Exploring age structure in Mediterranean cultures illuminates the social dynamics of intergenerational relationships that became more visible in late first and early second century early Christian texts, and especially in 1 Timothy 5. This was a time of crisis when those with a living memory of the foundations of the movement were almost gone, and the community was scrutinized by outsiders. Since we have relatively few clues related to aging and age structure in the extant texts, a model of generational stability and social change based on ethnographic data helps us to imagine culturally sensitive possibilities that we can then test out as we reread the texts in their Roman cultural context. In his fictive story of Paul and Timothy, the author of the heterographical (pseudepigraphical) letter of 1 Timothy establishes an ideal intergenerational relationship between “Paul” as an older man and “Timothy” as his adult “child.” When the fictive Paul directs Timothy to speak kindly to older people (5:1-2), he introduces a section on age-related issues. Behaviour that was causing concern for public reputation included adult children shirking filial duty (5:4, 8), young widows gadding about in public (5:11-15), and younger men accusing their elders (5:19). These behaviours threatened the reputation and honour of the community and may have been encouraged by the opposing faction. The author’s solution was to reject the opposing teachings and enforce behaviour that reflected proper age structure: adult children should fulfill their filial responsibilities and care for widowed mothers and grandmothers (5:4); young widows should be guided and supported by middle-aged women who were responsible for them in the age hierarchy among women (5:16); middle-aged women should imitate the exemplary behaviour of the enlisted widows who were over 60 years old; and young men were to be rebuked in front of everyone for their disrespect toward elders (5:20). In the face of social change, the author advocates for behaviour reflective of the traditional age structure of Roman society.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Filial Therapy training in increasing teachers of deaf and hard of hearing preschool students': 1) empathic responsiveness with their students; 2) communication of acceptance to their students; 3) allowance of self-direction by their students. A second purpose was to determine the effectiveness of Filial Therapy training in reducing experimental group students': 1) overall behavior problems; 2) internalizing behaviors; and 3) externalizing behavior problems. Filial Therapy is a didactic/dynamic modality used by play therapists to train parents and teachers to be therapeutic agents with their children and students. Teachers are taught primary child-centered play therapy skills for use with their own students in weekly play sessions with their students. Teachers learn to create a special environment that enhances and strengthens the teacher-student emotional bond by means of which both teacher and child are assisted in personal growth and change. The experimental group (N=24) consisted of 12 teachers, who participated in 11 weekly Filial Therapy training sessions (22 total instructional hours) during the fall semester at the preschool of a center for communications disorders, and 12 students chosen by the teachers as their student of focus. Teachers and students met once a week during the training for 30 minute teacher student play sessions in a room specified for this purpose. The non-treatment comparison group received no training during the 11 weeks. Teacher participants completed two written instruments: the Child Behavior Checklist/Caregiver-Teacher Report Form and the Meadow-Kendall Social-Emotional Assessment Inventory for Deaf and Hearing Impaired Students. Teachers who received Filial Therapy training were videotaped during student teacher play sessions. The videotaped sessions were used for pretest and posttest evaluation for the Measurement of Empathy in Adult-Child Interaction. Analysis of covariance revealed the children in the experimental group significantly decreased overall behavior problems. Teachers in the experimental group increased communication of empathy with their students of focus, significantly increased their attitude of acceptance with their students, and significantly increased in their ability to allow the students appropriate self-direction. This study supports Filial Therapy as an effective method of training teachers of deaf and hard of hearing preschool children to be therapeutic agents of change with their students.

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of filial therapy training in: (a) increasing immigrant Korean parents' empathic behavior with their children; (b) increasing immigrant Korean parents' acceptance level toward their children; and (c) reducing immigrant Korean parents' stress related to parenting.The experimental group, consisting of 17 immigrant Korean parents in the United States, received 10 weekly 2-hour filial therapy training sessions and participated in weekly 30-minute play sessions with one of their children. The control group, consisting of 15 immigrant Korean parents in the United States, received no treatment during the ten weeks. All the parents were videotaped playing with their child before and after the training as a means of measuring change in empathic behavior. The two written self-report instruments completed for pretesting and posttesting purposes were the Porter Parental Acceptance Scale and the Parenting Stress Index. Analyses of covariance revealed that the immigrant Korean parents in the experimental group had significant changes in 10 of 12 hypotheses, including (a) a significant increase in their level of empathic interactions with their children; (b) a significant increase in their attitude of acceptance toward their children; and (c) a significant reduction in their level of stress related to parenting. This study supports the use of filial therapy for promoting the parent-child relationship in immigrant Korean families in the United States. Filial therapy helps immigrant Korean parents to be therapeutic agents for their children. It helps them regain their own power as parents and restore positive relationships with their children.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey to identify the beliefs and practices of conservative Protestant parents, which assisted in clarifying the assertions in the current literature regarding conservative Protestant parenting. Additionally, this researcher sought to determine the applicability of child parent relationship therapy (CPRT), a filial therapy model based upon the principles of child centered play therapy, for conservative Protestant parents by ascertaining the need for cultural modifications. Beliefs and practices of conservative Protestants were measured using the Protestant Parenting Inventory (PPI), an original instrument developed through a series of focus groups and pilot testings. The population comprised 148 mothers and fathers from 4 Southern Baptist churches in and around the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to the data in order to increase internal consistency estimates and percent of explained variance. Criterion coding of demographic data allowed a multiple regression analysis to determine which demographic variables were significant predictors of participant responses on the PPI. Descriptive statistics allowed the researcher to investigate the compatibility of conservative Protestants and CPRT. Results of this study both confirm and refute past findings regarding conservative Protestants. Results also revealed the need for some cultural modifications to CPRT in order to make it an acceptable parenting resource for conservative Protestant parents.

[pt] Este trabalho tem o seu foco no estudo da expressão hiuotesía, na literatura de tradição paulina, que é, em toda a Sagrada Escritura, a única que a utiliza. Embora haja trabalhos significativos sobre a questão, esta pesquisa estabelece um estudo comparativo entre a hiuotesía no contexto imediato de Gl 4,1-7, circunstanciada pela expressão plerôma tou chrónou e de Ef 1,3-10, onde, curiosamente, é utilizada a expressão plerôma tõn Kairôn. Nessa comparação reside a originalidade da presente pesquisa. Como os dois textos que reportam este termo encontram-se em contextos literários mais amplos, a primeira tarefa diz respeito ao estudo da estrutura de cada um desses contextos. Em seguida, passa-se ao estudo exegético de cada um deles, levando-se em conta aspectos semânticos, sobretudo em sua abordagem diacrônica. Com isto chega-se a identificar o alcance do vocábulo hiotesía e das expressões plerôma tou chrónou e plerôma tõn Kairôn em cada perícope A análise e comparação desses dois textos da tradição paulina evidenciam que as dessemelhanças existentes entre eles são decorrentes de paradigmas distintos que demandam, por isso mesmo, diferenciadas abordagens teológicas. Nesse sentido, o autor de Ef, ao se apropriar das expressões hiuotesía e plerôma tõn Kairôn, apresenta, de sua parte, uma nova e diferente interpretação do que o autor de Gl, anteriormente, dissera ao servir-se das expressões plerôma tou chrónou e hiuotesía. / [en] This work concentrates on the study of the expression hiuotesía in the writings of the Pauline tradition, the only one to use it in all the Holy Scriptures. Though significant works have been written on this matter, our present research frames a study on hiuotesía in the immediate context of Gal 4:1-7 and accompanied by the expression plerôma tou chrónou, as compared with that of Eph 1:3-10 where, stringly, the expression plerôma tõn Kairôn is used. In this comparison lies the originality of the present research. Since each of the texts that employ this term must be seen in it ampler literary context, the first task is to study the structure of each of those contexts. Next, follows the exegetical study of each of them, taking into consideration semantic aspects, especially in their diachronic approach. We thus manage to identify the range of the word hiuotesía and expression plerôma tou chrónou and plerôma tõn Kairôn in each pericope. Analysis and comparison between these two texts of the Pauline tradition show that the dissimilarities between them result from distinct paradigms which, therefore, demand differing theological approaches. In this sense, the author of Eph, by making his own the expressions hiuotesía and plerôma tõn Kairôn, offers, for his part, a new interpretation, differing from what the author of Gal had previously said by using the expressions plerôma tou chrónou and hiuotesía.

Based on the attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969) and the dual filial piety model (Yeh, 1997, 2003), this study aimed at investigating the effects of the attachment relationship and filial piety on career commitment process of Chinese university students. One thousand one hundred and seventy-twelve (N=1172) Chinese university students from three different regional Chinese groups participated in this study. These three regional groups included the Hong Kong local students (called Hong Kong group; n=421), Chinese mainland students studying in Hong Kong (called Hong Kong Mainland group; n=397) and the Chinese mainland students from Beijing (called Beijing group; n=354). The participants completed questionnaires measuring the attachment relationship towards fathers and mothers, filial piety (reciprocal and authoritarian types), and career commitment process (vocational exploration and commitment and tendency to foreclose). / Based on the MANOVA and ANOVA analyses, main effects of gender and regional group on attachment, filial piety and career commitment were found in this study. For gender differences, female scored significantly higher on the mother attachment and the reciprocal filial piety while male scored significantly higher on the tendency to foreclose. For regional group differences, the Hong Kong Mainland group and Beijing group scored significantly higher on the father attachment, mother attachment and the reciprocal filial piety than the Hong Kong group. The Hong Kong group scored significantly higher on tendency to foreclose than the Hong Kong Mainland group. The Beijing group scored significantly higher on tendency to foreclose than the Hong Kong Mainland group. / Three hypothesized models were proposed to explore the relationships among attachment relationship, filial piety and career commitment process. Structural equation modeling was conducted and found that the proposed models met the predetermined overall fit criteria and fit well across the total sample, the gender groups and the three regional subgroups (Hong Kong, Hong Kong-Mainland, and Beijing). Finding from the structural equation modeling analysis showed that only mother attachment marginally predicted the tendency to foreclose. In addition, the current findings showed that only authoritarian filial piety negatively predicted vocational exploration and commitment and positively predicted tendency to foreclose. / The theoretical, research and counseling implications of the findings, as well as future research directions are discussed. / 建基於依戀理論(Bowlby, 1969)及雙孝道模型(Yeh, 1997, 2003)，本研究旨在探討依戀關係及孝道觀念如何影響大學生之職業選擇承諾，一千一百七十二位大學生參與是次研究，包括四百二十一位來自香港的大學生，三百九十七位來自中國而於香港大學就讀的大學生及三百五十四位於北京就讀大學的大學生。學生以問卷方式回答有關探討依戀關係，孝道觀念及職業選擇承諾之量表。研究結果顯示，性別及地區組別於依戀關係，孝道觀念及職業選擇承諾是有顯著分別;母親依戀能預測封閉傾向，權威性孝道能預測承諾傾向及封閉傾向。另外，結構模型分析顯示本文所提出之模型於總組別，性別組別及地區組別能達致預設的滿意擬合結果。最後，對本研究在生涯理論實證研究及輔導實踐的意義進行了闡述，並對未來研究方向作出了展望。 / Hon, Suet. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-140). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 03, January, 2017). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

[pt] Na adoção tardia, a criança chega ao novo lar com um histórico, muitas vezes, repleto de rupturas e abandonos. É nesse contexto, com a demanda de reconstruir um ambiente suficientemente bom, além da busca de satisfazer as próprias motivações para uma adoção, que as famílias adotantes de crianças maiores encontrarão desafios importantes na construção do vínculo parento-filial. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar a construção do vínculo parento-filial nas adoções tardias, levando em consideração as motivações dos pais, as vivências anteriores das crianças, além das fantasias e expectativas relacionadas à criança imaginada. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos, foram entrevistados 10 sujeitos independentes, 3 homens e 7 mulheres, que adotaram crianças maiores de dois anos e as entrevistas analisadas pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Os participantes ressaltaram como principais desafios para construção do vínculo o comportamento agressivo da criança, dificuldades com regras e autoridade, falta de segurança jurídica, atraso escolar e problemas na adaptação à rotina familiar. A vivência da parentalidade se mostrou diretamente relacionada ao sentimento de responsabilidade e à imposição de regras. A principal motivação foi o desejo de ser mãe/pai, além da busca por fazer o bem. As expectativas e fantasias emergiram nas falas ligadas ao medo de não conseguir exercer a função parental de maneira plena. A forma singular como os pais acolheram as dificuldades, integrando passado e presente, de modo a reconstruir o ambiente familiar perdido, bem como o suporte oferecido pela rede, foi fundamental para a construção e manutenção do vínculo parento-filial. / [en] In late adoption, the child arrives at the new home with a history, often full of ruptures and abandonment. It is in this context, with a demand to build a good enough environment, besides the search to satisfy their own motivations for an adoption, that adoptive families of older children will find important challenges when building a parental-child bond. This research aimed to investigate the construction of the parental-child bond in late adoptions, taking into consideration the parents motivations, children s previous experiences, and the fantasies and expectations related to the imagined child. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, 10 independent people were interviewed, 3 men and 7 women, who adopted children older than 2 years old. The interviews were analyzed by the content analysis method. Participants emphasized the following as main challenges for the bond construction: the child s aggressive behavior, difficulties with rules and authority, lack of legal certainty, delay in school and problems in the adaptation with family routine. The experience of parenting was found directly related to the feeling of responsibility and the imposition of rules. The main motivation was the desire to be a parent , as well as the desire to do something good. Expectations and fantasies emerged in the speeches linked to the fear of not being able to fully exercise the parental function. The singular way that parents welcomed difficulties, integrating past and present, in order to rebuild the lost family environment, as well as the support network offered was fundamental for the construction and maintenance of the parental-child bond.

<p>Sexual selection arises through variation in reproductive success. This thesis investigates different aspects important in sexual selection, namely nest building, sperm competition, paternity and paternal care, and their mutual interrelationships. In the studied species, the sand goby (<i>Pomatoschistus minutus</i>) and the common goby (<i>Pomatoschistus microps</i>), sperm competition did arise when small males, so called sneakers, sneaked into other males nests and released sperm. They seemed to use female behaviour as their prime cue for a sneaking opportunity. However, also nest-holders, both with and without eggs, were found to fertilize eggs in the nests of other males.</p><p>Clearly, nest-holding males tried to prevent other males from spreading their sperm in their nests, since they showed aggression towards such males. A nest building experiment indicated that the small nest-openings found in the sneaker male treatment were sexually selected through protection against sneaking or by female choice. Yet, no behavioural or genetical support for the hypothesis that the nest functions as a physical or visual defence, or that sneaker males prefer to sneak upon nests with wide nest-openings, were found in the other studies. Still, individual nest-holding males showed a higher mucus preparation effort inside the nest in the presence of a sneaker male than when alone. In close relatives, such mucus contains sperm, suggesting an importance in sperm competition. However, the mucus may also have pheromone and anti-bacterial functions and may constitute a mating effort, as found in other gobies. Both a behavioural and a mate choice experiment suggested that the males were not less eager to spawn in the presence of a sneaker male.</p><p>Sneak intrusion did not affect nest defence, fanning or filial cannibalism, nor had paternity an effect on filial cannibalism. This and various life history aspects, together with the fact that the parasitic male only fertilized a fraction of the clutches, would predict females to ignore sneaker males. This was also the case, as the presence of sneaker males was found not to affect female spawning decision. Still, several females spawned in two nests, which coincided with parasitic spawnings, suggesting a cost of disturbance for the females and thus a substantial cost to the nest-holding males in terms of lost mating success. However, females paid attention to other traits in their choice of mate since spawning was associated with sand volume of the nest, but not with nest-opening width. Also, female (but not male) courtship was correlated with partial clutch filial cannibalism, indicating that females are able to anticipate future male cannibalism.</p><p>In a partial correlation of nest opening, sand volume, male courtship display, displacement fanning and male size, a large number of traits were correlated both positively and negatively with regard to how we may expect them to be appreciated by females. For instance, males which fan well also build large nests or display intensely (but not both). Together with all the other results of this thesis, this shows the entangled selection pressures working on breeding animals, as well as the different male and female tactics employed to maximize their reproduction.</p>

Sexual selection arises through variation in reproductive success. This thesis investigates different aspects important in sexual selection, namely nest building, sperm competition, paternity and paternal care, and their mutual interrelationships. In the studied species, the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) and the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps), sperm competition did arise when small males, so called sneakers, sneaked into other males nests and released sperm. They seemed to use female behaviour as their prime cue for a sneaking opportunity. However, also nest-holders, both with and without eggs, were found to fertilize eggs in the nests of other males. Clearly, nest-holding males tried to prevent other males from spreading their sperm in their nests, since they showed aggression towards such males. A nest building experiment indicated that the small nest-openings found in the sneaker male treatment were sexually selected through protection against sneaking or by female choice. Yet, no behavioural or genetical support for the hypothesis that the nest functions as a physical or visual defence, or that sneaker males prefer to sneak upon nests with wide nest-openings, were found in the other studies. Still, individual nest-holding males showed a higher mucus preparation effort inside the nest in the presence of a sneaker male than when alone. In close relatives, such mucus contains sperm, suggesting an importance in sperm competition. However, the mucus may also have pheromone and anti-bacterial functions and may constitute a mating effort, as found in other gobies. Both a behavioural and a mate choice experiment suggested that the males were not less eager to spawn in the presence of a sneaker male. Sneak intrusion did not affect nest defence, fanning or filial cannibalism, nor had paternity an effect on filial cannibalism. This and various life history aspects, together with the fact that the parasitic male only fertilized a fraction of the clutches, would predict females to ignore sneaker males. This was also the case, as the presence of sneaker males was found not to affect female spawning decision. Still, several females spawned in two nests, which coincided with parasitic spawnings, suggesting a cost of disturbance for the females and thus a substantial cost to the nest-holding males in terms of lost mating success. However, females paid attention to other traits in their choice of mate since spawning was associated with sand volume of the nest, but not with nest-opening width. Also, female (but not male) courtship was correlated with partial clutch filial cannibalism, indicating that females are able to anticipate future male cannibalism. In a partial correlation of nest opening, sand volume, male courtship display, displacement fanning and male size, a large number of traits were correlated both positively and negatively with regard to how we may expect them to be appreciated by females. For instance, males which fan well also build large nests or display intensely (but not both). Together with all the other results of this thesis, this shows the entangled selection pressures working on breeding animals, as well as the different male and female tactics employed to maximize their reproduction.