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Depuis le début du XXème siècle, l’évolution de l’agriculture et l'intensification des pratiques agricoles ont conduit à des modifications profondes du paysage induisant des pertes importantes d’habitats naturels et semi-naturels. Ces changements, entraînant notamment la diminution des ressources végétales et impliquant l'utilisation systématique de pesticides, ont des répercussions sur les colonies d’abeilles. C’est dans ce contexte que, durant deux saisons apicoles, des inventaires botaniques ont été réalisés au sein de l’aire de butinage de deux ruchers situés en paysage de grande culture du nord-ouest de la France et que des échantillons de pelotes de pollen et de miels prélevés dans ces ruchers ont été analysés. L’objectif était de comparer les ressources floristiques disponibles et celles réellement exploitées par les abeilles et d’entrevoir les stratégies de butinage mises en place dans ce cadre paysager. Les relevés floristiques ont permis de distinguer d’une part, de larges surfaces d’espèces cultivées, à floraison ponctuelle et d’autre part, des surfaces non cultivées, de plus petite taille, occupées par de nombreuses espèces sauvages dont la floraison s’étale sur la totalité de la saison apicole. Les analyses palynologiques montrent que ces espèces floristiques sauvages sont exploitées en continu y compris pendant la période de floraison des espèces cultivées. Bien que cette étude ne soit pas en mesure de le démontrer, il est possible que les espèces sauvages procurent aux colonies un apport nutritionnel que la floraison ponctuelle des plantes cultivées ne peut totalement compenser. Une meilleure connaissance de la valeur nutritionnelle des différents pollens d’essences végétales, ainsi que des besoins alimentaires basiques nécessaires au développement et à la pérennisation des colonies devraient aider à éprouver cette hypothèse. / Since the beginning of the XXth century, the evolution of agriculture and the intensification of farming practices have led to landscape changes with the loss of natural and semi-natural habitats. These changes, involving a decrease of plant resources and a use of pesticides, may have noticeable impact on honey bee colonies. In this framework of weakened biodiversity, the initiative was taken of recording botanical species growing in the foraging area of two apiaries in cultivated landscapes of Western France and sampling pollen pellets and honey for pollen species determination during two successive beekeeping seasons. The aim of this study was to compare the available flora resources with those really exploited by the honey bees, to get a glimpse of the foraging strategies developed by the colonies in this landscape context. The floristic readings enabled to distinguish wide areas of cultivated plant species characterized by temporary blossoms from areas of wild species characterized by much smaller superficies and by flowerings spread over the year. Palynological analyses indicate that wild floristic species are exploited throughout the beekeeping season including during blooms of cultivated plant species. Even though not conclusively stated by the present study, it is possible that wild species provide colonies with nutritional intakes that cannot be totally compensated by temporary blooms of cultivated plants. A more extended knowledge of the nutritional values of pollens produced by plant species together with a better understanding of basic food needs for development and perennisation of colonies should help to test this hypothesis.

Orientador: Kikyo Yamamoto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:50:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Furlanete_KarinaLaneVianeiRamalhodeSa_D.pdf: 7462736 bytes, checksum: 2f220c03caf4a09dbe2103332fe0e91f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Floresta Atlântica lato sensu (l.s.) ocorre ao longo da costa brasileira desde o Rio Grande do Norte ate o Rio Grande do Sul, interiorizando-se por extensões variáveis continente adentro. Devido a grande área, a Floresta Atlântica l.s. submete-se a condições geomorfológicas muito diversificadas, alem de larga amplitude latitudinal, longitudinal e climática, o que resulta em grande diversidade florística e numa paisagem muito complexa. Os estudos fitogeográficos atuais tem utilizado a ocorrência de espécies para comparar áreas e estabelecer padrões e relações entre elas. Em geral, estas meta-análises tem utilizado métodos estatísticos multivariados que possibilitam classificar um conjunto de inventários florísticos de acordo com sua similaridade e ainda estudar padrões e gradientes. A maioria quase que absoluta destas analises na Floresta Atlântica l.s. foi realizada considerando a flora arbórea e focando principalmente a região Sudeste do Brasil. O foco dos estudos florístico-fitogeográficos e localizar geograficamente e explicar variações fitofisionômicas em diferentes escalas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo e analisar os padrões de distribuição de fisionomias da Floresta Atlântica l.s. através de estudos comparativos com ênfase no estado do Paraná e observações de variações fitofisionômicas em diferentes escalas. Nossos resultados evidenciaram, em linhas gerais, que houve uma correlação consistente em padrões fitogeográficos relacionados as fisionomias estudadas. Conforme já observado em outros estudos de similaridade florística nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, os fatores latitude, altitude e continentalidade estiveram presentes influenciando de forma indireta o agrupamento das amostras. Os padrões florísticos observados para a floresta ombrófila densa estão intimamente relacionados com a altitude. A floresta ombrófila mista apresentou mais proximidade com a floresta estacional semidecidua e, devido a sua ocorrência em área geográfica e cotas altitudinais mais restritas (possivelmente em decorrência dessa condição), ela se apresenta como um bloco florístico mais homogêneo que as demais fisionomias. Embora haja um continuum de floresta estacional semidecidua na área de estudo, essas áreas possuem conjuntos florísticos distintos. Parte destas diferenças parece estar relacionada a sazonalidade e ao tipo climático. Mesmo sendo possível observar blocos florísticos distintos em todas as analises realizadas, a substituição de espécies ao longo da Floresta Atlântica na área de estudo, nas diferentes fisionomias, ocorre de forma gradual. Essas substituições também não ocorrem de forma linear, já que ha uma complexa interação entre as diferentes variáveis bióticas e abióticas interferindo nessa dinâmica / Abstract: The Atlantic Forest lato sensu (l.s.) occurs along the Brazilian coast from Rio Grande do Norte to Rio Grande do Sul, is internalized by variable extensions inland. Due to it's large area, the Atlantic Forest l.s. undergoes very diverse geomorphological conditions, besides the large latitudinal, longitudinal and climate, resulting in great diversity of flora and a very complex landscape. The current phytogeographic studies have used the occurrence of species to compare areas and to establish patterns and relationships between them. In general, these meta-analysis has used multivariate statistical methods that allow to classify a set of floristic inventories according to their similarity and also study patterns and gradients. Most of these tests in the Atlantic Forest l.s. was performed considering the tree composition and focusing mainly in southeastern Brazil. To locate and to explain the physiognomic variations at different scales is the focus of the floristic-phytogeographical studies. In this sense, the objective of this study is to analyze the distribution patterns of the Atlantic Forest l.s. physiognomies, through comparative studies with emphasis on the state of Parana and physiognomic variations of observations at different scales. Our results showed, in general, that there was a consistent correlation in phytogeographic patterns related to the estudied physiognomies. As noted in other studies of floristic similarity in the South and Southeast, the latitude, altitude and continentality variables were present indirectly influencing the grouping of samples. The floristic patterns observed for the ombrophilous dense forest are closely related to altitude. The ombrophilous mixed forest showed more proximity to the semideciduous forest and due to its occurrence in the geographical area and more restricted altitude (possibly as a result of this condition), presents itself as a more homogeneus floristic block floristic than the other physiognomies. Although there is a continuum of semideciduous forest in the study area, these areas have a distinct floristic sets. Part of these differences may be related to seasonal and climate type. Even though we can observe distinct floristic blocks in all the analysis, the replacement of species along the Atlantic Forest in the study area, for different physiognomies, occurs gradually. Also, these substitutions did not occur in a linear way, since there is a complex interaction between different biotic and abiotic variables interfering in it's dynamic / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Orientadores: Luiza Sumiko Kinoshita, George John Sheperd / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T12:28:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yamamoto_LeilaFumiyo_D.pdf: 7410663 bytes, checksum: 7ba57dd8ddc064caa0cb306774dc6f38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Foi realizado um levantamento florístico e fitossociológico de espécies arbóreas, ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal nas duas faces da Serra do Lopo, localizada no extremo sul da Serra da Mantiqueira, entre os estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, conhecer a composição florística e caracterizar a estrutura das espécies arbóreas da floresta em estudo; verificar se há diferenças na composição e na estrutura fitossociológica entre a face sudeste e a face noroeste, e ao longo do gradiente altitudinal; saber com qual formação florestal a face sudeste e a face noroeste apresentam maior similaridade florística. As coletas foram feitas entre maio de 2002 e junho de 2006. No levantamento florístico foram feitas coletas de todos os indivíduos lenhosos com mais de 3 m de altura com flores e/ou frutos. Para o estudo fitossociológico foram incluídos os indivíduos arbóreos com DAP=5 cm. Também foram incluídos, na amostragem fitossociológica os samambaiaçus e os indivíduos mortos com DAP=5 e os bambus. Foram instaladas cinco parcelas de 10 X 10 m (distando 50 m de uma de outra) nas seguintes cotas de altitudes: 1650 m, 1550 m, 1450 m, 1350 m, 1250 m e 1150 m em ambas as faces, sendo 30 na face noroeste (Extrema/MG) e 30 na face sudeste (Joanópolis/ SP), totalizando 60 parcelas. Foram, também, incluídos na listagem florística, os espécimes coletados no levantamento fitossociológico. (...continua) / Abstract: A floristic and phytosociological survey of the woody species along an altitudinal gradient on the two faces of the Serra do Lopo has been performed. The Serra do Lopo is located at the south end of the Serra da Mantiqueira, between the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. This paper aimed knowing the floristic composition and characterizing the structure of the woody species of the forest under study, as well as verifying if there are differences in the composition and phytosociology structure between the southwest face and northwest face, and along an altitudinal gradient. Moreover, it also aimed knowing which forestry formation the southwest and northwest face present more floristic resemblance. Collections were made between May 2002 and June 2006. For floristic study all woody individuals greater than 3 m were collected (with flowers and/or fruits). For the phytosociological study all woody individuals with DAP5 cm were included. Bamboos, tree ferns and dead individuals were also included. Five 10 X 10 m plots (50 m apart) were set up at the following altitudes: 1650 m, 1550 m, 1450 m, 1350 m, 1250 m and 1150 m on both faces, giving a total of 30 on the northwestern face (Extrema/MG) and 30 on the southeastern face (Joanópolis/ SP), totaling 60 plots. The specimens collected in the phytosociological survey were also included in the floristic list. (..continue) / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Proposer l’adoption de la procédure de phytoremédiation des sites de déversement d’hydrocarbures au Cameroun nécessite des arguments scientifiques vérifiés. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de (i) faire une étude floristique des sites de déversement anarchique de produits pétroliers au Cameroun, (ii) tester les potentialités de phytoremédiation de quelques espèces végétales sur des sols contaminés au fioul domestique, (iii) évaluer l’effet de différentes concentrations d’hydrocarbures sur la morpho-anatomie et la physiologie des plantes, (iv) modéliser le transfert sol-plante des HAP. Les prospections floristiques des sites de déversement d’hydrocarbures menées dans 4 villes du Cameroun ont permis d’identifier 106 espèces appartenant à 76 genres et 30 familles ; dont seules 15 espèces sont qualifiées de polluo-tolérantes. Les expérimentations ont permis de montrer que toutes les 3 espèces (C. dactylon, E. indica et A. sessilis) sont impliquées dans les processus de rhizodégradation des HCT et HAP ; E. indica and C. dactylon ayant favorisé une meilleure phytoextraction de quelques HAP comparé à A. sessilis. La modélisation mécaniste du transfert sol-plante des HAP a confirmé ces observations. La tolérance aux HAP est plus accrue chez E. indica et C. dactylon par rapport à A. sessilis. La culture mixte de E. indica et C. dactylon est très impactée par les HAP. En culture seule, le ralentissement des processus physiologiques de C. dactylon dans les sols pollués n’a pas d’impacts majeurs sur ses capacités phytoremédiatrices. Ceci permet donc de recommander C. dactylon pour la gestion durable des sols pollués par les hydrocarbures dans le monde entier en général, et au Cameroun en particulier ; pour des pollutions de sols n’excédant pas 33500 ppm. / To propose the implementation of phytoremediation process to clean up oil spill sites in Cameroon requires verified scientific arguments. The main objective of this thesis is to (i) carry out a floristic study of anarchic oil spill sites in Cameroon, (ii) test the phytoremediation potential of some plant species in soils contaminated with fuel oil, (iii) evaluate the effect of different hydrocarbon concentrations on morpho-anatomy and plant physiology, (iv) modelling the soil-plant transfer of PAHs. Floristic surveys of oil spill sites carried out in 4 Cameroonian cities have identified 106 species belonging to 76 genera and 30 families; amoung which 15 species are qualified as polluo-tolerant. Experiments have shown that the (C. dactylon, E. indica and A. sessilis) are involved into rhizodegradation of TPHs and PAHs; E. indica and C. dactylon having promoted a better phytoextraction of some PAHs compared to A. sessilis. Mechanistic modelling of the soil-plant transfer of PAHs confirmed these observations. Tolerance to PAHs is higher for both E. indica and C. dactylon than A. sessilis. The mixed cropping of E. indica and C. dactylon is highly impacted by PAHs. Cropping alone, the slowing down of C. dactylon's physiological processes in polluted soils does not have a significant impact on its phytoremediation potentialities. This makes it possible to recommend C. dactylon in the sustainable management of hydrocarbon-polluted soils worldwide in general, and particularly in Cameroon; for soil pollution not exceeding 33500 ppm.

This thesis is the culmination of a graduate research project involving a floristic survey of the lichens of the Spring Mountain National Recreation Area (SMNRA), Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Nevada. The project was based on extensive collections made between 1997 and 2007 as part of an air pollution biomonitoring program and a baseline established by Larry St. Clair (BYU). The Spring Mountains are a sky island mountain range in the Mojave Desert located less than an hour northwest of Las Vegas. A floristic survey of the lichen communities in the Spring Mountains represents a major addition to our understanding of the lichen flora of the Mojave Desert, a poorly studied region in western North America. This thesis also compares the lichen flora of the SMNRA with other lichen floras of the Mojave Desert based on a literature survey of all the lichen studies conducted in the Mojave Desert. The SMNRA species list represents 58% of the 217 species in 68 genera reported for the Mojave Desert. This survey of all reported Mojave lichen species reveals several interesting interactions related to species diversity, substrate, and growth form distribution patterns. These interactions appear to be influenced by two general factors: Microhabitat conditions and available substrates – which are further defined by differences in geological substrates, occurrence and development of woody plant communities, and a combination of environmental factors – elevation, temperature, precipitation, and insolation. Drier and warmer habitats are generally dominated by crustose species with some, mostly smaller, foliose taxa in protected microhabitats usually with shaded or northern exposures. Fruticose species are generally lacking or sparse with smaller thalli when found in hot and dry habitats. All the fruticose species reported from the Mojave Desert sites were rare and had very small thalli. Many foliose and fruticose species, with larger, more complex thalli and thus greater surface area, are more susceptible to higher rates of water loss and therefore occur less frequently in extreme arid locations. The lichen communities in the Mojave Desert respond to sharp contrasts in microhabitat conditions with exposed, lower elevation sites having lower numbers of species along with more drought resistant growth forms – crustose and squamulose species. The Spring Mountains NRA, with high elevation mountains and well developed woody plant communities, accommodates a large variety of microhabitat conditions spread over a complex temperature and moisture gradient. These conditions have resulted in the highest species diversity (124 species in 48 genera) and the greatest number of foliose and corticolous species when compared with all of the other Mojave Desert lichen floras.

No / The roadside vegetation in some counties of north England (north and west Yorkshire) was studied to determine the community structure according to the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC) and main environmental factors influencing its composition. The data from Phytosociological survey (699 quadrats) and from the physico-chemical analyses of 233 soil samples from 35 sites were obtained. Both the classification (TWINSPAN & MATCH) and ordination programs (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) were used. The roadside vegetation is mainly dominated by few grasses (Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa trivialis, Elymus repens, Holcus lanatus) and their associated herbs (Cirsium arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica). Five NVC Mesotrophic grassland communities (Arrhenatheretum elatioris community MG1, Lolium perenne-Cynosurus cristatus grassland MG6, Lolium perenne leys MG7, Holcus lanatus- Deschampsia cespitosa grassland MG9, Festuca rubra-Agrostis stolonifera-Potentilla anserina grassland MG11) and one Upland Festuca ovina- Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile grassland, U4 were identified which in general, exhibited good fit with the typical NVC units. Altitude, pH, potassium, sodium and road age were found to be the main variables affecting the roadside vegetation. By relating the floristic composition with ecological characteristics of the roadside verges, three kinds of pattern of variation are observed. The first pattern is related to regional or geographical characteristics and the second pattern of variation exists across the width of the road verges showing a zonal pattern of plant distribution. The third scale of pattern is active at the local level including micro-environmental conditions, e.g., local edaphic variables.

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The Mogale’s Gate Biodiversity Centre is a 3 060 ha reserve located within the Gauteng province. The area comprises grassland with woodland patches in valleys and lower-lying areas. To develop a scientifically based management plan a detailed vegetation study was undertaken to identify and describe the different ecosystems present. From a TWINSPAN classification twelve plant communities, which can be grouped into nine major communities, were identified. A classification and description of the plant communities, as well as, a management plan are presented. The area comprises 80% grassland and 20% woodland with 109 different plant families. The centre has a grazing capacity of 5.7 ha/LSU with a moderate to good veld condition. From the results of this study it is clear that the area makes a significant contribution towards carbon storage with a total of 0.520 tC/ha/yr stored in all the plant communities. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Management)

Biodiversity considerations form an essential component of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), especially in areas with both a high biodiversity value and development pressure such as the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) in South Africa. Limited research has been conducted within the South African context on the quality of biodiversity inputs to EIA. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of biodiversity input to EIA in the CFR. To address this aim, a customised review package was generated to evaluate the quality of 26 Biodiversity Impact Assessment (BIA) reports in the CFR. The results were then compared with international trends of biodiversity input to EIA in order to show how prevalent such trends are within an area with high biodiversity value. This comparison showed that the quality of biodiversity input to EIA in the CFR generally concur with inadequacies identified in international EIA literature. Typically, significant weaknesses identified during the review were the lack of public participation and an insufficient evaluation of alternatives. Specialists also failed to develop adequate monitoring programmes. Furthermore, a very pertinent limitation was that, in general, assessments are conducted during inappropriate seasons and over insufficient time periods. However, some variations to the international trends are also present within the Region. For example, a particular strength was that a precautionary approach was adopted by most of the specialists to avoid negative impacts on biodiversity. In addition, specialists did not merely focus on lower levels (species and habitats) of biodiversity, but incorporated ecological processes in assessment techniques. The inadequacies identified in this dissertation pose particular challenges for biodiversity management and conservation practices. The development and implementation of mechanisms such as Best Practice Guidelines and improved biodiversity related legislation is proposed to improve biodiversity input to EIA. / M Environmental Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014