine (CB). The third analyzed boundary condition, which is the most adopted in previous studies, was concluded to be closer to a clamped end-condition. The non-linear elastic strains distribution throughout the cross-section was also investigated. Finally, guideline recommendations for successful local buckling tests were proposed.