The environmental and monetary cost of energy has renewed interest in horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT). One problem with HAWT design is turbulent winds, which cause cyclic loading and reduced life. Controlling short-term aerodynamic fluctuations with blade pitching or mechanical flaps is limited by the speed of actuation. The objective was to investigate using jet-flap-like fluidic actuators on the 'suction surface' of an aerofoil for rapid aerodynamic control. A NACA 0025 aerofoil was constructed for wind-tunnel experiments. The low Reynolds number (Re) flow was measured non-intrusively with particle image velocimetry (PIV). The jet showed limited effect compared to published work. The sharp trailing edge and distance to the jet were determined to be critical factors. At Re≈100000 the 'suction surface' jet sheet is less useful for control than the conventional 'pressure surface' sheet. The experiment suggests usage near the blade root on truncated aerofoils.

The environmental and monetary cost of energy has renewed interest in horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT). One problem with HAWT design is turbulent winds, which cause cyclic loading and reduced life. Controlling short-term aerodynamic fluctuations with blade pitching or mechanical flaps is limited by the speed of actuation. The objective was to investigate using jet-flap-like fluidic actuators on the 'suction surface' of an aerofoil for rapid aerodynamic control. A NACA 0025 aerofoil was constructed for wind-tunnel experiments. The low Reynolds number (Re) flow was measured non-intrusively with particle image velocimetry (PIV). The jet showed limited effect compared to published work. The sharp trailing edge and distance to the jet were determined to be critical factors. At Re≈100000 the 'suction surface' jet sheet is less useful for control than the conventional 'pressure surface' sheet. The experiment suggests usage near the blade root on truncated aerofoils.

This thesis will describe the works had been done by the author in the Flying Crane aircraft group design project and the new design of a novel swing arm mechanism which can be applied in the trailing edge high lift devices for this aircraft concept. Flying Crane aircraft is a new generation commercial airliner concept as the result of group design project conducted by China Aviation Industry Corporation I (AVIC I) and Cranfield University. At the end of the group design project, parameters such as take-off and landing distance, trailing edge flap type and deflection in take-off and landing configuration of the Flying Crane concept have been determined. These parameters are design input of the novel trailing edge high lift device mechanism for this aircraft concept. The idea of this innovative mechanism comes from the research achievement of a previous MSc student, Thomas Baxter, which applied swing arm mechanism into a passenger aircraft's leading edge slat. This thesis applied this idea to trailing edge flap and modeled the mechanism on CATIA software to yield a kinematic simulation for the purpose of check motion trail and force transfer in this mechanism. Relevant works such as actuation, mass and stress analysis are also involved. As the result of this research project, it was found that swing arm mechanism trends to require relatively small fairings for supports and attachments due to its high stowed space utilizing efficiency. Initial mass estimation carried out in this thesis also indicates that the new design takes advantage in terms of weight comparing with traditional trailing edge flap mechanisms. Thus. swing arm mechanism is supposed to show great competitive potential for commercial airliner's trailing edge flaps after further analysis has been done in the detail design phase.

Velofarynxinsufficiens (VPI) innebär en otillräcklig förmåga att stänga passagen mellan mun- och näshåla. En ofullständig slutning får konsekvenser framför allt för talet, då luft passerar genom näsan även vid orala språkljud och leder till en avvikande talklang och artikulation. Dessa avvikelser kan vara mer eller mindre framträdande i talet och innebära allt ifrån en lätt förvrängning av talklangen till att talet blir oförståeligt för omgivningen, vilket får allvarliga konsekvenser för möjligheten att kommunicera verbalt.   VPI kan behandlas på flera sätt, dels protetiskt, dels med kirurgi. Deltagarna i denna studie har alla genomgått operation med uppåtbaserad farynxlambå, som är en väldokumenterad och effektiv metod för att behandla VPI. En vanligt förekommande biverkning till operationen är luftvägshinder, exempelvis nästäppa, snarkning och sömnapné.    Syftet med studien var att undersöka deltagarnas egen uppfattning om operationsresultatet gällande tal och biverkningar, med hjälp av en enkät för självskattning. 61 patienter opererade med uppåtbaserad svalglambå under perioden 2000-2011 vid Akademiska Sjukhuset i Uppsala deltog i studien. Deltagarna delades in i tre undergrupper utifrån etiologi: deltagare med spalt (n  =  35), deltagare med spalt och syndrom (n  =  13), samt deltagare utan spalt (n  =  13).   Resultat: 55 av 61 deltagare (90  %) ansåg att operationen förbättrade deras tal. 49 av 61 deltagare (80  %) skulle dessutom rekommendera operationen till någon annan med samma besvär. 42 av 61 deltagare (68,8  %) uppgav att de är nöjda med sitt tal. Kvarstående biverkningar som rapporterades var nästäppa, snarkning, dagtrötthet och muntorrhet. Deltagarna upplevde dock dessa biverkningar i liten grad. Ingen tydlig skillnad sågs mellan de olika patientgrupperna. / Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is the inability to completely close the velopharyngeal port. Velopharyngeal closure is an important part of speech. VPI leads to a leakage of air into the nasal cavity during speech, which can cause hypernasal resonance and misarticulations. The effect of VPI on speech differs depending on the nature of the insufficiency. It can affect speech intelligibility severely.   VPI can be treated prosthetically or surgically. The patients in this study have all undergone pharyngeal flap surgery; a well established surgical method with documented effect in correcting VPI and reducing hypernasality in speech. Pharyngeal flap surgery can have negative consequences, such as airway obstruction, sleep apnea and snoring.   The aim of this study was to investigate the patients experiences of speech, complications and side-effects after pharyngeal flap surgery, through self-reports. 61 patients who underwent superior pharyngeal flap surgery during the period 2000 to 2011 at Uppsala University Hospital participated in the study. They were divided into three sub-groups: patients with cleft (n  =  35), patients with cleft and syndrome (n  =  13), patients without cleft (n  =  13).   Result: 55 of 61 participants (90 %) were of the opinion that the pharyngeal flap surgery had improved their speech. 49 of 61 participants (80 %) said they would recommend someone else with the same problem to undergo the operation. 42 of 61 participants (68,8 %) were content with their speech. Reported residual side effects, though experienced in low degree, were nasal congestion, snoring, weariness during daytime and dry mouth. No evident difference was seen between the sub-groups.

No description available.

Alleviating loads on a wind turbine blades would allow a reduction in weight, and potentially increase the size and lifespan of rotors. Trailing edge flaps are one technology proposed for changing the aerodynamic characteristics of a blade in order to limit the transformation of freestream wind fluctuations into load fluctuations within the blade structure. An instrumented wind turbine test rig and rotor were developed to enable a wide-range of experimental set-ups for such investigations. The capability of the developed system was demonstrated through a study of the effect of stationary trailing edge flaps on blade load and performance. The investigation focused on measuring the changes in flapwise bending moment and power production for various trailing edge flap parameters. The blade was designed to allow accurate instrumentation and customizable settings, with a design point within the range of wind velocities in a large open jet test facility. The wind facility was an open circuit wind tunnel with a maximum velocity of 11m/s in the test area. The load changes within the blade structure for different wind speeds were measured using strain gauges as a function of flap length, location and deflection angle. The blade was based on the S833 airfoil and is 1.7 meters long, had a constant 178mm chord and a 6o pitch. The aerodynamic parts were 3D printed using plastic PC-ABS material. The total loading on the blade showed higher reduction when the flap was placed further away from the hub and when the flap angle (pitching towards suction side) was higher. The relationship between the load reduction and deflection angle was roughly linear as expected from theory. The effect on moment was greater than power production with a reduction in moment up to 30% for the maximum deflection angle compared to 6.5% reduction in power for the same angle. Overall, the experimental setup proved to be effective in measuring small changes in flapwise bending moment within the wind turbine blade.

This thesis presents an assessment of a modular flap-type wave energy converter. Comparisons are made to an equivalent width rigid device. All quoted relative difference results here use the rigid device as the reference point. The variables that are evaluated are the power capture and surge and yaw foundation loads. The power capture is evaluated at both module and device level, while the foundation loads are assessed just at the device level. The investigation is carried out through testing of a 30th scale physical model in a wave tank. A key output from the work is the development of the physical model. The model consists of six flap modules, mounted on a common base structure. Each module contains a highly controllable and compact power take off system. The devices are tested in a range of conditions, primarily consisting of regular waves of different period and direction. The damping strategy employed is the simplest approach available, setting the achievable damping level on each module to be the same. For the modular device in head-on regular waves, the results show that the power capture increases significantly moving from the outer to the central modules. On average, the central pair of modules produce 68 % of the total mean power, the inner modules 25 % and the outer modules only 7 %. Between the devices, it is shown that the power captures in head-on waves are similar, with a mean relative difference of -3 %, with +/-5 % uncertainty. Thus, no statistically significant change in power capture is shown. In off-angle waves, the mean relative difference is –1 %, with +/-4 % uncertainty. However, for the highest wave direction that was tested in, 27.5 degrees, the modular device outperforms the rigid flap, by 10 %, with uncertainty of +/-1 %. The surge foundation loads are shown to be very similar for the two devices - in head-on waves, the mean relative difference is +2 %. Depending on the level of applied damping, however, significant differences in the yaw foundation loads are shown. Using damping where the power capture is maximised, the yaw loads increase by a mean of 10 %; using damping where the power to load ratio is instead maximised, the modular yaw loads are 26 % lower. Finally, the economics of the power production is estimated through division of the power capture with a cost metric, the foundation loads. While this does not provide a full techno-economic assessment, it effectively captures the interdependency of the power capture and foundation loads for the devices. The mean relative differences in the power per load ratios of the devices are found to be similar across the wave conditions. In the head-on waves, the differences are between –8 and –0.4 %, depending on damping strategy; in the off-angle waves, the differences are between –6 and +10 %. For both sets of wave conditions, the modular flap performs better when the damping is set to maximise the ratio of power capture to foundation loads. The work concludes that the modular and rigid devices produce power and experience foundation loads at similar levels in head-on waves. Given the high power capture efficiency, nearshore location, simple mode of operation and high survivability of the flap-type WEC, this suggests that the modular device is a viable stand-alone concept. The work also finds that in off-angle waves, some benefits can be achieved with an appropriately damped modular system, notably in improved power capture and reduced yaw foundation loads. These could reduce the sensitivity that flap-type devices have in off-angle waves and allow expansion of the width and hence capacity of machines. Further work should extend the wave conditions tested in, by using more irregular and directional waves, and investigate more damping strategies and geometries. Economic assessment should also be carried out.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da radiação X, em baixas doses, nos processos de perda e reparação óssea alveolar em camundongos submetidos à cirurgia de retalho mucoperiostal. O processo de perda óssea alveolar é um fenômeno comum em todos os indivíduos, entretanto, sabe-se que o descolamento da mucosa nesta região estimula tal fenômeno. Sabendo dos efeitos biológicos da radiação X sobre os tecidos, procurou-se analisar a possível interferência de ação da mesma como agente adicional a este processo. Foram utilizados 72 camundongos CF 1 Mus Domesticus divididos em grupo teste (expostos à quatro doses semanais de 0,002C/Kg de radiação) e controle (não expostos à radiação). Os resultados mostraram, segundo análises estatísticas, utilizando o teste Kruskal Wallis e teste U de Mann- Whitney, que não houve diferença significativa, considerando p= 0,05, em relação a perda e reparação óssea alveolar entre o grupo teste e controle. Pôde-se concluir que dose de radiação compatível com exames de investigação por imagem, por um período de quatro semanas, não altera os padrões de reabsorção e reparação óssea alveolar em camundongos submetidos à cirurgia de retalho mucoperiostal. / This research aims to study the effects of x-radiation, in low doses, to the alveolar bone loss and repair processes in mice submitted to chirurgical mucoperistal flap. Alveolar bone loss is common to all individuals, but it is known that the displacement of the mucosa stimulates the phenomenon. In order to analyze x-radiation as an additional agent to this process of loss and repair, 72 CF 1 Mus Domesticus mice were divided into experimental group (exposed to radiation) and test group (not exposed to radiation) at a dose of 0,002C/Kg. The results showed no significant difference in alveolar bone loss and repair comparing the experimental and the test groups, considering p = 0,05. It is possible to conclude, therefore, that low doses of radiation during a period of four weeks does not alter the patterns of alveolar bone loss and repair in mice submitted to chirurgical mucoperistal flap.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da radiação X, em baixas doses, nos processos de perda e reparação óssea alveolar em camundongos submetidos à cirurgia de retalho mucoperiostal. O processo de perda óssea alveolar é um fenômeno comum em todos os indivíduos, entretanto, sabe-se que o descolamento da mucosa nesta região estimula tal fenômeno. Sabendo dos efeitos biológicos da radiação X sobre os tecidos, procurou-se analisar a possível interferência de ação da mesma como agente adicional a este processo. Foram utilizados 72 camundongos CF 1 Mus Domesticus divididos em grupo teste (expostos à quatro doses semanais de 0,002C/Kg de radiação) e controle (não expostos à radiação). Os resultados mostraram, segundo análises estatísticas, utilizando o teste Kruskal Wallis e teste U de Mann- Whitney, que não houve diferença significativa, considerando p= 0,05, em relação a perda e reparação óssea alveolar entre o grupo teste e controle. Pôde-se concluir que dose de radiação compatível com exames de investigação por imagem, por um período de quatro semanas, não altera os padrões de reabsorção e reparação óssea alveolar em camundongos submetidos à cirurgia de retalho mucoperiostal. / This research aims to study the effects of x-radiation, in low doses, to the alveolar bone loss and repair processes in mice submitted to chirurgical mucoperistal flap. Alveolar bone loss is common to all individuals, but it is known that the displacement of the mucosa stimulates the phenomenon. In order to analyze x-radiation as an additional agent to this process of loss and repair, 72 CF 1 Mus Domesticus mice were divided into experimental group (exposed to radiation) and test group (not exposed to radiation) at a dose of 0,002C/Kg. The results showed no significant difference in alveolar bone loss and repair comparing the experimental and the test groups, considering p = 0,05. It is possible to conclude, therefore, that low doses of radiation during a period of four weeks does not alter the patterns of alveolar bone loss and repair in mice submitted to chirurgical mucoperistal flap.

O retalho miocutâneo transverso do abdome (TRAM) é um dos principais métodos utilizados na reconstrução mamária, sendo que este tipo de cirurgia apresenta grande incidência de necrose. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficácia do campo magnético estático (CME) e do ultrassom pulsado de baixa intensidade (UPBI) na viabilidade do retalho TRAM em ratos. Para tanto, quarenta e oito ratos machos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos homogêneos: G1 (Controle) - sem exposição ao campo magnético e ultrassom, G2- expostos ao campo magnético sul, G3 - expostos ao campo magnético Norte e G4 - estimulados com ultrassom pulsado de baixa intensidade. O campo magnético de um ímã consistirá de ferrite de bário (BaFe12O19). A viabilidade do retalho será avaliada pela porcentagem de área de necrose, eserá analisada por meio do software de processamento e análise de imagens Area®. A avaliação da circulação periférica do retalho foi obtida por meio de termografia infravermelha FLIR T450 (FLIR Systems - OregonUSA) antes, e durante três dias intervenções terapêuticas. Também foram avaliadas a quantidade de mastócitos e espessura de epiderme. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, sendo verificada distribuição normal. A porcentagem de área de necrose, espessura da epiderme e quantificação de mastócitos, foram avaliados pelo teste ANOVA one-way e pós-hoc de Tukey (p<0.05). A análise da temperatura cutânea obtida por termografia infravermelha foi avaliada pelo teste two-way de medidas repetidas seguido do teste de Bonferroni. O processamento dos dados foi efetuado pelo software SPSS (Chicago, IL, USA), versão 13.0, sendo fixado o nível crítico de 5% (p<0,05). Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na porcentagem de área de necrose, na temperatura do retalho, bem como na quantidade de mastócitos. Pode-se concluir que as intervenções terapêuticas propostas podem interferir na viabilidade do retalho TRAM / The retail myocutaneos transverse abdominal (TRAM) is one of the main methods used in breast reconstruction is that this type of plastic surgery shows a higher incidence of necrosis. The objective of the static magnetic field (SMF) the TRAM flap in rats. Forty-eight male rats will be divided into three equal groups; G1 (control), without exposure to the magnetic field, G2- exposed to the magnetic field South and 3- exposed to the magnetic field north and group G4 - Stimulated with low intensity pulsed ultrasound. The magnetic field of a magneto f barium ferrite (BaFe12O19). The viability of the flap will be evaluated by the percentage of area of necrosis Esera analyzed by means of software processing and analyzing images Area®. The assessment of retail peripheral circulation was obtained by infrared thermography FLIR T450 (FLIR - OregonUSA) before and three days therapeutic interventions. They evaluated the amount of mast cells and epidermal thickness. Data normality was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test, and verified normal distribution. The percentage of necrotic area, epidermal thickness and quantification of mast cells were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey (p <0.05). Analysis of the skin temperature obtained by infrared thermography test was evaluated by two-way repeated measures followed by Bonferroni test. Data processing was performed using SPSS software (Chicago, IL, USA), version 13.0, and set the critical level of 5% (p <0.05). There was a significant difference between the groups in the percentage of necrotic area in retail temperature and the amount of mast cells. In conclusion the therapeutic interventions proposed may interfere with the viability of the TRAM flap