Ce travail vise à montrer l'intérêt de valoriser des phosphates d'origine animale, après une étape de calcination qui produit des cendres minérales constituées essentiellement d'hydroxyapatite : Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Elles constituent une matière première renouvelable, riche en phosphore. Plusieurs voies de valorisations sont examinées. La première est la fabrication d'un acide phosphorique très pur, de pureté supérieure à celui produit industriellement à partir de phosphates géologiques. Les propriétés des hydroxyapatites font que ces cendres pourraient être utilisées comme des barrières chimiques pour fixer des éléments polluants contenus dans un sol, un effluent ou une nappe. L'étude de la fixation de divers éléments polluants a montré les grandes capacités de fixation de ces matériaux. / Natural phosphorus sources are drastically decreasing, and it is necessary to find new phosphorus sources. Ashes obtained from calcination of bone meals are mainly hydroxyapatite: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Thus, they can be used as phosphorus-rich raw material. Several valorization ways were evaluated. Bone ashes can be used for the synthesis of a pure phosphoric acid without metallic elements, mainly cadmium and uranium. Hydroxyapatite properties suggest that bone meals ashes can be used for remediation of soils, sludge, effluents and groundwater. Experiments with different metallic elements (Cr, Pb, La...) showed the high sorption properties of this material.

Diatoms play a fundamental role in marine food webs, and significantly contribute to global primary production and carbon sequestration into the deep ocean. In many offshore areas of the open ocean, iron (Fe) input is low, and its availability often limits phytoplankton biomass. Recently, gene sequences encoding ferritin, a nearly ubiquitous iron storage and detoxifying protein, have been identified in pennate diatoms such as Pseudo-nitzschia, but not in other Stramenopiles (which include centric diatoms, brown algae and some protist plant parasites) or Cryptophyte relatives. Members of this genus readily bloom upon addition of iron to Fe-limited waters, and are known to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid. Until now, the reason for the success of pennate diatoms in the open ocean was uncertain; however, expressing ferritin would allow pennate species to store Fe after a transient input, using it to dominate Fe stimulated algal blooms. Here, the ferritin gene was cloned from the coastal pennate diatom Pseudonitzschia multiseries, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified using liquid chromatography. The ferritin protein sequence appears to encode a non-heme, ferritinlike di-iron carboxylate protein, while gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE indicate that this ferritin is part of the 24 subunit maxi-ferritins. Spectroscopically monitoring the addition of Fe(II) to a buffered ferritin solution shows that the P. multiseries protein demonstrates ferroxidase activity, binding iron and storing it as Fe(III) in excess of 600 equivalents per protein shell. In keeping with the typical stoichiometry of the ferroxidase reaction, oxygen (O₂) is consumed in a 2 Fe:O₂ratio while hydrogen peroxide is produced concurrently. iii Diatoms evolved from secondary endosymbiosis involving eukaryotic red algae; however, a broad phylogenetic comparison suggests that P. multiseries ferritin was likely acquired via lateral gene transfer from cyanobacteria – not from its ancestral endosymbionts. Until recently, no other ferritins have been identified in diatoms, and the protein characterized here is unique in that it seems to be derived from a prokaryotic organism yet it occurs in a marine eukaryote. These findings have direct implications for the success of pennate diatoms in both Fe rich coastal waters and upon Fe addition in the open ocean. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Oceans are powered by active, metabolically diverse microorganisms, which are important in regulating biogeochemical cycles on Earth. Most of the ocean surface is often limited by nutrients, influencing bacterial growth and activities. Bacterial adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions involves extensive reprogramming, and redirection of bacterial metabolism and physiology. In this thesis, I investigated the molecular mechanisms of bacterial adaptation strategies to sustain their growth and survival, focusing on the regulation of gene and protein expression in heterotrophic marine bacteria. Comparative proteomics analyses of the growth and non-growth conditions, uncovered central adaptations that marine bacteria employ to allow them to change their metabolism to support exponential growth in response to nutrients and to readjust to stationary phase under nutrient limitation. Our results highlight that during nutrient rich conditions three distinct bacteria lineages have great similarities in their proteome. On the other hand, we observed pronounced differences in behavior between taxa during stationary phase. Analyses of the proteorhodopsin containing bacterium Vibrio sp. AND4 during starvation showed that significantly improved survival in the light compared to darkness. Notably, proteins involved in promoting cell vitality and survival had higher relative abundance under light. In contrast, cells in the dark need to degrade their endogenous resources to support their basic cellular demands under starvation. Thus, light strongly influences how PR-containing bacteria organize their molecular composition in response to starvation. Study of alternative energy generation metabolisms in the Alphaproteobacteria Phaeobacter sp. MED193 showed that the addition of thiosulfate enhanced the bacterial growth yields. Concomitantly, inorganic sulfur oxidation gene expression increased with thiosulfate compared to controls. Moreover, thiosulfate stimulated protein synthesis and anaplerotic CO2 fixation. These findings imply that this bacterium could use their lithotrophic potential to gain additional energy from sulfur oxidation for both improving their growth and survival. This thesis concludes that analyses in model organisms under defined growth conditions gives invaluable knowledge about the regulatory networks and physiological strategies that ensure the growth and survival of heterotrophic bacteria. This is critically important for interpreting bacterial responses to dynamic environmental changes. Moreover, these analyses are crucial for understanding genetic and proteomic responses in microbial communities or uncultivated organisms in terms of defining ecological niches of planktonic bacteria

Orientador: Márcio de Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T07:46:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_ClariceMaiaSoaresdeAlcantara_M.pdf: 1620980 bytes, checksum: 1e0ec8457d9b0d64bf078cf763f07f37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a microestrutura e a composição química dos implantes dentários, placas e parafusos para osteossíntese removidos de pacientes em casos com indicação clínica. No trabalho 1, foram realizadas análises metalográfica, de gases e de espectrometria por energia dispersiva de raios-X de placas e parafusos de titânio utilizados para osteossíntese e removidos de 30 pacientes. Os prontuários destes pacientes foram avaliados para obtenção de dados referentes à idade, gênero, procedimento cirúrgico que havia motivado a inserção das placas e parafusos para osteossíntese, a razão clínica para remoção e o tempo de permanência destes dispositivos in situ. Quarenta e oito placas e 238 parafusos foram removidos no total. Infecção consistiu na principal causa para remoção destes dispositivos, correspondendo a 43.3% dos casos. O principal sítio do qual as placas e os parafusos foram removidos foi a mandíbula, equivalendo a 66.6% dos casos. Todas as placas e parafusos analisados estavam dentro das normas F67 e F136 da ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) de acordo com a análise metalográfica e a espectrometria por energia dispersiva de raios-X. Na análise de gases, cinco amostras apresentaram valores acima do regulamentado pela ASTM para os elementos Hidrogênio e/ou Oxigênio. A partir do estudo, pôde-se concluir que as propriedades físicas e químicas das amostras não estavam associadas à condição clínica que ocasionou a remoção destes dispositivos e que o tempo de permanência destes implantes in situ não determinou alterações em suas propriedades. No trabalho 2, foram realizadas análises metalográfica e de espectrometria por energia dispersiva de raios-X para avaliação de 38 implantes dentários de titânio removidos de 29 pacientes com indicação clínica. Os prontuários destes pacientes foram avaliados para obtenção de dados referentes à idade, gênero, razão clinica para remoção e tempo de permanência dos implantes. Falta de osseointegração sem sintomatologia ou sinais de infecção associados foi a principal causa para falha dos implantes, correspondendo a 55.1% dos casos. A maxila foi o sítio de falha dos implantes dentários em dezessete pacientes (58.6%) enquanto doze pacientes (41.4%) apresentaram falha de implantes instalados na mandíbula. Todos os implantes analisados eram constituídos de titânio comercialmente puro e apresentaram-se dentro da norma F67 da ASTM. A partir do estudo, pôde-se concluir que as propriedades físicas e químicas dos implantes dentários analisados não estavam associadas ao insucesso no tratamento e à falha destes dispositivos / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microstructure and chemical composition of dental implants, bone plates and screws removed from patients in cases of clinical indication. In the first study, metallographic, gas and energy dispersive X-ray analyses were performed to evaluate osteosynthesis plates and screws retrieved from 30 patients. The medical records of these patients were evaluated to obtain data regarding age, gender, surgical procedure that had motivated the insertion of osteosynthesis plates and screws, the reason for removal and the period of time of these devices in situ. Forty-eight plates and 238 screws were removed in total. Infection was the main reason for these devices removal, representing 43.3% of cases. Mandible was the main site for plates and screws removal, corresponding to 66.6% of cases. All plates and screws analyzed were within the specifications F67 and F136 of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) according metallographic and energy dispersive X-ray analyses. In gas analysis, five samples had hydrogen and/or oxygen values above the regulated by ASTM. From the study, it was concluded that the physical and chemical properties of the samples were not associated with the clinical condition that caused the removal of these devices, and retention time of these implants did not determine changes in their properties. In the second study, metallographic and energy dispersive X-ray analyses were performed for evaluation of 38 dental implants removed from 29 patients with clinical indication. Medical records of these patients were evaluated to obtain data regarding age, gender, reason for removal and period of time in situ. Lack of osseointegration without symptomatology or signs of infection was the main reason for dental implants failure, corresponding to 55.1% of cases. Maxilla was the site of implants failure in seventeen patients (58.6%) while twelve patients (41.4%) had failure of dental implants installed in mandible. All dental implants analyzed were manufactured of commercially pure titanium and were within the ASTM F67 specification. From the study, it was concluded that physical and chemical properties of dental implants analyzed were not associated with failure of these devices. / Mestrado / Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Faciais / Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

Orientador: Márcio de Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T09:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goulart_DouglasRangel_M.pdf: 2699898 bytes, checksum: e7d2281b73e4ff46b282bf86177c5b1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Apesar da evolução do tratamento das fraturas de ângulo mandibular, o conhecimento torna-se restrito quando se trata de fraturas com múltiplos traços ou perda de estrutura óssea, devido à falta de investigações específicas na área. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho é desenvolver e avaliar um novo design de placa de fixação interna para tratamento de fraturas complexas de ângulo mandibular por meio do método dos elementos finitos e teste de carregamento linear. Primeiramente foi gerado um modelo tridimensional da mandíbula fraturada no software Rhinocerus 4.0, seguida pela modelagem de placas e parafusos do sistema 2,0 mm. Os modelos foram exportados para o Ansys®, no qual foi aplicado deslocamento de 3 mm no rebordo alveolar na região que corresponde a fossa central do primeiro molar ipsilateral a fratura. Foram avaliados três grupos segundo o método de fixação interna: duas placas do sistema 2,0 mm; duas placas do sistema 2,0 mm locking; e uma placa com novo design do sistema 2,0 mm locking. O modelo computacional foi transferido para um modelo in vitro com mandíbulas de poliuretano, com os mesmos grupos de fixação e padrão de fratura mandibular. Cada grupo foi composto por cinco mandíbulas, cada amostra foi submetida ao teste de carregamento linear na máquina de ensaio universal Instron modelo 4411 até o deslocamento de 5 mm. Para o modelo computacional foi observada uma distribuição mais equilibrada de tensão no novo design de placa, além disso, a fixação com a nova placa apresentou uma tendência de manter os segmentos aproximados. Porém foi observada superioridade da força de reação do grupo com duas placas 2,0 mm locking (651,67 N). No ensaio mecânico o grupo com duas placas locking apresentou maior resistência ao deslocamento de 3 mm com diferenças estatisticamente significativa que o grupo da nova placa (one-way ANOVA; F = 4,92, p = ,013). Foi desenvolvido um modelo de placa para o tratamento de fratura de ângulo mandibular, que na análise de elementos finitos apresentou uma distribuição mais equilibrada das tensões, porém o grupo com duas placas locking apresentou maior resistência mecânica. A nova placa pode substituir duas placas convencionais sem prejuízo de resistência mecânica e com vantagens de apresentar a tendência de manter os segmentos fraturados aproximados quando submetidos a deslocamento / Abstract: Despite the developments concerning the treatment of mandibular angle fractures, knowledge becomes limited when it comes to multiple fractures lines or loss of bone due to the lack of specific investigation in this field. Thus, the aim of this work is developing and evaluating a new design of internal fixation plate for the treatment of the complex mandibular fractures by the finite element method and mechanical testing. A three dimensional model of the fractured mandible was generated in Rhinocerus 4.0 software, and also was performed the modeling of the 2.0 mm system plates. The models have been exported to ANSYS ®, in which it was performed a static application of a force to generate displacement of 3 mm in the first molar region ipsilateral to the fracture. Three groups were evaluated according to the method of internal fixation: two plates of the 2.0 mm non-locking system, two plates of 2.0 mm locking system, and a plate with new design 2.0mm locking system. The computational model was transferred to an in vitro experiment with polyurethane mandibles with the same fixation groups and fracture pattern. Each group with five mandibles was subjected to linear loading test in a universal testing machine Instron Model 4411 to the displacement of 5 mm. A more balanced distribution of stress in the new plate design was observed. In addition, the new plate modified the mechanical behavior of the fractured region with a tendency to keep the approximate segments. However, the superiority of the reaction force of the group with two 2.0mm locking plates was observed (651.67 N). In the mechanical test the group with two locking plates showed greater resistance to the 3 mm displacement with statistically significant difference than the new plate group ( one-way ANOVA , F = 4.92 , p = 013) / Mestrado / Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Faciais / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

A Transferência Horizontal de Genes (THG) é um dos principais mecanismos de evolução bacterianos, impactando a evolução de praticamente todas famílias gênicas. Neste trabalho identificamos e avaliamos padrões de possíveis transferências horizontais de genes pertencentes a duas classes funcionais de dois níveis taxonômicos distintos. Caracterizamos a ocorrência e evolução de 45 genes importantes para a fixação de N2 em 479 genomas de Proteobacteria. Identificamos cinco potenciais aquisições de genes ligados a fixação de N2 por linhagens de Proteobacteria, as quais foram identificadas consistentemente em 36 dos genes analisados. Realizamos predições de transferências horizontais dos 45 entre todos os 479 genomas de Proteobacteria e identificamos possíveis enriquecimentos de THG, provavelmente ligados à sinais filogenéticos e ecológicos. Desenvolvemos um pipeline para identificação semi-automática de efetores do Sistema Secretor do Tipo III em Aeromonas, o qual reportou 21 famílias de potenciais efetores presentes em 105 genomas. Entre os 21 efetores identificados 17 foram descritos pela 1º vez em Aeromonas, corroborando a sensibilidade de nosso pipeline. Com o auxílio de nossos colaboradores foram realizados testes de citotoxidade para efetores identificados in silico, e apenas quatro não inibiram o crescimento de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Por fim, desenvolvemos um método para agrupamento de famílias gênicas com histórias evolutivas similares que não requer a reconstrução de árvores filogenéticas, aumentando a eficiência computacional. Aplicamos o método desenvolvido para reconstrução da filogenia de Aeromonas, o qual mostrou-se compatível com dados presentes na literatura. / Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) is one of main mechanisms of bacterial evolution, affecting virtually all gene families. In this document we identified and assessed putative horizontal transfers of genes from two functional classes from two distinct taxonomic levels. We characterized the distribution and evolution of 45 genes important to N2 fixation among 479 Proteobacteria genomes. We identified five potential distinct acquisitions of such genes by Proteobacteria lineages. The distinct origins are consistently identified in 36 out of the 45 assessed genes. We computed possible horizontal transfers of the 45 genes among the 479 Proteobacteria genomes, and we identified enrichments of HGT, likely related to phylogenetic and ecological signals. We developed a semi-automated pipeline to identify effectors of the Type III Secretion System within Aeromonas, which reported 21 putative effector families distributed among 105 genomes. Among the 21 likely effectors 17 have been described in Aeromonas for the first time, highlighting the sensibility of our pipeline. Our colaborators performed cytotoxicity tests for the 21 likely effector families identified by in silico analysis, and only four did not inhibited Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth. Lastly, we developed a method to cluster gene families according to shared evolutionary history, without the requirement of phylogenetic tree reconstruction, increasing computational efficiency. We applied this proposed method during Aeromonas phylogenetic reconstruction, and it showed up compatible with data available on the literature.

Public-meaning originalists contend that judges properly interpret the Constitution only when they discover and apply its “original public meaning”—how the public understood the Constitution at the time it was adopted. Public-meaning originalism is premised on the “fixation thesis”—the meaning of any constitutional text is fixed when it is adopted. Concerns of the present, therefore, cannot affect constitutional meaning. Public meaning originalists acknowledge that the search for the fixed original meaning is not always successful, but it is always ontologically “there” to be found, even if epistemologically we sometimes fail to find it. The fixation thesis underwrites the powerful rhetoric of fidelity originalists deploy against nonoriginalists. Originalists insist that judges who interpret the Constitution using nonoriginalist approaches are “making up” constitutional meaning. But if original public meaning does not exist in the past as a fact which present interpreters can objectively retrieve, public-meaning originalists are equally guilty of “making it up.” The public-meaning enterprise thus rises or falls with its ontological claim that original public meaning is a fact in the past which anyone from the present can recover and apply without altering its objective character. Most public-meaning originalists have ignored the philosophical hermeneutic thesis that any investigation of the past is also shaped by the perspective of the interpreter in the present; the meaning of any text is mutually constituted by past and present. In this view, meaning does not exist in the past as a fact, but is created by the very interpretive effort to find it. Only two public-meaning originalists have defended the fixation thesis against this critique. Keith Whittington rejected it outright in his early work, while Lawrence Solum recently argued its compatibility with fixation. Both arguments fail. “Fixed constitutional meaning” and the other purported objectivities in which public-meaning originalists wrap their theory are no less touched by interpretive subjectivity than the theories new originalists attack. Like all human inquiries into proper action in particular situations, constitutional interpretation is necessarily affected by particularities of the judge, the issue before her, and their relation to constitutional history and contemporary constitutional imperatives. None of this is subject to adjudication by a priori rule or objective method, as public-meaning originalists imagine.No one is “faithfully” interpreting the Constitution in the way public-meaning originalists imagine. Everyone is doing the same interpretive thing, trying to connect the exigencies of the present with a document more than two centuries in force. The fixation thesis is false.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Pigeonpea (cajanus cajan [L] Millsp.) is a legume crop which is grown mainly in the Semi-Arid Tropical (SAT) regions and it is mostly cultivated for its edible seeds. It has been identified as a possible substitute crop which can be bought by all people and it can also provide an acceptable amount of nutrition and protein in particular as it is not an expensive source of protein when compared to animal protein. Its ability to tolerate drought and fix atmospheric nitrogen makes it suitable for marginal areas with low rainfall and poor fertility. However, it remains one of the underutilized crops due to limited research on the crop’s diversification and adaptation. Smallholder farmers in the Limpopo Province cultivate landraces pigeonpea varieties that are characterized by late maturity, low grain yield and are sensitive to photoperiod and this makes it difficult for the cultivars to flower early and produce reasonable yield. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the nitrogen fixation, yield and yield components of exotic elite pigeonpea genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the University of Limpopo Experimental farm (Syferkuil) in Mankweng during the 2017/18 growing seasons. The trial was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting of three replications. A total of 18 elite pigeonpea breeding lines obtained from ICRISAT in Kenya were planted at an inter-row and intra-row spacing of 1m and 0.5m respectively, in a row of 5m length with an alley way of 2m between the blocks. The standard management practices for pigeonpea were used for weed and insect control. The agronomic data collected included the number of days to first and 50% flowering, the number of days to 90% maturity, canopy width (m), plant height (m), peduncle length (m), number of primary branches, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), hundred seed weight (g), calcium content, sodium content, magnesium content, phosphorus content, potassium content, iron content, zinc content, proportion of legume N derived from the fixation of atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa), amount of nitrogen fixed and the grain yield (kg.ha-1 ). The generated data was subjected to an analysis of variance using the Statistix 10.0 software. The Least Significance Difference (LSD) was used to separate the means that showed significant differences at an alpha level of 0.05. The results revealed significant differences in nearly all the pigeonpea variables (pod length, number of seed per pod, nutrient elements and the number of primary branches). Across genotypes, the number of days to 50% flowering ranged from 95 to 130 days, while the number of days to 90% maturity ranged from 172 to 220 days, with variety ICEAP 01154-2 being the earliest to flower and mature. Tall plants were observed by variety ICEAP 01541 (2.01m) followed by ICEAP 00902 (1.99m) and ICEAP 00850 (1.90m). Breeding line ICEAP 00673-1 recorded long peduncles with a mean of 0.94m. The number of pods per plant had a range between 56 and 482, while the pod length varied from 2.03 to 8.82cm. Variety ICEAP 00673-1 exhibited the highest number of pods per plant and with longest pods. The 100 seed weight varied from 9.43 to 16.97g among the genotypes. The higher calcium amount was observed in verities ICEAP 00979-1 with an average of 556 mg/L and the highest iron content was observed in ICEAP 01172-2 (14 mg/L). The potassium content ranged between 24 mg/L to 110 mg/L, with the variety ICEAP 00540 having the highest and the variety ICEAP 00850 having the lowest content. The sodium content ranged from 15 to 85.1 mg/L, with the variety ICEAP 01154-2 being the highest and the variety ICEAP 01147-1 having the lowest sodium content. The highest magnesium content was observed in ICEAP 00673-1 (141 mg/L). The phosphorus content ranged from 24.5 to 3.77 mg/L and the highest zinc content was observed in ICEAP 01541 and in ICEAP 00979-1 that had an average of 2.36 and 2.26 mg/L, respectively. The amount of nitrogen fixed from all the varieties ranged from 73.547 to 154.254 kg.ha-1 . The grain yield among the genotypes ranged from 89.24 to 785.29 kg.ha-1 . The top yielding varieties were ICEAP 01159 and ICEAP 00557 with grain yields of 785.29 and 661.51 kg.ha-1 . ICEAP 01159 and ICEAP 00557 are the varieties that produced the highest grain yields and they are recommended for cultivation and breeding purposes. / NRF (National Research Foundation)

The main subject of diploma thesis is definition and description of different possibilities of financing the construction of family house, then processing and evaluation of variants offered by selected bank companies in the Czech Republic. In the theoretical part, there are basic knowledge about given issue, which are further applied in the practical part. The practical part deals with the comparison of various financing and selection of the most suitable ones according to selected criteria.

Zranenia hlavy si často vyžadujú lekársku starostlivosť, pri ktorej dochádza k stabilizácii alebo náhrade poškodeného tkaniva. Pre tento účel slúži kranioplastika, ktorá prinavracia pacientovi ochranný a kozmetický výsledok. Výber správneho materiálu kraniálneho implantátu je veľmi podstatný. Naviac potrebuje správny druh fixácie, ktorá ho udrží na mieste a predíde sa tak nedovolenému pohybu implantátu počas bežného života pacienta. Táto práca analyzuje deformačné a napäťové stavy dvoch druhov fixačných plátov prichytených na PMMA implantáte a ich mechanickej odozvy na rozličné záťažné podmienky spôsobené rôznymi stavmi kraniálnej hypertenzie a silou pôsobiacou na sústavu z exteriéru.