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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Transient Seepage in a Variably Saturated Levee: Laboratory Testing, Field Monitoring and Numerical Modeling

Rivera-Hernandez, Xavier Arnaldo 14 December 2018 (has links)
Several hydraulic loadings impose earthen levees to time-dependent variably saturated seepage conditions. The main objective of this study is to improve the analysis of levees under transient seepage with the use of unsaturated soil mechanics. An extensive set of laboratory testing, field monitoring and numerical modeling are performed to analyze a silty sand setback levee located near Seattle, WA. In-situ data obtained from field monitoring are used to monitor suction and effective stress within the levee’s embankment and foundation over the past two years. Soil samples taken from the site are used to perform index, water retention, and unsaturated multi-stage triaxial tests in the laboratory. A finite element model of transient seepage under saturated-unsaturated conditions is then developed and calibrated to reasonably match the field data. The results highlight the need to consider unsaturated soil mechanics along with climatic variables and soil-atmosphere interaction when analyzing levees under transient seepage conditions.
12

Field and laboratory investigation on the dynamic behaviour of conventional railway track-bed materials in the context of traffic upgrade / Etude ‘in-situ’ et en laboratoire sur le comportement dynamique des matériaux constitutifs des plateformes ferroviaires classiques dans le contexte d'augmentation du trafic

Lamas-Lopez, Francisco 15 April 2016 (has links)
Comme dans d'autres pays européens, en France, les lignes classiques constituent la plupart du réseau ferroviaire (94%) et elles sont généralement âgées de plus d'un siècle. Aujourd'hui, on est demandé d’améliorer les réseaux pour faire face à une augmentation de la charge du trafic et de la vitesse de service. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse vise à étudier expérimentalement l'influence de la vitesse et de la charge sur le comportement dynamique des matériaux constituant les voies classiques, à travers à la fois le suivi «in-situ» et des essais en laboratoire. Pour les études «in-situ», une section de ligne représentative du réseau classique a été sélectionnée dans le réseau français. Le site choisi a fait l’objet d’une prospection géophysique et géotechnique, ce qui a permis de définir les propriétés géotechniques des différents sols constituant la plateforme. L’impact de la vitesse du train et la charge à l'essieu sur la contrainte verticale, déflection/déformation, et en particulier leurs amplifications ont été évalués avec l’augmentation de la vitesse d’un train d'essai Intercités roulant à des vitesses différentes de 60 km/h à 200 km/h et les différentes charges à l'essieu appliquées par des voitures de passagers et la locomotive. Une analyse statistique est aussi réalisée afin d'évaluer la variabilité de la réponse de la voie et leur amplification dynamique avec la vitesse, en se basant sur les données enregistrées lors des passages de trains commerciaux. On observe que l’'amplification dynamique de la réponse de la voie due à la vitesse des trains est directement liée au rapport entre la vitesse des trains et la vitesse des ondes de surface du site. Un matériau représentative du sol intermédiaire des voies classiques a été préparé et testé dans une cellule triaxiale cyclique pour étudier son comportement mécanique. Deux types de charges, de forme sinusoïdale et de forme M, ont été appliqués et, en outre, deux teneurs en eau ont été examinés. Des variations des paramètres dynamiques des sols tels que le module élastique et le rapport d’amortissement avec le nombre de cycles ont été évalués, et les effets des paramètres de chargement tels que la forme de la charge, l'amplitude de la charge et la fréquence de charge ont été étudiés. L'effet de la teneur en eau a été étudié également. Il a été observé que la réponse de l'énergie développée pendant le chargement cyclique est un paramètre qui gouverne le comportement mécanique des sols à petit et grand nombre de cycles. En outre, la charge en forme sinusoïdale a été trouvée plus agressive que celle en forme de M parce que ce chargement sinusoïdal développe plus d'énergie, engendrant ainsi plus de déformations permanentes du sol à grand nombre de cycles, particulièrement le cas lorsque le sol est saturé. A partir des résultats obtenus sur le terrain et en laboratoire, deux modèles analytiques en 2-D ont été développés permettant de décrire la distribution de contrainte verticale et la propagation des déflections verticales. Certains paramètres mécaniques tels que les modules élastiques des couches de la voie, leurs rapports d'amortissement, leurs épaisseurs, ainsi que la vitesse moyenne des ondes de surface dans la section de voie considérée se sont révélés être les principaux paramètres contrôlant le comportement dynamique de la voie. Une comparaison entre les mesures effectuées sur le terrain et les résultats des essais en laboratoire a été également réalisée. La réponse de la voie sous différents types de trains, TER et TGV avec des charges équivalentes mais avec différentes configurations spatiales des essieux, est présentée. On observe que la réponse en énergie est plus élevée pour TGV que pour TER. Cette plus grande énergie développée suggère une plus grande agressivité vis-à-vis de la structure de la voie. Ainsi, la réponse en énergie est un indicateur important à prendre en compte lors d’un suivi du comportement mécanique d’une voie / As in other European countries, in France the conventional lines constitute the main part of the whole railway network (94%) and they are generally over a century old. Nowadays, facing the demand of upgrading both the traffic load and speed, it is of paramount importance to acquire good knowledge on the corresponding impact on the mechanical behaviour of tracks, at both short and long terms. In this context, this PhD work aims at investigating the influence of train speed and axle load on the dynamic behaviour of materials constituting the conventional track-beds, through both ‘in-situ’ monitoring and laboratory testing. For the field monitoring, a representative track was selected from the French conventional network following well-defined criteria. The selected site underwent a geophysical and geotechnical prospection, allowing the site critical speed and the geotechnical properties of different soils constituting the track-bed to be determined. The first data allowed assessing the influence of the track state conditions and the traffic loading on the measurements of each sensor. The train speed and axle load impacts on the vertical stress, deflection/strain, in particular their amplifications with speed increase were evaluated based on the data with an Intercity test train running at different speeds from 60 km/h to 200 km/h and the different axle loads applied by Coaches (105 kN/axle) and Locomotive (225 kN/axle). A statistical analysis was made to assess the variability of track response and their dynamic amplification with speed based on the data with passages of commercial trains. The dynamic amplification of track response due to train speed was found to be directly related to the ratio of train speed to the surface wave velocity. The laboratory test conditions were defined based on the field measurements. A material representative of an interlayer soil was prepared and tested in a large-scale cyclic triaxial cell to investigate its mechanical behaviour. Both Sine-shaped and M-shaped loads were applied and in addition, two water contents were considered. The variations of dynamic parameters such as resilient modulus and damping ratio with number of cycles were assessed, and the effects of loading parameters such as consolidation pressure, load shape, load amplitude and load frequency were investigated. The effect of water content was studied as well. It was observed that the response of energy developed during cyclic loading is an important parameter controlling the soil mechanical behaviour at both small and large numbers of cycles. Also, the Sine-shaped loading was found more aggressive than M-shaped loading since the former results in higher energy and therefore larger soil deformation. This is particularly the case when the soil is saturated. Based on the results obtained in the field and laboratory, two 2-D analytical models were developed allowing the description of vertical stress and vertical deflection transmissions in track-beds. Some mechanical parameters such as the moduli of track-bed layers, their damping ratios, thicknesses as well as the average track surface wave velocity were found to be the key parameters governing the track dynamic behaviour. A comparison between field and laboratory results was also made. The track response to the loading by different train types, considering equivalent loads but different spatial loading configurations from TER and TGV train axles is presented. It was found that for each monitored position in the track, the response energy was higher for TGV than for TER. This larger developed energy suggests a higher aggressiveness to the track structure. Thus, the energy response is a key indicator to be taken into account when performing a track mechanical behaviour monitoring
13

Behavioural comparison of test and field executions of video games / Beteendejämförelse av test- och fältkörningar av videospel

Porion, Chloé Marie January 2023 (has links)
Software developers write tests to ensure that their application behaves as intended. However, the behaviour of an application in production may deviate from the behaviours that are tested. This difference between test and field executions is rarely assessed in practice. Yet, it can be useful in identifying opportunities for the improvement of the test suite. In this thesis, we propose a technique for monitoring the test and field executions of video games. We derive three models to represent the observed behaviours. The first model is method coverage, which enumerates the methods invoked by the test suite, as well as those triggered as a result of player interactions in production. The second model, temporal call chains, identifies the sequences of method calls, in the order of invocation, that arise from test and field executions. The third model, stack call chains, gives additional context into the distinct ways in which each method is triggered by the test suite and in the field. We implement our technique for observing test and field executions of video games in a tool called Ailinea. Ailinea is a video game mod that injects custom instrumentation into methods within C# games, in order to monitor their invocation. We use Ailinea with two popular, real-world video games: Demeo which is developed by Resolution Games, and Osu!, which is open-source. We monitor the execution of Demeo and Osu! with Ailinea in both test and field environments. We successfully derive the three models from the field and test behaviours of the two games, captured by Ailinea. Moreover, all three models identify untested software behaviours, that represent opportunities for improvement of the test suite of each game. In total, we find 139 untested methods, as well as 5, 108 temporal chains and 371 stack chains that occur in the field but are not exercised by the test suites of the two games. Furthermore, in order to automatically propose new test scenarios for Demeo, we extend Ailinea to capture game events in the field, in addition to the stack call chains. Our interview with three Demeo developers indicates that the information contained in these test scenarios can facilitate test suite improvement. The use of mods for runtime observability of video games can have applications such as automated test generation and detection of invalid video game states, paving the way for further work in this direction. / Mjukvaruutvecklare skriver tester för att säkerställa att deras applikation fungerar som avsett. En applikations beteende i fjältet kan dock avvika från de beteenden som testas. Denna skillnad mellan test- och fältutföranden bedöms sällan i praktiken. Ändå kan det vara användbart för att identifiera möjligheter för förbättringar av testsviten. I det här examensarbetet föreslår vi en teknik för att övervaka tester och fältutföranden av videospel. Vi härleder tre modeller för att representera de observerade beteenden. Den första modellen är metodtäckning, som räknar upp de metoder som åberopas av testsviten, såväl som de som utlöses som ett resultat av spelarinteraktioner i produktionen. Den andra modellen, temporala anropskedjor, identifierar sekvenserna av metodanrop, i anropsordning, som uppstår från test- och fältutföranden. Den tredje modellen, stack anropskedjor, ger ytterligare kontext till de distinkta sätt på vilka varje metod utlöses av testsviten och i fält. Vi implementerar vår teknik för att observera test- och fältutföranden av videospel i ett verktyg som heter Ailinea. Ailinea är en videospelsmod som injicerar anpassad instrumentering i metoder inom C#-spel, för att övervaka deras anrop. Vi använder Ailinea med två populära, verkliga videospel: Demeo som är utvecklat av Resolution Games och Osu!, som är öppen källkod. Vi övervakar utförandet av Demeo och Osu! med Ailinea i både test- och fältmiljöer. Vi härleder framgångsrikt de tre modellerna från fältet och testar beteenden för de två spelen, fångad av Ailinea. Dessutom identifierar alla tre modellerna oprövade mjukvarubeteenden, som representerar möjligheter till förbättringar av testsviten för varje spel. Totalt hittar vi 139 oprövade metoder, såväl som 5, 108 temporala kedjor och 371 stackkedjor som förekommer på fältet men som inte utövas av testsviterna i de två spelen. Dessutom, för att automatiskt föreslå nya testscenarier för Demeo, utökar vi Ailinea för att fånga spelhändelser i fält, förutom stackanropskedjorna. Vår intervju med tre Demeo-utvecklare indikerar att informationen i dessa testscenarier kan underlätta förbättring av testsviten. Användningen av mods för körtidsobservation av videospel kan ha applikationer som automatisk testgenerering och upptäckt av ogiltiga videospelsstater, vilket banar väg för ytterligare arbete i denna riktning.
14

[pt] ESTABILIDADE DE ENCOSTA NÃO SATURADA DO CAMPUS DA PUC-RIO NA GÁVEA / [en] UNSATURATED SLOPE STABILITY OF THE PUC-RIO CAMPUS IN GAVEA

JOAO VICENTE FIGUEIRA L DE MENEZES 30 April 2020 (has links)
[pt] No estado do Rio de Janeiro, os movimentos de massa em encostas passaram a representar um dos problemas mais importantes em geotecnia devido ao seu relevo acidentado, forma de ocupação e condições climáticas rigorosas. Visando identificar uma alternativa para avaliar encostas usando métodos não invasivos que possibilitem o trabalho em locais de difícil acesso, com rapidez e aquisição contínua de dados, neste trabalho é exposto uma análise teórica e prática deste processo de avaliação utilizando métodos geofísicos e o monitoramento contínuo da água no solo por meio de sensores. Os levantamentos geofísicos com uso do georadar e da análise multicanal de ondas superficiais para investigação da estratigrafia da encosta estudada, possibilitaram a identificação de três camadas: solo maduro, solo residual jovem e rocha. Para o monitoramento contínuo, são usados sensores de umidade volumétrica, sucção e um pluviômetro durante um período de 6 meses com a coleta de dados a cada 10 minutos. Com a interpretação dos dados coletados, verificou-se uma boa funcionalidade do monitoramento para avaliar as respostas de sucção e umidade volumétrica ao longo de períodos com intervalos irregulares de chuva. Os dados de precipitação e estratigrafia identificados são usados nas análises de infiltração e estabilidade saturada e não saturada, que possibilitaram a identificação de seções críticas com fator de segurança abaixo de 1,5, onde são necessárias intervenções para garantir a segurança da vizinhança. / [en] In the state of Rio de Janeiro, mass movements on slopes have become one of the most important geotechnical problems due to their rugged terrain, occupation and harsh weather conditions. In order to identify an alternative to evaluate slopes using non-invasive methods that enable work in hard to reach places, with rapid and continuous data acquisition, this paper presents a theoretical and practical analysis of this evaluation process using geophysical methods and continuous monitoring ground water through sensors. Geophysical surveys using georadar and multichannel analysis of surface wave to investigate the stratigraphy of the studied slope, allowed the identification of three layers: mature soil, young residual soil and rock. For the continuous monitoring, volumetric humidity and suction sensors and a rain gauge are used for a period of 6 months with data collection every 10 minutes. With the interpretation of the collected data, a good monitoring functionality was verified to evaluate the suction and volumetric humidity responses during periods with irregular rain intervals. The identified precipitation and stratigraphy data are used in the infiltration and saturated stability analyzes, which allowed the identification of critical sections with safety factor below 1.5, where interventions are necessary to ensure the safety of the neighborhood.
15

Les émissions de composés organiques volatiles (COVs) des sols dans les paysages agricoles : identification des sources et incidences sur la qualité de l'air / Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from soils in agricultural landscapes : identification of sources and impacts on air quality

Potard, Kevin 21 December 2017 (has links)
Les composés Organiques Volatils (COVs) sont des gaz carbonés rares, émis en faible concentration depuis les surfaces continentale et marine vers l’atmosphère. Très réactifs, ces composés sont impliqués dans la chimie atmosphérique et sont au cœur de nombreuses problématiques environnementales actuelles telles que le changement climatique lié aux gaz à effet de serre, la qualité de l’air et les rétroactions sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Les couverts végétaux terrestres étaient jusqu’alors identifiés comme les sources principales de COVs d’origine biogénique. Mais, de récentes études suggèrent que les sols pourraient constituer des sources majeures de COVs. Or dans les paysages anthropisés agricoles, les sols sont l’objet d’usages et de gestions divers et variés et sont susceptibles de modifier qualitativement et quantitativement les patrons d’émissions de COVs. Paradoxalement, les sols d’agrosystèmes ont fait l’objet de peu d’inventaires de leurs émissions de COVs. La rareté des connaissances sur la contribution des sols d’agrosystèmes dans les émissions de COVs a motivé ce travail de thèse dans lequel trois objectifs ont été poursuivis : i) inventorier les spectres et quantifier les flux de COVs émis par les sols dans les paysages agricoles, ii) déterminer le rôle des microorganismes du sol dans les émissions et iii) identifier les déterminants abiotiques régulant les émissions de COVs par les sols. Une première partie du travail a consisté à analyser les dynamiques temporelles d’émissions de COVs sur le terrain, dans deux sites observatoires représentatifs du paysage agricole Breton : le site EFELE (SOERE-PRO) comprenant des sols cultivés soumis à des pratiques de fertilisation contrastées, et la Zone Atelier Armorique (ZAAr) comprenant des prairies permanentes fertilisées et des prairies humides caractérisées par un faible degré d’anthropisation. La deuxième partie du travail a été menée en laboratoire pour expliciter et compléter les observations de terrain, deux séries d’expérimentations en laboratoire ont été réalisées permettant de manipuler, i) la source de carbone organique du sol via l’apport de différentes molécules modèles, ii) les communautés microbiennes par la transplantation de communautés microbiennes naturelles dans trois sols distincts. Cette étude aura permis de montrer, en laboratoire et sur le terrain, qu’un sol émet une quarantaine de masses dont seules quelques-unes (1 à 4) sont dominantes. Ces spectres de COVs sont par ailleurs spécifiques des usages des sols (culture vs prairie) et des pratiques de fertilisation. Nous montrons aussi : i) qu’il existe une temporalité des émissions de COVs par les sols allant de 22 à 167 μg de COVs par m−2 h−1, la période hivernale étant la moins émissive et que ii) s’ajoute que certaines pratiques de fertilisation, comme l’apport de lisier de porc, induisent un flux de méthanol pouvant atteindre jusqu’à 10 fois celui qui est observé par les sols amendés avec du digestat de lisier de porc. Concernant, le rôle des microorganismes du sol dans la production de COVs, nous démontrons que le spectre de COVs n’est pas représentatif de la diversité phylogénétique de la communauté du sol mais plutôt de l’activité métabolique des microorganismes actifs. S’agissant de l’exploration des déterminants abiotiques susceptibles de réguler les émissions, nos résultats suggèrent que l’ajout de molécules organiques au sol, induit un changement rapide dans le spectre de COVs émis par le sol. Cette modification est dépendante du degré de polymérisation de la molécule apportée. Pour conclure, l’approche intégrative et interdisciplinaire mise en œuvre dans ce travail de thèse a permis d’accroître les connaissances sur les émissions de COVs biogéniques par les sols. L’ensemble des recherches suggère que les émissions de COVs par les sols ne sont pas négligeables. Leur position dans les cycles biogéochimiques nécessite leur intégration dans les scenarii futurs des changements globaux. / Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are trace carbonaceous gases emitted in low concentrations from the continental and marine surfaces to the atmosphere. Highly reactive, these compounds are involved in atmospheric chemistry and are at the heart of many current environmental issues such as climate change related to greenhouse gases, air quality and feedback on the functioning of ecosystems. Terrestrial plant cover was previously identified as the main source of VOCs of biogenic origin. But recent studies suggest that soils could be major sources of VOCs. However, in agricultural anthropogenic landscapes, soils are subject to various and varied uses and management and are likely to modify qualitatively and quantitatively the patterns of VOC emissions. Paradoxically, agrosystem soils have been the subject of few inventories of their VOC emissions. The scarcity of knowledge on the contribution of agrosystems soils in VOC emissions motivated this work of thesis in which three objectives were pursued : i) inventory the spectra and quantify the VOCs fluxes emitted by soils in agricultural landscapes (ii) to determine the role of soil microorganisms in emissions and (iii) to identify the abiotic determinants controlling VOC emissions by soils. A first part of the work has consisted in analyzing the temporal dynamics of VOCs emissions in the field, in two observatory sites representative of the Britain agricultural landscape : the EFELE site (SOERE-PRO) comprising cultivated soils subjected to contrasting fertilization practices, and the Zone Atelier Armorique (ZAAr) including fertilized permanent meadows and wet meadows characterized by a low degree of anthropization. The second step of the work was conducted in the laboratory to clarify and complete the field observations, two series of laboratory experiments were conducted to manipulate, i) the soil organic carbon source via the input of different model molecules (ii) microbial communities by transplanting natural microbial communities into three distinct soils. This study has generated technical advances and produced entirely new results concerning both the characterization of spectra and the quantification of biogenic VOC fluxes emitted by soils. Thus, we show, in the laboratory and in the field, that a soil emits about forty masses of which only a few (1 to 4) are dominant. These VOC spectra are also specific to land uses (crop vs meadow) and fertilization practices. We also show that : i) there is a temporality of VOC emissions by soils ranging from 22 to 167 μg of VOCs per m−2 h−1, the winter period is the least emissive and ii) adds that some fertilization practices, such as pig slurry, induce a flux of methanol up to 10 times that observed by soils amended with methanised pig slurry. Regarding the role of soil microorganisms in VOCs production, we demonstrate that the VOCs spectrum is not representative of the phylogenetic diversity of the soil community but rather of the metabolic activity of active microorganisms. As for the exploration of abiotic determinants that can regulate emissions, our results suggest that the addition of organic molecules to the soil induces a rapid change in the VOC spectrum emitted by the soil, ranging from a few hours to a few days after intake. This modification is dependent on the degree of polymerization of the molecule provided. All research suggests that VOC emissions by soils are not negligible. Their key position in terms of issues requires to be of greater interest and to take them into account in future scenarios of global changes (climate and land uses), especially with regard to emerging practices of soil management in connection with the ecological transition initiated in agriculture. Similarly, the consideration of VOCs emissions in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and that of nitrogen to better understand the functioning of ecosystems is also discussed in this document.

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