A intrínseca relação entre educação financeira e educação previdenciária, mais especificamente pela interação destes dois fatores como determinante no bem estar do indivíduo na fase pós-laboral, faz da educação financeira uma importante ferramenta de disseminação da cultura previdenciária. Em um âmbito nacional, diante de iniciativas de órgãos previdenciários como PREVIC, se estabeleceu a importância de ações e programas de educação financeira em Entidades de Previdência Complementar, surgindo a demanda em compreender, mensurar e acompanhar o nível de educação financeira dos públicos de Fundos de Pensão brasileiros. Assim, este trabalho objetivou propor e aplicar uma metodologia para coleta de dados primários, voltado à obtenção de indicadores e ao cálculo de um índice geral de educação financeira, o qual refletisse o nível de educação financeira do público analisado. A partir de estudos bibliográficos sobre o tema, assim como da experiência de órgãos internacionais como OCDE, constituiu-se um instrumento de aferição contendo 25 itens distribuídos em quatro indicadores pré-estabelecidos. A pesquisa de campo para aplicação e validação desse instrumento foi realizada através de método de levantamento de dados (survey) com aplicação de técnica de coleta via internet (online), resultando em uma amostra de 275 entrevistas válidas, selecionada de acordo com procedimentos amostrais probabilísticos. A validação do instrumento foi realizada com aplicação de técnicas de análise multivariada pelo método PAF. O resultado das análises efetuadas indicou a obtenção de cinco indicadores para o cálculo do índice geral de educação financeira, listados por ordem de importância: Poupança e Investimentos; Organização das finanças pessoais; Dívidas pessoais; Proteção; Noções de dinheiro e Matemática Financeira. / The intrinsic relation between financial literacy and social security education, more specifically by the interaction of these two as a determinant factor in the well-being of the individual in post-labor phase makes financial education a tool in major spread of social security culture. On a national level, before social security bodies initiatives as PREVIC, we established the importance of actions and financial education programs in the Complementary Pension Entities, surging demand to understand, measure and monitor the level of financial education of the public of Brazilian pension funds. This research aimed to propose and implement a methodology for primary data collection, aimed at obtaining indicators and calculating a general index of financial education, which reflect the financial literacy level of the analyzed public. From bibliographical references on the topic, as well as the experience of international bodies such as OECD, it constituted a benchmarking instrument containing 25 items divided into four pre-established indicators. The field research for application and validation of the instrument was conducted through data collection method (survey) with technical application collection via internet (online), resulting in a sample of 275 valid interviews, selected according to probability sampling procedures. The validation of the instrument was carried out with application of multivariate analysis by PAF method. The survey results of the analysis carried out indicated the achievement of five indicators to calculate the overall index of financial education, listed by importance: Savings and Investments; Organization of personal finance; Personal debt; Protection; Notions of cash and Financial Mathematics.

Esta dissertação se propõe a averiguar que contribuições a matemática pode oferecer para o desenvolvimento da Educação Financeira Escolar. Detalha as origens da discussão do assunto e seus desdobramentos no Brasil, analisando os trabalhos acadêmicos e a criação da ENEF (Estratégia Nacional de Educação Financeira). Destaca a expansão do movimento na América Latina e faz críticas aos conceitos de letramento financeiro concebidos pelo PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) e ao entendimento de Educação Financeira incorporado pela ENEF, apresentando novas definições. Aborda a relação entre a Matemática Crítica, pensada por Ole Skovsmose, e a Educação Financeira. Aplica duas atividades em uma turma com 32 alunos do 2º ano do ensino médio e conclui, amparada na Teoria das Situações Didáticas de Guy Brousseau, que, além da matemática financeira, do conhecimento do plano cartesiano, das funções lineares e exponenciais, da álgebra e da proporção (incluindo porcentagem), são fundamentais a utilização de habilidades como a interpretação de gráficos e de tabelas, o pensamento abstrato e algébrico, a capacidade de percepção de relações numéricas e/ou algébricas em diferentes situações do cotidiano e a capacidade de transformar em argumento um resultado ou uma fórmula. / This dissertation proposes to find out contributions mathematics can offer to the development of School Financial Education. It details the origin of the subject discussion and its consequences in Brazil, analyzing the academic work and the history of the creation of ENEF (Brazilian Strategy for Financial Education). It points out the expansion of the movement in Latin America and criticizes the concepts of financial literacy conceived by PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) and the understanding of Financial Education incorporated by ENEF, presenting new definitions. It deals with the relation between the Critical Mathematics, thought by Ole Skovsmose, and the Financial Education. It puts two activities into practice in a class with 32 students 2nd year high school and concludes, supported on Guy Brousseau’s Theory of Didactic Situation, that be sides financial mathematics, the knowledge of Cartesian plane, linear and exponential functions, algebra and proportion (including percentage), the use of skills such as graphs and tables interpretation, abstract and algebraic thinking, the ability to realize numerical and/or algebraic relation in different everyday situations and the capacity to transform in arguments a result or a formula are fundamental.

Small business owners often do not possess the financial literacy to implement invoice factoring to fund their business. Despite that lack of knowledge, an increasing number of small business owners are using invoice factoring as their primary source of funding. Guided by a systems thinking approach, the purpose of this exploratory multiple case study was to understand the effect of invoice factoring of 5 small business owners, 5 small business finance managers, and 5 factoring program managers, all of whom managed factoring programs and technical services companies with less than $3 million in annual revenues. Participants were located in 6 states with data collected through semi-structured Skype and telephone interviews. Data were analyzed according to the Krippendorff method. Member checking and transcript review established trustworthiness and credibility of interpretations. Three themes emerged from interviews: owner eligibility for traditional capital sources, profit margins, and third-party relationships. The small business owners were not eligible for traditional funding options. Factoring administrators and small business owners cited that companies with better profit margins implemented invoice factoring successfully. Finance managers mentioned that factoring companies acted as a third-party to the invoicing and collection processes. Social implications include a contribution to the advancement of small business success rates and to an entrepreneur's preparation to launch a business venture properly.

Abstract Most microloan applicants in Nigeria are denied access to financial services by the commercial banks because of the high risk involved in granting loans to an individual without tangible assets to offer as collateral. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore small business owners' understanding of suitable funding options from microfinance banks in Nigeria to sustain their businesses beyond the first 5 years. An investigation was conducted on how small business owners could obtain information on funding options most suitable to sustain their business. Guided by the ethical banking operations framework theory, the strategies business owners had used was explored to understand available funding options. A homogenous sampling strategy was used to purposefully identify and select the microfinance applicants who had similar experiences using different funding options. Fifteen customers of microfinance institutions (MFIs) participated in semistructured interviews. Additional data on MFIs was obtained from established secondary sources. Yin's 5-step process was used to analyse the data, with member checking and triangulation used for validation. Key findings emerged on lack of appropriate entrepreneur training, inadequate financial management, skills gap, and inability to interpret the bank's information on loan procedures. This revealed the need to develop ways for small business owners to more easily access information on loan options. MFIs may use the findings of the study to enhance access to their financial services and promote the growth of MFIs to increase sustainable economic growth for both owners and the local communities they serve. Positive social change may be promoted through financial empowerment and job creation.

Researchers agree that Puerto Ricans lack basic financial knowledge that would allow them to participate in the financial system actively. However, the literature did not provide any data about the knowledge transmission practices that Puerto Ricans use to gather and transmit financial knowledge. As a result, there was a limited understanding of the social learning processes used by Puerto Rican college students to make financial decisions. Using consumer socialization and family financial socialization models as the theoretical framework, the purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental study was to identify the information sources that Puerto Ricans use to gather financial knowledge. A sample of 198 Puerto Rican college students answered a portion of the College Student Financial Literacy Survey. The research questions examined the preference of 4 financial information sources, their level of influence, and the impact of exposure frequency of these socialization agents. Descriptive statistics showed that participants preferred to gather financial knowledge from parents. A combination of one-way ANOVA and RMANOVA confirmed that parents also had the highest level of influence. The results of a multiple linear regression test suggested that the frequency of exposure did not predict the financial knowledge of students in the sample. The outcomes of this study may be helpful in optimizing the communication vehicles used to transmit financial knowledge to the public. Researchers, educators, and policymakers may also use this study as foundation for the development of effective financial education strategies that will promote positive social change in Puerto Rico.

Migrant farmworkers' social and economic mobility is frequently constrained through the denial of basic resources, such as access to the formal financial sector. This thesis ethnographically examines banking policies as they apply to low-income, mobile, populations that temporarily reside in Florida. It utilizes participant observation, interviews, and participatory mapping with migrant farmworkers. It also considers how policymakers and service providers in the formal and informal financial sectors rationalize control of resources and the effects on mobile populations. Particular attention is paid to adaptive practices in the alternative financial sector – cash checking services, carrying cash, and remittances. By utilizing the lens of activist anthropology and anthropology of policy and incorporating theoretical frameworks of neoliberalism, debt and credit, bare life, and economic socialization theory the thesis explores how society has been shaped around managing debt and building credit. It examines how structural inequities restrict banking resources from those who lack full personhood or citizenship. This thesis uncovers the paradox that while banking is a vital resource in establishing full participation in United States society, it remains largely inaccessible to migrant workers, particularly the undocumented. The financial sectors’ neoliberal model has effectively barred low-income, mobile populations through the erasure of small deposit accounts and increased scrutiny of customers. Migrant workers face corporeal and economic mobility difficulties, which depreciate their low wages even farther. The United States’ current financial industry violates second generation human rights as codified in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) [particularly article six], and also in Articles 23-29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) as the Unbanked and underbanked cannot access their own money. I recommend providing better financial literacy education that considers challenges faced by unbanked and underbanked migrant workers and microfinance opportunities to substitute the lack of small-deposit accounts, particularly individual development accounts.

While the saving environment has become more complex in recent years, so has the demand for individual activity. Important impetuses include financial deregulation, globalization, technological change, and reformed pension systems. Financial institutions can provide financial advisory services to help their customers to obtain positive net benefits by avoiding mistakes and using economies of scale, and they can also attract and maintain their customers by creating strong relationships. Earlier studies show that the incentive structure often leads to advice that is not to the benefit of the customers. In addition, not all customers seek and receive advisory services. The objective of this study is to increase our understanding of the relationship between the bank advisor – customer relation and the bank customer’s saving behavior. The scope of the study is to analyze relevant theories and develop a model that includes financial advisors as a mediator of saving behavior, and to understand the relational attributes that can affect saving behavior. Also, the characteristics of customers with a relational versus a transactional exchange form with the bank are explored. Given the problems of establishing causality, the scope is also to understand the impact of the relationship and, in particular, face-to-face advisory meetings on saving behavior. The analysis is mainly carried out with the help of customer data – both objective bank register data and subjective survey data – while the advisor characteristics are to a lesser extent part of the data material. Five studies are carried out using various methodologies, i.e., theoretical review and model development, probit and multinomial logistic regressions, difference-in-difference regression, and structural equation modelling. In addition, a case study is made analyzing dyads of customers and advisors in order to explore theoretical assumptions. Economics and relationship marketing are used to explain saving behavior with transactional, interimistic relational, and enduring relational exchange forms (Paper 1). Several major findings emerge in the quantitative analysis: First, the attributes are longer and stronger, the more relational the exchange form is (Paper 2). A second finding is that relational attributes also surface in transactional exchange, a finding that requires further research to be understood in more detail (Paper 2). Third, among relational attributes, duration and context have the largest total effects on saving behavior, while trust is a mediating variable (Paper 5). Fourth, not only demographic and socioeconomic factors can predict whether customers use the relational exchange form; psychological factors, such as saving motives and risk attitudes, are also predictors. Results are clearly different for women and men (Paper 3). Finally, financial advisory meetings are found to increase saving volumes and saving products held in stock. The largest effects are found for young customers with low wealth and low profitability to the bank, i.e., customers who initially have low activity levels and thus create a large potential (Paper 4). Limitations include endogeneity problems in general, and selection bias in particular, making it difficult to establish causality, and internal and external validity. Future research should focus on data management, especially building time series with enhanced methods to adjust for selection bias. In addition, studies to better understand the transactional exchange form are needed, as well as studies that deepen the definition of relational exchange, not least when alternative channels to face-to-face meetings include mobile banking and internet banking, and the digitalization of  the social know-how of financial advisors. Managerial implications include understanding the relational attributes that affect saving behavior, such as context, duration, and trust. Also useful to know are the factors that can help to predict the probability of a customer’s having a transactional or relational exchange form, i.e., including demographics, socioeconomics, psychology, and gender, to see how channels and customers can be better matched. Policy implications include using the model in this study to match relational attributes to the degree of financial literacy, since the risk of misselling is particularly large for relational-oriented customers with low financial literacy. / Samtidigt som sparandet har blivit mer komplext under senare år, har behovet av individens egen aktivitet ökat. Viktiga drivkrafter för denna utveckling har varit finansiell avreglering, globalisering, teknisk utveckling och reformerade pensionssystem. Finansiella institutioner kan erbjuda finansiell rådgivning för att hjälpa kunderna erhålla positiv nettonytta genom att de då kan undvika att göra vanliga misstag och kan få skalfördelar med ökad tillgång till information. Genom att skapa starka kundrelationer kan dessa institutioner också använda rådgivningen för att attrahera och behålla kunder. Tidigare studier visar att incitamentsstrukturen ofta leder till att rådgivningen missgynnar kunderna. Det är heller inte alla kunder som söker och får tillgång till rådgivning. Syftet med denna avhandling är att öka förståelsen för sambanden mellan bankkundens sparbeteende, finansiell rådgivning och relationen mellan bankrådgivaren och kunden. I avhandlingens omfång ingår att analysera teorier, utveckla en modell som inkluderar finansiella rådgivare som intermediärer till sparbeteende samt förstå de relationsattribut som kan påverka sparbeteendet. Dessutom görs jämförelser mellan kunders karaktäristika utifrån deras utbytesform. Med hänsyn tagen till svårigheterna att fastställa kausalitet ingår även att förstå hur relationen i allmänhet, och rådgivningsmöten i synnerhet, påverkar sparbeteendet. Analyser görs med hjälp av kunddata, både objektiva registerdata och subjektiva enkätdata, medan karaktäristiska för rådgivarna i mindre utsträckning finns med i datamaterialet. Fem studier utförs som använder olika metoder, såsom teoretisk genomgång och modellutveckling, probit- och multinomiala logitregressioner, ”difference-in-difference” regressioner samt struktur-ekvationsmodellering. Inledningsvis gjordes också en fallstudie som analyserade dyader av bank-kunder och rådgivare för att undersöka teoretiska antaganden. Det framkommer att national-ekonomi och relationsmarknadsföring tillsammans kan användas för att förklara sparbeteende med hjälp av tre utbytesformer (transaktion, interimistisk relation, djupgående relation) (Art. 1). Ju mer relation utbytesformen innehåller, desto längre och större är relationsattributen (Art. 2). Relations-attribut finns också representerade i transaktionsutbytet, ett resultat som kräver ytterligare forskning (Art. 2). För det tredje framkommer att bland relationsattributen är duration och kontext viktigast för att förklara sparbeteendet, följt av förtroende som är en intermediär variabel (Art. 5). För det fjärde framkommer att förutom demografiska och socioekonomiska faktorer är psykologiska faktorer, såsom sparmotiv och riskpreferenser, prediktorer för utbytesform. Resultaten är markant olika för män och kvinnor (Art. 3). Slutligen, givet endogenitetsproblem, syntes finansiella rådgivningsmöten öka sparvolymer och antal produkter som bankkunder använder. De största effekterna observeras för unga, personer med låga förmögenheter samt personer med låg lönsamhet för banken, d v s kunder som initialt har en låg aktivitetsnivå men som utgör en potential (Art. 4). Begränsningar i studierna handlar om endogenitetsproblemen i allmänhet, och selektions-svårigheter i synnerhet, vilka gör det svårt att fastställa kausalitet och vilka begränsar extern och intern validitet. Framtida forskning bör därför fokusera på datahanteringen genom att bygga upp tidsseriedata och utveckla metoder som justerar för selektionsproblem. Dessutom behöver transaktionsattributen studeras. Samtidigt är studier som fördjupar förståelsen kring relationen viktiga, inte minst som alternativa kanaler till mänskliga rådgivningsmöten – såsom mobilbank och internetbank – snabbt vinner gehör i bankerna och bland kunderna.     Avhandlingens implikationer för bankledningar inkluderar ett ramverk som kan användas för hur relationen och dess attribut påverkar sparbeteendet, såsom duration, kontext och förtroende. Vidare är det användbart att förstå de faktorer som predicerar sannolikheten att kunden har en relations- eller transaktionsutbytesform, och de inkluderar demografi, socioekonomiska faktorer, psykologi och genus, inte minst som behovet att bättre matcha kanaler med kunder ökar. För politiska beslutsfattare kan avhandlingens modell användas för att matcha relationsattribut till graden av finansiell förmåga, inte minst som risken för ”misselling” är särskilt stor för relationsorienterade kunder med låg finansiell läsförmåga. / <p>QC 20150327</p>

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2009

A intrínseca relação entre educação financeira e educação previdenciária, mais especificamente pela interação destes dois fatores como determinante no bem estar do indivíduo na fase pós-laboral, faz da educação financeira uma importante ferramenta de disseminação da cultura previdenciária. Em um âmbito nacional, diante de iniciativas de órgãos previdenciários como PREVIC, se estabeleceu a importância de ações e programas de educação financeira em Entidades de Previdência Complementar, surgindo a demanda em compreender, mensurar e acompanhar o nível de educação financeira dos públicos de Fundos de Pensão brasileiros. Assim, este trabalho objetivou propor e aplicar uma metodologia para coleta de dados primários, voltado à obtenção de indicadores e ao cálculo de um índice geral de educação financeira, o qual refletisse o nível de educação financeira do público analisado. A partir de estudos bibliográficos sobre o tema, assim como da experiência de órgãos internacionais como OCDE, constituiu-se um instrumento de aferição contendo 25 itens distribuídos em quatro indicadores pré-estabelecidos. A pesquisa de campo para aplicação e validação desse instrumento foi realizada através de método de levantamento de dados (survey) com aplicação de técnica de coleta via internet (online), resultando em uma amostra de 275 entrevistas válidas, selecionada de acordo com procedimentos amostrais probabilísticos. A validação do instrumento foi realizada com aplicação de técnicas de análise multivariada pelo método PAF. O resultado das análises efetuadas indicou a obtenção de cinco indicadores para o cálculo do índice geral de educação financeira, listados por ordem de importância: Poupança e Investimentos; Organização das finanças pessoais; Dívidas pessoais; Proteção; Noções de dinheiro e Matemática Financeira. / The intrinsic relation between financial literacy and social security education, more specifically by the interaction of these two as a determinant factor in the well-being of the individual in post-labor phase makes financial education a tool in major spread of social security culture. On a national level, before social security bodies initiatives as PREVIC, we established the importance of actions and financial education programs in the Complementary Pension Entities, surging demand to understand, measure and monitor the level of financial education of the public of Brazilian pension funds. This research aimed to propose and implement a methodology for primary data collection, aimed at obtaining indicators and calculating a general index of financial education, which reflect the financial literacy level of the analyzed public. From bibliographical references on the topic, as well as the experience of international bodies such as OECD, it constituted a benchmarking instrument containing 25 items divided into four pre-established indicators. The field research for application and validation of the instrument was conducted through data collection method (survey) with technical application collection via internet (online), resulting in a sample of 275 valid interviews, selected according to probability sampling procedures. The validation of the instrument was carried out with application of multivariate analysis by PAF method. The survey results of the analysis carried out indicated the achievement of five indicators to calculate the overall index of financial education, listed by importance: Savings and Investments; Organization of personal finance; Personal debt; Protection; Notions of cash and Financial Mathematics.

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns en signifikant könsskillnad gällande finansiellt risktagande, där kvinnor generellt sett har visat sig vara mindre risktagande än män. Dessutom visar teorier att en investerares risktagande bland annat varierar beroende på dennes tidigare erfarenheter samt en mängd olika karaktärsdrag. Samtidigt har tidigare studier funnit samband mellan olika variabler, så som finansiell förmåga samt övertro på sin egen förmåga, och nivå av risktagande. Idag äger kvinnor bara en tredjedel av hushållens totala aktier i Sverige men enligt Nordnets försäljningssiffror från januari 2017 har antalet kvinnliga aktieägare ökat i en snabbare takt än antalet manliga aktieägare under samma period, vilket vittnar om ett ökat kvinnligt intresse för investeringar. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida det finns något samband mellan faktorerna bakgrund, finansiell förmåga, övertro samt investeringsvana och kvinnors riskprofiler vid investeringsbeslut av finansiell karaktär. Vidare ämnar studien analysera den erhållna empirin i relation till tidigare studier inom området, för att öka förståelsen för vad som styr kvinnligt risktagande. Genomförande: Studien genomfördes via en kvantitativ forskningsmetod, där empirisk data samlades in genom en enkätundersökning som besvarades av totalt 487 kvinnor. Insamlad data analyserades via en multipel regressionsanalys i SPSS, varpå utfallet jämfördes med tidigare forskning. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visade att civilstånd, övertro, investeringsvana och finansiell förmåga har en signifikant inverkan på vilken riskprofil en kvinnlig investerare har. De tre förstnämnda förhåller sig positivt till risktagande, där en ökning i variablerna leder till ett större risktagande. Utfallet visade däremot att en ökning i finansiell förmåga leder till ett lägre risktagande, vilket gick emot tidigare forskning. Studien har således genererat både empiriskt stöd inom området och nytt bidrag kring vad som styr kvinnligt risktagande. / Background: Previous studies, within the field of behavioural finance and women ́s risk- taking, have all recognized the gender difference when evaluating risk in financial decision- making. In general, women investors tend to be more risk-averse than men, and gender differences seem to be influenced by many aspects and investor-characteristics. Earlier studies have validated the correlation between risk-taking and financial literacy and over- confidence. According to statistical data from Nordnet (2017), the number of women stock- market participants have grown in a faster pace compared to male investors, under the same period. This states that interest for investing have become a popular theme among women. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the factors background, financial literacy, over-confidence and investing experience can explain the risk profile of a woman financial investor. Based on the empirical results, the authors intended to analyze the output in relation to reference studies, in order to deepen the understanding and knowledge of which factors influence women ́s risk-taking in financial decision-making. Completion: The study was conducted by a quantitative method, where the empirical data was collected through a survey with a total of 487 respondents. The data was then analysed in the statistical program SPSS, using a multiple regression analysis, upon which the results were compared to previous studies. Conclusion: The results of the study disclosed that the variables of civil status, over- confidence, investing experience and financial literacy all validated a significant correlation with the risk profile of a female investor. Based on the statistical outcome, civil status, over- confidence and investing experience, demonstrated a positive correlation with the women ́s risk profile. Contrariwise, the output of financial literacy revealed a negative correlation, in which a high financial literacy determines a lower risk-taking. The empirical results can support earlier reference studies, in addition to a contribution of what influence women ́s risk profile in financial decision-making.