Nutrient cycles and budgets have been calculated for various ecosystems, but the impact of floral and bark litter decomposition on nutrient cycling has been little investigated. In this study, the characteristics and decomposition of floral and bark litter produced by Nothofagus fusca in the Lewis Pass Reserve, New Zealand, was investigated, using both field and laboratory studies. Nothofagus fusca floral litter production in 1999 was 734 ± 76 kg ha⁻¹. Floral production in 2000 was estimated to be approximately 1% of this mass, the considerable difference being due to mast flowering in 1999. The decay rate constant, k, for floral litter in the field was 0.94 ± 0.01, and mass loss after one year was estimated to be 61%. The input of nitrogen to the litter layer in Nothofagus fusca floral litter was 12 ± 1 kg ha⁻¹, and it was estimated that 65% of this nitrogen was released from the floral litter in the one year. Phosphorous input to the litter layer through Nothofagus fusca floral litter in 1999 was 0.8 ± 0.1 kg ha⁻¹, of which 69% was released in one year. It was estimated that in 1999 nitrogen and phosphorous inputs to the litter layer through Nothofagus fusca floral litter were 117% and 73% respectively of that through foliar litter. Four types of Nothofagus fusca bark were identified and further differences between bark types were confirmed by chemical analysis. Inner bark contained less nitrogen than outer bark, and was slower to decompose in microcosms, contradicting the findings of other research. Annual nitrogen and phosphorous inputs through the production of all types of Nothofagus fusca bark litter was estimated to be 1.0 kg ha⁻¹ and 0.2 kg ha⁻¹ respectively, although confidence in these values was low. Significant proportions of the nitrogen and phosphorous content in bark were water soluble. Field and laboratory experiments indicated net nitrogen immobilisation occurred in all bark litter types after one year in the field, while net release of phosphorous occurred after one year.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, 2017. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2017-04-18T18:04:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_HannaHeidSoaresdeSouza_Parcial.pdf: 1902175 bytes, checksum: 52c97e4b0125ee45d45298d9580e29a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-04-18T21:09:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_HannaHeidSoaresdeSouza_Parcial.pdf: 1902175 bytes, checksum: 52c97e4b0125ee45d45298d9580e29a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T21:09:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_HannaHeidSoaresdeSouza_Parcial.pdf: 1902175 bytes, checksum: 52c97e4b0125ee45d45298d9580e29a9 (MD5) / O gênero Lanthanomelissa Holmberg, 1903 é representado por abelhas pequenas com distribuição restrita as áreas de campos do sul e sudeste do Brasil, do Paraguai e da Argentina. Descrito por Holmberg em 1903, o grupo apresenta diferentes propostas de classificação e a taxonomia de suas espécies foi estabelecida com base em um pequeno número de espécimes com distribuição restrita. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos revisar as espécies de Lanthanomelissa, testar o monofiletismo do gênero, avaliar as relações com outros gêneros da tribo Tapinotaspidini e avaliar sua distribuição geográfica. Para o estudo foram visitadas coleções no Brasil, Argentina e Estados Unidos, assim como adquirido material via empréstimo. Foram examinados 381 espécimes do gênero Lanthanomelissa, incluindo holótipos e parátipos. Foram utilizados 12 táxons terminais, com sete espécies pertencendo aos grupos externos e cinco ao grupo interno. Setenta e um caracteres foram gerados para a análise filogenética com base na morfologia externa e terminália interna dos machos. Através da busca exaustiva no programa TNT foi obtida uma única árvore em que o monofiletismo do gênero Lanthanomelissa é bem suportado formando um clado diretamente relacionado a espécie Chalepogenus parvus (Roig-Alsina, 1997), e este clado diretamente relacionado à Chalepogenus goeldianus (Friese, 1899). Foram observadas como relações entre as espécies de Lanthanomelissa dois clados, um contendo as espécies L. betinae e L. clementis e outro com a espécie L. pampicola diretamente relacionada com às espécies L. discrepans e L. magaliae. Com base neste resultado sugerimos a aloação de C. parvus para Lanthanomelissa e a revalidação do gênero Lanthanella Michener e Moure 1957 formando as seguintes novas combinações: Lanthanomelissa parva comb.nov., Lanthanella goeldiana, Lanthanella neffi comb.nov. e Lanthanella luciane. A interpretação dos mapas das espécies sugere que a distribuição do gênero esteja concentrada dentro da subregião Chacoana, entre altitudes de 0 a 1000 metros. Aparentemente algumas espécies tem distribuição preferencial nas áreas de altitude acima de 400 metros na Floresta de Araucárias e em áreas de transição, enquanto outras apresentam distribuição preferencial na Província dos Pampas em áreas baixas. / The genus Lanthanomelissa Holmberg, 1903 is represented by small-sized bees with restricted distribution in areas of grassland vegetation of the Southeast and South of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Described by Holmberg in 1903, the group presents different proposals of classification and the taxonomy of its species was established based on a small number of specimens with restricted distribution. The present paper objectives were to review Lanthanomelissa species, to test the monophyletism of the genus, to evaluate the relations with other genus of the Tapinotaspidini tribe and to evaluate its geographical distribution. For the study some collections in Brazil, Argentina and United States of America were visited and some materials borrowed. A total of 381 specimens of all Lanthanomelissa species were studied including the holotypes and the paratypes. Twelve terminal taxa were used with 7 species belonging to the outgroups and 5 to the ingroup. Seventy-one characters were used for the phylogenetic analysis based on the external morphology and male terminalia.Through an exhaustive search in the TNT program a single tree was obtained and it shows that the monophyletism of the genus Lanthanomelissa is well supported, forming a clade as the sister group of the species Chalepogenus parvus (Roig-Alsina, 1997) and this clade directly related to Chalepogenus goeldianus (Friese, 1899). Between the internal Lanthanomelissa relations it can be observed that the genus have two clades, one with the species L. betinae and L. clementis and another one with the species L. pampicola directly related to the species L. discrepans and L. magaliae. Based on this result we suggest here the allocation of the species Chalepogenus parvus to the genus Lanthanomelissa and the revalidation of the genus Lanthanella Michener & Moure 1957 in order to form the following new combinations: Lanthanomelissa parva comb. nov., Lanthanella goeldiana, Lanthanella neffi comb.nov and Lanthanella luciane. The interpretation of the maps suggests that the genus distribution is concentrated inside the Chacoan subregion, bellow 1000 altitude meters high. Apparently some species have preferential distribution in areas of 400 meters high in Araucaria Forest and in transitional areas and others show preferential distribution in the Pampas Province in lowland areas.

Espécies da tribo Dipterygeae apresentam morfologia floral interessante, em especial o cálice, bem diferente dos demais membros de Papilionoideae. Representantes desta tribo exibem cálice assimétrico, constituído por duas sépalas adaxiais muito grandes e livres, e três sépalas unidas na base, com lobos abaxiais em forma de pequenos dentes. Assim, este trabalho visa a elucidar a origem deste tipo de cálice, por meio do estudo do desenvolvimento floral dos três gêneros da tribo, representados pelas espécies Dipteryx alata Vogel, Pterodon pubescens (Benth.) Benth. e Taralea oppositifolia Aubl.. Pretende-se também fornecer dados de desenvolvimento floral com valores taxonômico e evolutivo potenciais para o grupo. Botões florais e flores foram dissecados e preparados para análises de superfície em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e anatômica em microscopia de luz. As flores das espécies estão organizadas em inflorescências racemosas indeterminadas, são perfeitas e zigomorfas. A sequencia de surgimento dos verticilos florais é semelhante nas três espécies: bractéolas, sépalas, pétalas, carpelo + primeiros primórdios de estames antessépalos, e estames antepétalos. Dois primórdios de bractéolas são iniciados assincronicamente em D. alata e simultaneamente em P. pubescens e T. oppositifolia; estas bractéolas recobrem o meristema floral; a iniciação dos cinco primórdios de sépalas é unidirecional modificada em D. alata, helicoidal em P. pubescens e sequencial/sequencial modificada em T. oppositifolia; a iniciação dos cinco primórdios de pétalas é simultânea; o primórdio carpelar surge concomitante à iniciação dos primeiros primórdios de estames antessépalos; a iniciação dos estames antessépalos é em ordem unidirecional tendendo para verticilada; os cinco estames antepétalos surgem por último. A fenda carpelar surge do lado adaxial, sendo orientada para a direita ou para a esquerda, no lado oposto ao de iniciação do estame antepétalo adaxial. O androceu é assimétrico. Os filetes fundem-se devido ao meristema intercalar, mas não completamente, formando uma bainha aberta ao redor do carpelo. O carpelo é central com estigma truncado em D. alata, capitado em P. pubescens e puntiforme em T. oppositifolia. O tipo de cálice é elucidado nos estádios intermediários do desenvolvimento floral: a sépala abaxial e as laterais não se alongam, fundem-se, resultando em três lobos diminutos; já as adaxiais se alargam muito e alongam, permanecendo livres. O crescimento avantajado das sépalas adaxiais decorre do aumento do número de camadas e volume das células epidérmicas e subepidérmicas marginais. As flores possuem um apêndice em suas bractéolas, sépalas abaxiais e laterais, pétalas e anteras, onde se localiza um canal secretor. Em T. oppositifolia estes apêndices não ocorrem nas bractéolas e anteras. Além de canais, cavidades secretoras estão presentes no mesofilo das bractéolas, nas margens das sépalas e no apêndice das anteras. As alas exibem esculturas do tipo lamelado em D. alata e T. oppositifolia e lunado em P. pubescens. A presença de um canal secretor no apêndice dos órgãos florais constitui uma provável sinapomorfia para Dipterygeae. Caracteres com valor diagnóstico para as espécies são: (1) iniciação dos primórdios de bractéolas, (2) iniciação dos primórdios de sépalas, (3) proeminência do apêndice da antera, (4) tipo de escultura presente nas alas, (5) formato do estigma, (6) comprimento do estipe, (7) pilosidade do ovário, (8) curvatura do estilete, (9) posição da nervura central e (10) tipo de fruto. / Representatives of the tribe Dipterygeae exhibit interesting floral features, in special considering the calyx, which is quite different from that exhibited by other papilionoids. The calyx is asymmetric, constituted by two adaxial very large free sepals, and three abaxial unite sepals with teeth-like lobes. Thus, this work aims to to elucidate the developmental vias of this type of calyx, by studying the floral development and morphology of three genera of the tribe, represented by Dipteryx alata Vogel, Pterodon pubescens (Benth.) Benth. and Taralea oppositifolia Aubl. Also, we intend to provide other data on floral development with taxonomic and evolutionary values. Buds and flowers were dissected and prepared for surface and anatomical analyses, under scanning electron and light microscopy, respectively. The flowers of all species are arranged in indeterminate racemes, are zygomorphic and perfect. The initiation of floral whorls is similar in the three species: bracteoles, sepals, petals, carpel + antesepalous stamens, and antepetalous stamens. The floral apex initiates two bracteoles asynchronously in D. alata and simultaneously in P. pubescens and T. oppositifolia; these bracteoles cover the floral apex; the order of initiation of five sepal is modified unidirectional in D. alata, helical in P. pubescens and sequential or modified sequential in T. oppositifolia; the five petals initiate in a simultaneous order; the initiation of the carpel is concomitant to that of the antesepalous abaxial stamens; antesepalous stamens initiates in tendencies towards whorled order, and the five antepetalous stamens arise later. A central carpel with truncate stigma occurs in D. alata, capitate stigma in P. pubescens and punctiform stigma in T. oppositifolia. The carpel cleft of all species arises in the adaxial side and is positioned to the right or the left opposite to the antepetalous adaxial stamen primordium. The androecium is asymmetric. The filaments fuse due to intercalary meristematic activity, but not completely, forming an open sheath around the carpel. The different type of calyx is elucidate by observing the intermediary stages of floral development: the abaxial and lateral sepals do not elongate, fuse, resulting in a united structure with three lower lobes, while the adaxial sepals enlarge and elongate, remaining free. The great growth of adaxial sepals results of the increasing in the number of layers and volume of marginal epidermal and subepidermal cells. Bracteoles, abaxial and lateral sepals, petals and anthers are appendiculate. In T. oppositifolia these appendices do not occur in bracteoles and anthers. One secretory canal is observed within each appendix. Besides secretory canals, secretory cavities are found in the mesophyll of bracteoles, in the sepal margins and in the anther appendices. The wings show sculptures of lamellate type in D. alata and T. oppositifolia and of lunate type in P. pubescens. The presence of secretory canal in the floral appendices can be considered a synapomorphy for the tribe Dipterygeae. Diagnostic characters for the species are: (1) order of bracteole initiation, (2) order of sepal initiation, (3) anther appendix salience, (4) pattern of wing sculpture, (5) stigma shape, (6) stipe length, (7) ovary hairiness, (8) style bend, (6) position of the central rib, and (7) type of fruit.

To date little information has been collected on the pollination biology of <i>Ailanthus altissima</i> (Mill.) Swingle (tree-of-heaven), an invasive exotic in the U.S. This study was conducted to determine the insect pollinator fauna visiting <i>A. altissima</i> and to study general pollinator visitation patterns associated with the tree's nectar profile. A list of taxa visiting trees within each of three sites was developed from collected insects. Overall, visitor assemblage was dominated by the soldier beetle <i>Chauliognathus marginatus</i> with large numbers of ants in the genera <i>Formica</i>, <i>Prenolepis</i>, and <i>Camponotus</i>. No major diurnal pattern was found for visitation of insect pollinators using instantaneous counts. The nectar composition, concentration, and amount of total sugars in the flowers of <i>A. altissima</i> and how these are related to tree gender and time of day were determined. Nectar was found to be sucrose-dominant with lower, but nearly equal amounts of fructose and glucose. Total amounts of sugar in male and female blossoms were not statistically different, however higher concentrations of sugar were found in males (40.7%) than in females (35.3%). No difference was found over time. Nectar production and removal in trees was studied by comparing bagged flowers with flowers open to insect visitation. Bagged flowers were higher in overall sugar than open flowers, however, this was not constant across all times and gender. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

No description available.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Kimberly A. Williams / Despite extensive evidence that appropriate use of floral preservatives extends postharvest longevity of most fresh flowers, their use by traditional full-service florists has been observed to be highly variable. This research was developed to determine if knowledge about floral preservatives increases consumers’ perception of quality, purchase intention, and price of a floral arrangement. A survey was administered to 222 participants at two locations in Manhattan, Kansas during April 2010. Seventy-three percent of respondents fell within the age range of Gen Y. The survey instrument contained four levels of presentation of a floral arrangement that were associated with increasing knowledge about the use of a floral preservative on consumers’ perceptions about the quality and price of that arrangement. Results were analyzed via within-subjects ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc tests, t-tests, and regression analyses. Participants of the survey rated the quality of a floral arrangement higher from Level 2 (presence of floral preservative not explicit) to 3 (presence of floral preservative explicit) and Level 3 to 4 (after reading 191 word count message about floral preservative function and effectiveness). Their intent to purchase the floral arrangement generally increased with each level of presentation. Participants increased the price that they were willing to pay for the floral arrangement at each level of presentation, starting at $25.49 at Level 1 (no floral preservative use indicated) to $29.17 at Level 4. Participants were more knowledgeable about the benefits of floral preservatives and believed that floral preservatives increased the value of floral arrangements after reading a message describing their function and effectiveness more so than before reading the message. Younger participants were more willing to pay more for floral arrangements with floral preservatives than older participants. As consumers become more aware of the use of floral preservatives and more knowledgeable about how and why they are effective, they attribute higher quality to floral arrangements with preservatives, are willing to pay more for arrangements with preservatives, and their purchase intention frequency increases. Florists should consider providing a message about the function and effectiveness of floral preservatives to their customers, and then market their use of these materials.

No description available.

Psicóloga / El estudio constituye una investigación de orientación teórica, que se desarrolla a través de una indagación bibliográfica, en la cual se plantea un acercamiento a la Terapia Floral del Dr. Edward Bach. Para ello, se realiza un abordaje desde sus postulados, su presencia en diversos tratamientos a nivel de la salud en el sistema actual, y desde su reconocimiento por el Ministerio de Salud como una terapia, que próximamente contará con el grado técnico en salud. Para lograr esto, se apeló a fuentes bibliográficas y a expertos con criterio de autoridad en el tema, con los que se intentó brindar un esclarecimiento acerca de éste, profundizándose finalmente en el aporte que específicamente esta terapia puede brindar a la Terapia Clínica Psicológica, desde el concepto de toma de conciencia. Frente a lo cual, se concluye que efectivamente esta terapia constituiría un adecuado complemento para la Terapia Psicológica

Submitted by Dominick Jesus (dominickdejesus@hotmail.com) on 2016-01-28T20:08:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Silvia Patricia Flores Vásquez.pdf: 889959 bytes, checksum: 8e7f83da13e45bec2ffe5f1473846aaa (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T20:08:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Silvia Patricia Flores Vásquez.pdf: 889959 bytes, checksum: 8e7f83da13e45bec2ffe5f1473846aaa (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-01-17 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present study describes aspects of the floral biology, pollination and phenology of Lindackeria paludosa (Benth.) Gilg., Casearia grandiflora Camb. and C. javitensis Kunth (Flacourtiaceae). The work was carried out in Manaus in two areas, one located on the Campus of the “Universidade Federal do Amazonas” and the second on the Campus of the “Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia”. Weekly observations occurred from November/2003 to December/2004. Morphological description and measurement of the inflorescences, flowers and fruits were realized. The beginning schedule for anthesis, sequence of opening, duration, odour emission, stigma receptivity, nectar availability period and pollen release were registered. Observations of visitors and possible pollinators behaviors were made during entire the period of flowering, as well as the study of the reproductive success and system. To the study of the phenology 10 individuals of each species were observed. The phenology observed were bud emission, flowers and fruits. As for to the morphology the species present simple, cream-yellowish flowers, exposed stamens and stigma. These attributes, together with the easy access for reward (pollen and nectar) and the number of flowers for inflorescence, in general, attract a great number of floral visitors. The flowers of Casearia javitensis and Lindackeria paludosa open in the morning, and the flowers of Casearia grandiflora open at night. These three species release a sweet scent during anthesis and present great potential pollen viability. The volume of nectar for Casearia grandiflora and C. javitensis was less than 1 μl, however sugar concentration was high (more than 50%). The most efficient pollinator of Casearia grandiflora and C. javitensis was the fly Ornidia obesa (Syrphidae), moreover wasps, beetles and butterflies were recorded at a lower frequency. Bees of the families Apidae and Halictidae were the most efficient pollinators of Lindackeria paludosa. Casearia grandiflora and C. javitensis are self-incompatible species; however Lindackeria paludosa is self-compatible. The three species presented a high reproductive potential, but a low pay-emergent reproductive success (PERS). Casearia grandiflora and C. javitensis presented an annual phenological standard and Lindackeria paludosa presented a continuous phenological standard. The three species presented full flowering in the dry season and fruiting in the wet season, as well as synchrony between flowers in the same individual and asynchronous behavior between different individuals. / O presente trabalho descreve a biologia floral, a polinização e a fenologia de Lindackeria paludosa (Benth.) Gilg., Casearia grandiflora Camb. e C. javitensis Kunth (Flacourtiaceae), em duas áreas na cidade de Manaus: uma localizada no Campus da Universidade Federal do Amazonas e a outra nas instalações do Campus do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. As observações foram semanais no período de novembro/2003 a dezembro/2004. Foram realizadas a descrição morfológica e medição das inflorescências, flores e frutos. Foram registrados o horário do início da antese, seqüência de abertura, duração, emissão de odor, receptividade do estigma, período de disponibilidade de néctar e liberação de pólen. Observações do comportamento dos visitantes e possíveis polinizadores foram feitas durante todo o período de floração, assim como o estudo do sistema e do sucesso reprodutivo. Para o estudo da fenologia foram observados 10 indivíduos de cada espécie. As fenofases observadas foram emissão de botão, a presença de flores e frutos. As espécies apresentam flores simples, cor creme amarelado, estames e estigma expostos. Estes atributos junto com o fácil acesso para a recompensa (pólen e néctar) e o número de flores por inflorescência atraem em geral um grande número de visitantes florais. As flores de Casearia javitensis e Lindackeria paludosa abrem durante a manhã, já as flores de Casearia grandiflora abrem durante a noite. As três espécies emitem um odor adocicado durante a antese e apresentam uma alta viabilidade polínica potencial. O volume de néctar de Casearia grandiflora e C. javitensis foi < de 1 μl, no entanto a concentração de açúcar foi alta (> de 50%). Lindackeria paludosa não apresentou néctar. O polinizador mais eficiente de Casearia grandiflora e C. javitensis foi a mosca Ornidia obesa (Syrphidae), além destas vespas, besouros e borboletas foram observados com menor freqüência. Abelhas das famílias Apidae e Halictidae foram os polinizadores mais eficientes de Lindackeria paludosa. Casearia grandiflora e C. javitensis apresentam auto-incompatibilidade, entretanto, Lindackeria paludosa foi auto-compatível. As três espécies apresentaram alto potencial reprodutivo, mas um baixo sucesso reprodutivo pré- emergente (PERS). Casearia grandiflora e C. javitensis apresentaram padrão fenológico anual e Lindackeria paludosa padrão fenológico continuo. As três espécies apresentaram pico de floração na estação seca e frutificaram na estação chuvosa, apresentando sincronia entre flores de um mesmo indivíduo e comportamento assincrônico entre indivíduos diferentes.