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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Ekologie fytobentosu tůní vznikajících v průběhu jarní záplavy v úseku horní Lužnice / Ecology of phytobenthos in pools arising during the spring flood in the upper part of the river Lužnice

VESELÝ, Lukáš January 2013 (has links)
A system of pools arises in the upper part of the Lužnice river during the spring flood. This study describes inter-annual development of phytobenthos in the floodplain system of the Lužnice River, including temporary/permanent pools during spring flood.
132

Ictiofauna de lagoas marginais sazonalmente isoladas, rio Turvo, bacia do rio Grande, Alto Paraná, SP /

Araujo, Renato Braz de. January 2008 (has links)
Orientador: Francisco Langeani Neto / Banca: Oscar Akio Shibatta / Banca: Lilian Casatti / Banca: Antonio Fernando Monteiro Camargo / Banca: Luiz Henrique Florindo / Resumo: Na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, lagoas marginais são viveiros naturais de espécies comercialmente importantes e habitat preferencial de peixes sedentários e de pequeno porte. No presente estudo, foram investigadas a composição e a abundância de comunidades de peixes em lagoas marginais (temporárias e permanentes) sazonalmente isoladas do rio Turvo, incluindo alterações qualitativas e quantitativas nas estações seca e chuvosa e sua relação com fatores ambientais. O material foi coletado em ambas as estações em seis lagoas marginais. As comunidades de peixes foram analisadas por meio de riqueza de espécies, diversidade e equitabilidade, similaridade qualitativa e quantitativa, e associações ecológicas entre amostras, espécies e variáveis ambientais. Foi registrado um total de 7.456 exemplares, distribuídos em 52 espécies, 40 gêneros, 19 famílias, e cinco ordens. As espécies mais abundantes foram Astyanax altiparanae, Serrapinnus heterodon, Liposarcus anisitsi, Hyphessobrycon eques, and Moenkahausia intermedia. A análise de agrupamento mostrou baixa similaridade entre as lagoas, sugerindo heterogeneidade desses ambientes. A composição e abundância das comunidades de peixes nas lagoas estudadas mostraram acentuada sazonalidade, sendo maiores os valores de riqueza e abundância obtidos na estação chuvosa. A análise de correspondência canônica revelou que temperatura da água, alcalinidade e abundância de anfíbios foram significativamente associadas à estrutura da ictiofauna. / Abstract: In the Upper Paraná River floodplain, marginal lagoons are natural nurseries of commercially important fish species and preferential habitat of sedentary and small-sized fish species. The composition and abundance of fish communities in seasonally isolated lagoons (temporary and permanent) of the rio Turvo, qualitative and quantitative changes in the dry and rainy seasons, as well as relationship with environmental factors, were investigated. The material was sampled in both seasons in six marginal lagoons. The ichthyofauna was studied through species richness, diversity, evenness, qualitative and quantitative similarities, and ecological associations between the samples and species along an environmental gradient. A total of 7,457 specimens, distributed among 52 species, 40 genera, 19 families, and five orders, were recorded. The most abundant species were Astyanax altiparanae, Serrapinnus heterodon, Liposarcus anisitsi, Hyphessobrycon eques, and Moenkahausia intermedia. Cluster analysis showed a low similarity among lagoons suggesting heterogeneity of these environments. The composition and abundance of fish communities in the studied marginal lagoons showed a remarkable seasonality, with highest values of species richness and abundance obtained in the rainy season. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the water temperature, alkalinity, and amphibian abundance were significantly associated with the ichthyofauna structure. / Doutor
133

Dinâmica espaço-temporal das inundações do pantanal / Spatio-Temporal Flood Dynamics of the Pantanal

Carlos Roberto Padovani 17 December 2010 (has links)
A variabilidade espaçotemporal das inundações determinam os processos ecológicos e influenciam as atividades humanas no Pantanal. O entendimento da dinâmica das inundações é a chave para melhores práticas de gerenciamento e reação no caso de eventos extremos. Nesse estudo, métodos de quantificação de água e extração de sazonalidade foram aplicados numa série temporal de dez anos (2000 a 2009) das imagens MODIS13Q1 para a modelagem contínua das inundações. Foram determinadas 25 sub-regiões, totalizando 150.502 km2, baseado no regime das inundações e na geomorfologia. A área inundada variou de 5.539 km2 até 52.894 km2, com média de 18.329 km2, refletindo um período seco comparado às décadas anteriores. A maior parte do Pantanal (86.841 km2) inundou pelo menos uma vez no período, mas uma área relativamente grande permaneceu não inundada ou inundou por um período curto de tempo. Áreas não inundadas ou inundadas por curtos períodos de tempo ficaram espalhadas por todo o Pantanal, enquanto que áreas que inundam por longos períodos de tempo ou permanentemente inundadas se concentraram apenas em alguns locais. Quatro estágios principais de inundação foram determinados e os principais fluxos e armazenagem de água foram mapeados embora tenha ocorrido uma alta variabilidade interanual. Apesar das limitações de escala e problemas de sobreposição dos mapas, foi obtida uma boa concordância entre o mapa de frequência de inundação e os mapas de vegetação e solos. Modelos estatísticos logísticos não lineares foram determinados para as relações entre os principais compartimentos hidrológicos e foi possível estimar cenários passados de inundação baseado na relação entre a área inundada total do Pantanal e o nível do rio Paraguai. Relações de similaridade e de fluxos de água foram determinados entre os sub-compartimentos, caracterizando o comportamento espacial e temporal da água. Baseado nos dados e informações gerados foi proposto um sistema de alerta de inundações e secas para o Pantanal (SISMONPAN). / The flood variability in space and time determine the ecological process and influences human activities in the Pantanal wetland. The understanding of the flood dynamics is the key for better management practices and reaction in case of extreme events. In this study, methods for water quantification and seasonality extraction were applied to a ten years time series (2000 to 2009) of MODIS13Q1 images for continuous modeling of floods. Based in flood regime and geomorphology an area of 150.502 Km2 distributed in 25 sub-regions was determined for the Pantanal. The flooded area varied from 5.539 km2 to 52.894 km2, averaging 18.329km2, reflecting a dry period compared with the previous decades. Most of the Pantanal (86.841 km2) flooded at least once in the period, but a relative big area keeps no flooded or flooded in a short period. No flooded or short time flooded areas was spread over all the Pantanal, while long time to permanent flooded areas were concentrated in just some spots. Four main stages of floods were determined and the main water fluxes and water storage areas were mapped, although a high inter annual variability has been occurred. Despite the limitations of scale and map matching, a good agreement between flood frequency map with vegetation and soils maps was obtained. Nonlinear Logistic statistical models were determined for the relationships between the main hydrological compartments. It was possible to estimate past flood scenarios based in the relationship between total flooded area and Paraguay River stage. Similarity and water fluxes relationships were determined between the sub-compartments, characterizing the spatial and temporal water behavior. Based on the data and information generated, an alert system for dry and flood events (SISMONPAN) was proposed for the Pantanal.
134

Caracterização de gleissolos com e sem tiomorfismo da região litorânea do estado de Pernambuco

LEMOS, Janyelle de Oliveira 17 June 2013 (has links)
Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-02T11:57:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Janyelle de Oliveira Lemos.pdf: 3894911 bytes, checksum: 9f9b7d66408b0015fd2de9373d685881 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T11:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janyelle de Oliveira Lemos.pdf: 3894911 bytes, checksum: 9f9b7d66408b0015fd2de9373d685881 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-17 / The floodplain soils of Pernambuco state - Brazil have been widely used to agriculture and their improperly management has promoted, in those with sulphidric materials, the sulfurization process, generating acidity in the soil, and release of heavy metals such iron. The aim of this study was to characterize Gleysol in areas of coastal wetlands along the shoreline of Pernambuco state cultivated with sugar cane, trying to understand genesis and occurrence of acid sulphate soils. Thus, we studied three floodplain soils along the shoreline of Pernambuco: floodplain soil in Goiana river (profile 1), floodplain soils in Sirinhaém river (profiles 2, 3 and 4) and floodplain soils in Ipojuca river (profiles 5, 6 and 7). Were realized a morphological characterization of soils, chemical analyzes for the purpose of soil classification, sequential extraction and total content of iron, and mineralogical analysis using XRD. Was observed predominance of the clay fraction in all profiles, which is consistent with the depositional environment in waters with low kinetic energy. The profiles 2, 3 and 4 showed extremely acidic reaction, with pH values below 2.5, indicating the presence of sulfuric horizon. The presence of sulphidric materials in the profiles 2, 3 and 4, confirmed the presence of sulfuric horizon. The sulfuric horizons in the profiles 2, 3 and 4 had high EC values between 9 and 21 dS m-1, being consistent with the high concentrations of sulphate generated by sulfurization process. The higher levels of iron were found associated with forms of poorly crystalline oxyhydroxides, values between 0.03 and 1.56 mmol kg-1. The assembly mineralogical soil had become very influenced by the geology of the basin of the rivers that bathe the floodplains. In the clay fraction were identified illite, kaolinite, goethite and smectite (beidellite/montmorillonite and nontronite), the silt fraction were: Illite, kaolinite, quartz and feldspar, in the sand fraction were: quartz, feldspar, mica and kaolinite. The floodplain soils showed morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical related to the origin of the sediments and their position in the landscape. The occurrence of acid sulphate soils was detected only in the floodplain of Sirinhaem river. / Os solos de várzeas do litoral Pernambucano têm sido bastante utilizados na agricultura e o seu manejo inadequado tem promovido, naqueles que apresentam materiais sulfídricos, o processo de sulfurização, gerando acidez no solo, além de liberação de metais a exemplo do ferro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar Gleissolos em áreas de várzeas litorâneas ao longo do litoral Pernambucano cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar, buscando compreender sua gênese e a ocorrência de solos Tiomórficos. Para tanto, foram avaliados solos de três várzeas ao longo do litoral Pernambucano: várzea do rio Goiana (perfil 1), várzea do rio Sirinhaém (perfis 2, 3 e 4) e várzea do rio Ipojuca (perfis 5, 6 e 7). Foi realizada a caracterização morfológica dos solos, análises químicas para fins de classificação do solo, extração sequencial e total do ferro, além de análise mineralógica utilizando DRX. Observou-se predominância da fração argila em todos os perfis, que condiz com o ambiente de deposição em águas com baixa energia cinética. Os perfis 2, 3 e 4 apresentaram reação extremamente ácida, chegando a atingir valores de pH inferiores a 2,5, evidenciando a presença de horizonte sulfúrico. A presença de materiais sulfídricos nos perfis 2, 3 e 4, confirmou a existência de horizonte sulfúrico. Os horizontes sulfúricos dos perfis 2, 3 e 4 apresentaram alta C.E., com valores variando entre 9 e 21 dS m-1, estando condizente com as altas concentrações de sulfato gerado pelo processo de sulfurização. Os maiores teores de ferro foram encontrados associados às formas de oxihidróxidos de baixa cristalinidade, apresentando valores entre 0,03 e 1,56 mmol kg-1. A assembléia mineralógica dos solos apresentou-se bastante influenciada pela geologia da bacia dos rios que banham as várzeas. Na fração argila os minerais identificados foram: ilita, caulinita, goethita e esmectita (beidelita/nontronita e montmorilonita); na fração silte foram: Ilita, caulinita, quartzo e feldspato; na fração areia foram: quartzo, feldspato, mica e caulinita. Os solos de várzeas apresentaram propriedades morfológicas, física, químicas e mineralógicas relacionadas à origem dos sedimentos e sua posição na paisagem. A ocorrência de Gleissolos Tiomórficos foi constatada somente na várzea do rio Sirinhaém.
135

Controle de plantas daninhas com herbicidas e efeitos da seletividade destes sobre o crescimento e produtividade de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.)

Nina, Nailson Celson da Silva 30 November 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:22:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nailson Celso da Silva Nina.pdf: 5600843 bytes, checksum: 5459f57104da8b38dffe13d3897eb2a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Three experiments were installed to evaluate the weed control with herbicides and the effects of these on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). The first experiment was installed in the floodplain area that evaluated the weed control with eights herbicides: bentazon (720 g ha-1), clethodim (108 g ha-1), fluazifop-p-butyl (250 g ha-1), fomesafen (250 g ha-1), linuron (1490 g ha- 1), oxyfluorfen (960 g ha-1), s-metolachlor (1200 g ha-1) and sulfentrazone (600 g ha-1). The second and third experiments were installed in upland and had the objective of evaluating the efficacy and selectivity of herbicides: bentazon (0, 180, 360, 720, 1440 and 2880 g ha-1), fomesafen (0, 62, 5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 g ha-1), fluazifop-p-butyl (0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 g ha-1) and clethodim (0, 27, 54, 108, 216 and 432 g ha-1) in cowpea crop and evaluated the effect of herbicides: bentazon (0, 180, 360, 720, 1440 and 2880 g ha-1), fomesafen (0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 g ha-1) and clethodim (0, 27, 54, 108, 216 and 432 g ha-1) on the growth of the culture. In the floodplain area the herbicides bentazon, clethodim, fluazifop-p-butyl, linuron, oxyfluorfen and sulfentrazone reduced more than 50% of the weeds. The cowpea tolerate the herbicides s-metolachlor, bentazon, fluazifop-p-butyl, clethodim, sulfentrazone and fomesafen. However, it was not tolerant to linuron and oxyfluorfen. The highest yields were obtained with bentazon, s-metolachlor and sulfentrazone. In the second experiment the herbicides bentazon and fomesafen reduced more than 50% of the dry matter of weeds. The fluazifop-p-butyl and clethodim were not effective in controlling weeds. The cowpea was tolerant to herbicides bentazon, fluazifop-p-butyl and clethodim and was susceptible to fomesafen. The best yields were obtained with the rates 360; 62.5; 125 and 108 g ha-1 of fomesafen, bentazon, fluazifop-p-butyl and clethodim, respectively. In evaluating the growth characteristics of cowpea, the herbicides bentazon (1440 g ha-1) and clethodim (432 g ha-1) were responsible for the lower production of leaf area, dry matter of aerial parts and leaf area index. The relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio of cowpea treated with bentazon and clethodim had maximum growth at 7. The fomesafen caused the reduction in leaf area, dry matter of aerial parts and leaf area index of plants. / Foram instalados três experimentos com o objetivo avaliar o controle de plantas daninhas com herbicidas e a seletividade destes sobre o crescimento e a produtividade de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). O primeiro experimento foi instalado em uma área de várzea onde foi avaliado o controle de plantas daninhas com oitos herbicidas: bentazon (720 g ha-1), clethodim (108 g ha-1), fluazifop-p-butyl (250 g ha-1), fomesafen (250 g ha-1), linuron (1490 g ha-1), oxyfluorfen (960 g ha-1), s-metolachlor (1200 g ha-1) e sulfentrazone (600 g ha-1). O segundo e o terceiro experimento foram instalados em terrafirme e tiveram por objetivos de avaliar a seletividade e eficácia dos herbicidas: bentazon (0, 180, 360, 720, 1440 e 2880 g ha-1), fomesafen (0, 62,5, 125, 250, 500 e 1000 g ha-1), fluazifop-p-butyl (0, 62,5, 125, 250, 500 e 1000 g ha-1) e clethodim (0, 27, 54, 108, 216 e 432 g ha-1) na lavoura de feijão-caupi e avaliar o efeito dos herbicidas: bentazon (0, 180, 360, 720, 1440 e 2880 g ha-1), fomesafen (0, 62,5, 125, 250, 500 e 1000 g ha-1) e clethodim (0, 27, 54, 108, 216 e 432 g ha-1) sobre o crescimento da cultura. No experimento em várzea os herbicidas bentazon, clethodim, fluazifop-p-butyl, linuron, oxyfluorfen e sulfentrazone reduziram mais de 50% da matéria seca das plantas daninhas. O feijão-caupi tolerou os herbicidas s-metolachlor, bentazon, fluazifop-p-butyl, clethodim, sulfentrazone e fomesafen. Entretanto, não tolerou o linuron e o oxyfluorfen. As maiores produtividades foram obtidas com os tratamentos com bentazon, s-metolachlor e sulfentrazone. No segundo experimento os herbicidas bentazon e fomesafen reduziram mais de 50% da matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas daninhas. O fluazifop-p-butyl e clethodim não foram eficazes no controle das plantas daninhas. O feijão-caupi foi tolerante aos herbicidas bentazon, fluazifop-p-butyl e clethodim e foi suscetível ao fomesafen. As melhores produtividades foram obtidas com as doses 360; 62,5; 125 e 108 g ha-1 de fomesafen, bentazon, fluazifop-p-butyl e clethodim, respectivamente. Na avaliação das características de crescimento do feijãocaupi os herbicidas bentazon (1440 g ha-1) e clethodim (432 g ha-1) foram responsáveis pela menor produção de área foliar, da matéria seca da parte aérea e do índice de área foliar. A taxa de crescimento relativo, a taxa assimilatória líquida e a razão de área foliar do feijão-caupi tratadas com bentazon e clethodim tiveram máximo crescimento aos 7 DAA e reduziram ao longo do ciclo da cultura. O fomesafen causou a redução da área foliar, da matéria seca da parte aérea e do índice de área foliar das plantas.
136

Resiliência e adaptabilidade dos sistemas socioecológicos ribeirinhos frente a eventos climáticos extremos na Amazônia Central

Nascimento, Ana Cristina Lima do, 92 991970541 13 July 2017 (has links)
Submitted by karolyne souza (karolm340@gmail.com) on 2018-04-23T15:51:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ana Nascimento_Correções_07_02_18.pdf: 3130498 bytes, checksum: 38f13626d3c63363a06b5f30472e61a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-04-26T12:32:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ana Nascimento_Correções_07_02_18.pdf: 3130498 bytes, checksum: 38f13626d3c63363a06b5f30472e61a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-04-26T12:36:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ana Nascimento_Correções_07_02_18.pdf: 3130498 bytes, checksum: 38f13626d3c63363a06b5f30472e61a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T12:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ana Nascimento_Correções_07_02_18.pdf: 3130498 bytes, checksum: 38f13626d3c63363a06b5f30472e61a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-13 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Recent studies point to large variations in river levels, which are making riverine communities more vulnerable due to extreme hydrological frequency and intensity. In this work, an attempt was made to evaluate the resilience and adaptability of the riverine socioecological systems, in response to these events (extremes of high and low levels), based on the perception of the inhabitants of the Terra Nova district, located in the municipality of Careiro da Várzea, in Amazonas. The way nature manifests itself as a result of these events has helped the residents of this district to realize the changes taking place in the dynamics of the floodplain landscape, such as the death of fruit trees and the change in the use and occupation of this space. Such changes in the environment have compromised the social and economic activities of these communities in terms of educational infrastructure, mobility, activities in agriculture, fishing and livestock, as well as modification in housing structures. Thus, this study brings the discussion about the understanding of the capacity of resilience that is closely linked to the adaptive strategies developed by these residents and their abilities in coping with atypical hydrological dynamics, which has led to the transformability of their ways of life and housing in floodplain of Careiro. / Estudos recentes apontam para as grandes variações dos níveis dos rios, que estão deixando as comunidades ribeirinhas mais vulneráveis devido à frequência e intensidade hidrológicas extremas. Neste trabalho procurou-se fazer uma avaliação acerca da resiliência e adaptabilidade dos sistemas socioecológicos ribeirinhos, frente à esses eventos (cheias e vazantes extremas), a partir da percepção dos moradores do distrito da Terra Nova, localizado no município de Careiro da Várzea no Amazonas. A forma como a natureza se manifesta em decorrência desses eventos tem ajudado os moradores deste distrito a perceberem as alterações que estão acontecendo na dinâmica da paisagem varzeana, como a mortandade de árvores frutíferas e a mudança do uso e ocupação desse espaço. Tais mudanças no ambiente vêm comprometendo as atividades sociais e econômicas dessas comunidades, no que tange à infraestrutura educacional, mobilidade, atividades na agricultura, pesca e pecuária, além de comprometer as estruturas e até modificações nas moradias. Dessa forma, esse estudo traz a discussão sobre o entendimento da capacidade de resiliência que está intimamente ligada às estratégias adaptativas desenvolvidas por esses moradores e suas habilidades no enfrentamento das dinâmicas hidrológicas atípicas, que tem levado à transformabilidade de seus modos de viver e de morar na várzea do Careiro.
137

Formas de relevo e os materiais de superfície no pantanal de Poconé - MT / Landforms and superficial deposits in the Pantanal (wetland) of Poconé, Mato Grosso State - Brazil

Gizelle Prado da Silva Fonseca 03 November 2015 (has links)
O aumento dos problemas ambientais e das transformações globais tem gerado preocupações, principalmente com áreas mais vulneráveis, como o Pantanal. Região onde os reflexos poderiam ser sentidos com maior intensidade, por se tratar de uma das maiores extensões de terras inundáveis do mundo, e provavelmente mais suscetível às mudanças provenientes de alterações climáticas e ações antrópicas. O Pantanal é uma planície inundável constituída por uma paisagem em constante transformação, sujeita a mudanças influenciadas por movimentos tectônicos, mudanças climáticas, sistemas deposicionais e hidrológicos, que resultam em diferentes processos pedogenéticos. O estudo proposto buscou entender a relação das formas do relevo e os materiais que as compõem, no contexto da hidrodinâmica do Pantanal de Poconé. Com relação aos tipos de solos encontrados nas formas de relevo estudadas, os mesmos apresentam características de hidromorfismo, com processos de redução e oxidação do ferro e manganês e cores diferenciadas, com a presença de mosqueados. É marcante a ocorrência de processos pedogenéticos como plintização e gleização, o primeiro presente em campos inundáveis, murundus e cordilheiras e o segundo mais ocorrente em campos inundáveis e murundus. As formas de relevo apresentaram solos do tipo: neossolos quartzarênicos, planossolos, plintossolos e gleissolos. Sendo encontrados de forma mais frequente, nas cordilheiras os neossolos e planossolos; nos murundus, planossolos e plintossolos e nos campos de inundação, gleissolos e plintossolos. As cordilheiras localizadas na parte norte da sub-região apresentaram-se mais arenosas e as da parte sul, com maiores teores de argila. Os campos inundáveis e murundus são compostos por solos com textura que variam de média-arenosa a argilosa. Ao considerar os atributos químicos dos solos das diferentes formas estudadas, pode-se dizer que as cordilheiras foram as que apresentaram maior acidez, contudo, de uma forma geral a maior parte dos solos que compõem as formas de relevo possuem acidez de média a elevada, com poucas exceções. A fertilidade e a CTC dos solos variam de média a baixa, sendo a maior parte dos solos analisados, distróficos. Conhecer as características de cada forma de relevo e os processos que atuam nas mesmas pode facilitar a compreensão das mudanças ambientais, provenientes de ações naturais e antrópicas, viabilizando o melhor uso da terra e possibilitando conhecer as modificações passíveis de ocorrer nesse ambiente. / Increasing scientific concern has been raised by global environmental problems and change worldwide, especially in more vulnerable areas such as the Pantanal basin, where the impacts of such changes are more evident and intense. The Pantanal floodplain is one of the largest floodplains in the world, and so, probably more susceptible to impacts due to climatic change and anthropic action. It is composed of a landscape in constant transformation, subject to impacts influenced by tectonic movement, climatic change and depositional and hydrological systems, which result in different pedogenetic processes. The proposed study aimed at understanding the relief forms and their material components, in the hydrodynamic context of the Pantanal de Poconé sub-region. The soil types identified in the studied relief forms presented hydromorphic qualities, with reduction and oxidation processes and differentiated colours, including mottled aspects. Pedogenetic processes such as plinthosol and gleysol building is evident, the former in floodplains, murundus and ranges, and the latter in floodpains and murundus. The relief forms presented the following soil types: arenosols, planosols, plinthosols and gleysols. Arenosols and planosols were more commonly found in ranges; in the murundus, planosols and plinthosols are more frequent, and so are gleysols and plinthosols in the floodplains. The ranges located in the northern part of the Pantanal do Poconé sub-region presented typically a rather sandy aspect compared to the southern part, with higher clay content. The floodplains and murundus are composed of soils with texture ranging from medium sand to clay. Considering the chemical properties of the soils from the different relief forms analyzed, the ranges had the higher acidity; however, most soils which compose the relief forms studied presented medium to high acidity, with a few exceptions. Fertility and CEC ranged from medium to low, and most analysed soils were dystrophic. Understanding the properties of each relief form and the processes that impact them is an important step in order to comprehend both natural and anthropic environmental changes. This comprehension should promote a more sustainable and efficient land use and allow understanding of the potential changes through which these environments may undergo.
138

Reconstrução paleohidrológica do Lago Santa Ninha, Várzea de Curai, Pará, Brasil

Moreira, Luciane Silva 28 June 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-28T18:00:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira, 2008.pdf: 3355865 bytes, checksum: 22ec01a744345548acc67908e25fcd32 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T18:00:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira, 2008.pdf: 3355865 bytes, checksum: 22ec01a744345548acc67908e25fcd32 (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / A Bacia Amazônica é acompanhada, ao longo do curso dos seus rios, por planícies de inundação. Sabe-se que estas regiões apresentam um grande potencial no armazenamento de matéria orgânica, que por sua vez, reservam importantes informações sobre mudanças climáticas ocorridas no passado. O conhecimento destas alterações pretéritas permite o entendimento de como os ecossistemas podem reagir a futuras mudanças no clima. Tendo em vista estas características, o objetivo deste estudo é reconstruir as mudanças pal eoambientais e paleohidrológicas do Lago Santa Ninha, na Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai, localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas, à apr oximadamente 850 km da foz. Foram analisados dois testemunhos, denominados como TA12 e TA14 que apresentam, respectivamente, 2,10 e 2,70cm de compr imento. A determinação do teor de água, densidade aparente, granulometria e m ineralogia permitiram reconstruir a hidrodinâmica da região. A análise da composição da matéria orgânica, através da concentração de carbono e nitrogênio e d os isótopos estáveis δ 13 C e δ 15 N indicaram as alterações na vegetação e as dataçõe s por carbono 14 revelaram que o testemunho TA14 apresenta 5700 anos cal AP. E ste estudo colocou em evidencia diferentes ambientes sedimentares: na bas e do testemunho até 5000 anos cal AP temos uma vegetação inundada que foi gr adualmente substituída por bancos de gramíneas e por uma planície com secas sa zonais em 4000 anos cal AP até alcançar, desde 700 anos AP as condições atuais deste lago. Essas mudanças são interpretadas como a resposta a um aumento do n ível da água do rio durante as enchentes, que por sua vez são conseqüências de alt erações climáticas ocorridas na região / Amazonian Rivers are accompanied, during their cour se, by floodplains, which are named “várzeas”. It is known that these regions hav e a great potential in the storage of organic matter, which in turn, provides importan t information about climate change occurred in the past. Knowledge of these changes al lows the understanding of how ecosystem may respond to future changes in climate. The physical, chemical and geochemical characteristics of lacustrine sediments were studied to reconstructed paleohydrological control on sedimentation in an Am azonian floodplain. Two cores were collected at the Lago Grande de Curuai floodpl ain, in Santa Ninha lake, located on the right margin of the Amazon River at 850km of the estuary. Water content, granulometry, radiocarbon datation, microscopic ana lyses, organic carbon and nitrogen content and δ 13 C were used to characterize the sedimentary process es. The core TA12 is 210 cm-long and the TA14 has 270cm tha t correspond to 5700 years cal BP. The core points out different sedimentary environments: a flooded vegetation at the base of the core till 5000 cal yrs BP is sub stituted by graminea banks changing to a floodplain encompassing prolonged annual dryne ss at 4000 cal yrs BP. Since 700 BP the present day varzea lake, permanently ove rflooded, has been installed. These changes are interpreted as a response to an i ncrease in the level of water in the river during the floods, which in turn are cons equences of climate change occurring in the region
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Entre pêche, agriculture et commerces, jouer avec la variabilité écologique et sociale : dynamique d’un système social-écologique dans les plaines inondables du fleuve Congo / Among fishing, agriculture, and trade, adapting to ecological and social variability : understanding the dynamics of a social-ecological system in the Congo River floodplain

Comptour, Marion 27 June 2017 (has links)
Les plaines inondables des grands fleuves tropicaux sont des milieux caractérisés par leurs inondations périodiques au rythme des crues et des décrues. La littérature est abondante à souligner l’aspect paradoxal de ces écosystèmes, entre milieux ‘productifs’, naturellement fertilisés par les dépôts d’alluvions, et milieux ‘contraignants’ et ‘risqués’. Les modes d’exploitation mis en place par les populations vivant dans les plaines inondables sont variés mais dans la majorité des cas, les populations combinent des activités agricoles avec des activités de pêche, de pastoralisme, de chasse, et d’extraction de produits forestiers ligneux et non ligneux. La complémentarité des activités de production est reconnue dans la plupart des études comme une adaptation permettant de valoriser la diversité des ressources naturelles aux différents stades d’inondation, mais cette pluriactivité est rarement examinée en détail. En adoptant une démarche interdisciplinaire, systémique et diachronique, ce travail de thèse vise à démontrer en quoi la pluriactivité favorise l’adaptation des populations à un environnement fluctuant dont la dynamique peut s’observer à trois échelles de temps : l’échelle saisonnière, l’échelle historique du ‘temps long’, et l’échelle de la vie de l’individu. Ce travail repose sur des entretiens ethnographiques, sur la collecte de données éco-hydrologiques, et sur des analyses du paysage réalisés pendant une période de terrain de huit mois dans le village de Mossaka dans la région de la Cuvette congolaise du bassin du Congo. Nous montrons dans un premier temps que l’association spatiale et temporelle d’une multiplicité de techniques de pêche, de plusieurs systèmes agricoles (agriculture sur champs surélevés et agriculture de décrue) dans lesquels est plantée une riche agrobiodiversité ainsi que de nombreuses autres activités dépendantes ou non des ressources naturelles, permettent aux habitants de Mossaka de s’adapter à la variabilité saisonnière du niveau d’eau. Ensuite, en reconstituant la diachronie du système social-écologique, nous regardons comment les différentes activités de subsistance et leur importance relative ont évolué depuis la période précoloniale et nous identifions les principaux leviers de changements. Nous décrivons plus particulièrement les changements démographiques, écologiques, économiques et sociaux qui ont conduit à l’adoption rapide de l’agriculture de décrue depuis une trentaine d’années. Enfin, en analysant les récits de vie de plusieurs habitants de Mossaka, nous montrons que la grande flexibilité des systèmes de subsistance pluriactifs des individus permet de répondre à différents enjeux et incertitudes notamment d’ordre social. Ce travail de thèse constitue un apport au faible nombre d’études qui regardent de manière intégrée les différentes activités composant les systèmes de subsistance en plaines inondables et se prononce en faveur d’une meilleure reconnaissance de la pluriactivité et également de la diversité sociale. Ce travail participe aussi à une meilleure compréhension de la région de la Cuvette congolaise qui, malgré son rôle écologique et économique majeur, a jusque-là peu attiré les intérêts scientifiques. / Floodplains of large tropical rivers are environments characterized by periodic flooding from the river and its tributaries. Numerous studies emphasize the paradoxical aspect of these ecosystems, between ‘productive’ environments naturally fertilized by alluvial deposits, or 'constraining' and ‘risky’ environments. Livelihoods in the floodplains are varied, but in most cases people combine agricultural activities with fishing, pastoralism, hunting and the extraction of wild plant resources. Although the complementarity of production activities is recognized in most studies as an adaptation to exploit the diversity of natural resources at different stage of flooding, this multi-activity is rarely examined in detail. Adopting an interdisciplinary, systemic and diachronic approach, this thesis aims to demonstrate how multi-activity enhances the adaptation to a fluctuating environment whose dynamics can be observed at three main time scales: the seasonal scale, the historical scale and the scale of the individual's life. This work is based on ethnographic interviews, on collection of eco-hydrological data and on landscape analysis conducted during a period of eight months in the village of Mossaka in the Congolese cuvette region in the Congo basin. Firstly, we show that the spatial and temporal association of a diversity of activities allow the inhabitants of Mossaka to adapt to the seasonal variability of water level. These include a diversity of fishing techniques, several agricultural systems (raised-field agriculture and flood-recessional agriculture) in which a rich agrobiodiversity is planted, and many other activities—some depending on natural resources, others not. Secondly, by reconstructing the dynamics of the social-ecological system over time, we examine how the different activities, and their relative importance, have changed since the pre-colonial period and we identify the main drivers of change. In particular, we describe the demographic, ecological, economic and social changes that have led to the rapid adoption of flood-recessional agriculture in the last thirty years. Finally, by analyzing the life stories of several inhabitants of Mossaka, we show that the great flexibility of the multi-activity livelihood system allows people to adapt to different challenges and uncertainties—particularly social ones. This thesis contributes to the few studies that examine in an integrated manner the diversity of livelihood activities in floodplain environments, and advocates greater recognition of the importance of multi-activity livelihood systems and of social diversity. This work also contributes to a better understanding of the Congolese Cuvette region, which despite its major ecological and economic role has so far attracted little scientific interest.
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Management of European floodplain grasslands for plant biodiversity

Joyce, Christopher Brian January 1998 (has links)
European floodplain grasslands are characterized by periodic flooding and regular management, usually cutting and grazing as part of an agricultural system. Past losses and ecological degradation have been due largely to river regulation and either agricultural intensification or abandonment and have resulted in a substantial reduction in area across Europe. Nevertheless, the remaining resource supports considerable biodiversity and a high level of biological production. A better quantitative understanding of the functioning of these grasslands is required in order to establish effective conservation management within a sustainable land use system. The thesis examines the impact of key management factors on three important functional characteristics of the biodiversity of floodplain plant communities, namely plant diversity (measured by species diversity), cover (%) and primary production (above-ground biomass), on two floodplain grasslands of the River Trent, UK and a third on the the Luznice river, the Czech Republic. Field investigations of the effects of cutting, grazing, cessation of management, the influence of floodborne litter, and the impact of fertilizer nitrogen were undertaken over periods of between one and three seasons. These demonstrated that floodplain grassland plant communities are sensitive to variations in management and that impacts on communities are mediated particularly through effects on plant competition. Productive competitive species were encouraged both by abandonment and fertilizer application whereas cutting and grazing management, and the imposition of litter, favoured stress-tolerating perennials. Species diversity decreased both with high inputs of litter and additions of fertilizer. Plant community responses and competitive strategies of key species are discussed in the context of biodiversity conservation, ecological restoration and management of European floodplain grasslands.

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