Bakgrund: I intensivvårdssjuksköterskans arbetsuppgifter ingår att räkna och registrera vätskebalans. Normal perspiratio är mellan 800-1100ml/dygn. Vätskeförlust via perspiratio är svårberäknad och hos den kritiskt sjuka patienten är de individuella skillnaderna ännu större och perspiratio kan bli större än normalt. Syfte: Att undersöka om perspiratio räknas in i vätskebalansen samt vilka faktorer som påverkar beräkningen. Metod: En empirisk, deskriptiv och analytisk studie med kvantitativ ansats. Datainsamlingen skedde genom frågeformulär utdelade till vårdenhetschefer på intensivvårdsavdelningar i Sverige. Resultat: Studien visar att på intensivvårdsavdelningarna var det vanligast att vätskeförlust via perspiratio räknas in i vätskebalansen. På dessa intensivvårdsavdelningar fanns skillnader i vilka faktorer som påverkade beräkningen. Vanligast förekommande var att beräkningen påverkades av patientens temp, andningsfrekvens och kroppsvikt. Slutsats: Att räkna med perspiratio som en del i vätskebalansen förefaller allmänt förekomma på intensivvårdsavdelningar i Sverige. Alla intensivvårdsavdelningar har inte riktlinjer för hur vätskebalans skall räknas. Det finns skillnader i vilka faktorer som påverkar beräkningen av perspiratio och detta stödjer det faktum att perspiratio är svårt att beräkna. Det finns även ett starkt samband mellan att ha riktlinjer och att räkna perspiratio. Klinisk betydelse: Det kan finnas ett intresse för intensivvårdssjuksköterskor att ta del av hur andra intensivvårdsavdelningar förhåller sig till perspiratio i vätskebalansen. / Background: In the intensive care nurse's duties measuring and register fluid balance is included. Normal perspiration is between 800-1100ml/24h. Fluid loss through perspiration is difficult to quantify and in the critically ill patient the individual differences are large and perspiration can exceed the normal amount. Purpose: To investigate if perspiration is accounted for in the fluid balance and which factors affects the estimate. Method: An empirical, descriptive and analytical study with quantitative approach. Data collection was done through questionnaires distributed to heads of wards in intensive care units in Sweden Results: The survey showed that most intensive care units included fluid loss through perspiration in the fluid balance. In these intensive care units there were differences in which factors that affect the calculation. Most common was that the calculation was influenced by the patient's temperature, respiration rate and weight. Conclusion: Register perspiration as part of the fluid balance seems generally to occur in intensive care units in Sweden. Not all intensive care units have guidelines how to measure fluid balance. There are differences in the factors that affect the calculation of perspiratio and this supports the fact that perspiratio is difficult to calculate. There is also a strong correlation between having guidelines and counting. Clinical significance: There may be an interest for intensive care nurses to learn about how other intensive care units relate to perspiration in the fluid balance.

Author: Bc. Marie Hejnová Title: Effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Ergometry on Muscle Cross-Sectional Diameter, Nitrogen and Fluid Balance in Critically Ill Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of functional electrical stimulation-assisted cycling ergometry (FES-CE) on cross-sectional diameter of the quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle of both lower extremities in critically ill patients. Another objective was to evaluate if the measured values are responding to the changes in muscle tissue or are caused by an oedema. Methods: The intervention group received daily intensified physical therapy and FES-CE. We measured cross-sectional diameter of the QF muscle repeatedly by a diagnostic ultrasound. We recorded daily nitrogen balance to objectivize catabolism of muscle and fluid balance to objectivize amount of cumulative fluid. Results: The total of 115 patients were evaluated. Average decrease of cross-sectional diameter of QF muscle in the intervention group was 0.020 ± 0.070 cm/day, in the control group it was 0.017 ± 0.084 cm/day (p = 0.87). We registered an opposite result from the eighth day onwards, the intervention group had average decrease 0.025 ± 0.047 cm/day and the control group 0.040 ± 0.076 cm/day (p = 0.38). The nitrogen intake was...

The thesis reports on 6 studies (2 of which were part of a multi-centre trial) examining hydration and fluid balance. The first study described in this thesis investigated the impact of hydration status on Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and other methods that are popular tools to determine body composition in athletes. We observed that it is important to ensure a euhydration when assessing body composition, particularly when considering changes associated with nutritional or exercise interventions. The second and third studies reported identified beverages that promote longer term fluid retention and maintenance of fluid balance in adults. We investigated the effects of 13 different commonly consumed drinks on urine output and fluid balance when ingested in a euhydrated state, with a view to establishing a beverage hydration index (BHI), i.e., the volume of urine produced after drinking expressed relative to a standard treatment (still water) for each beverage. The beverages with the highest BHI were oral rehydration solution, full fat milk and skimmed milk. BHI may be a useful measure to identify the short term hydration potential of different beverages when ingested in a euhydrated state. The fourth study aimed to systematically examine the influence of carbohydrate, sodium and caffeine content of beverages on the BHI. The BHI was greater in beverages with higher carbohydrate or higher sodium content, but not influenced by caffeine. The carbohydrate content of beverages has no effect on BHI at concentration up to 10% carbohydrate. Sodium content of beverages in concentrations of 27mmol/L and higher can improve the hydration potential of beverages. Caffeine doses in beverages up to 400mg/L do not have an impact upon diuresis when ingested in a euhydrated state. The fifth study compared net fluid balance (NFB) responses to the ingestion of commonly consumed drinks in young and older men. We observed that in young adults milk helps to maintain positive net fluid balance for longer than other drinks. In older adults this effect of milk is not observed despite similar net electrolyte balance responses. Future work should more fully explore these potential differences in fluid balance responses to drink ingestion between young and older adults. The final study investigated the hydration habits of Scottish young and older adults (+50 years old), identifying their fluid choices, volume, and preferences in relation to time of day. The results showed that 26.1% of the young females, 30.3% of the young males, 25.8% of the older females and 50.4% of the older males did not meet the European (EU) Food Safety Authority (EFSA) fluid intake recommendations. We also observed that the difference between those who met and those who did not meet the EFSA adequate intake could be attributed to differences in water ingestion, mainly during the mid-morning (after breakfast until 11 am) and during the early-afternoon (after lunch time up to 5 pm). It was concluded that these moments might be key when implementing interventions to improve hydration status especially in the older population.

Introduction : La dépendance aux vasopresseurs est une complication fréquente de la chirurgie cardiaque. Le syndrome vasoplégique (SV) est une forme grave de dépendance aux vasopresseurs due soit à une réaction inflammatoire systémique diffuse, soit à un dysfonctionnement cardiaque après une séparation de la circulation extracorporelle (CEC). Bien que plusieurs facteurs de risque aient été décrits, aucune intervention n’a démontré d’efficacité pour prévenir cette complication. Objectif : Identifier les facteurs de risque modifiables de la dépendance prolongée aux vasopresseurs chez les patients ayant bénéficié d’une chirurgie cardiaque avec CEC. Devis : C’est une étude de cohorte, observationnelle, rétrospective et monocentrique ayant été menée à l’Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal. Patients et méthodes : Analyse rétrospective des patients provenant de deux études prospectives incluant 263 patients ayant subi une chirurgie cardiaque sous CEC entre 2015 et 2017 et admis aux soins intensifs (SI) de chirurgie cardiaque à l’Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal. L’étude exclut toutes les chirurgies cardiaques sans CEC, la transplantation cardiaque et les patients n’ayant pas reçu de vasopresseurs après la fin de la CEC. La dépendance prolongée aux vasopresseurs en postopératoire est définie par la persistance d’au moins un vasopresseur à partir de la fin de la CEC pour une durée supérieure à 24 heures. Une analyse de régression logistique fut effectuée afin de déterminer les variables indépendantes associées à la vasoplégie postopératoire. Résultats : Parmi les patients étudiés, 247 furent éligibles dont 98 (39,7 %) ont développé une dépendance prolongée aux vasopresseurs. Ces patients étaient plus âgés (67 ± 12 ans vs 64 ± 12 ans; p < 0,02) et avec un EuroSCORE II supérieur (3,1 % (1,7-6,1) vs 1,8 % (1,0-3,1), p < 0,0001). En outre, ces patients ont eu plusieurs complications en postopératoire, y compris une durée plus longue de ventilation mécanique (5 heures (IQR 4-9) contre 4 heures (IQR 3-5), p < 0,001), un séjour plus long aux SI (3 jours (IQR 1-2) vs 1 jour (IQR 1-2) ; p <0,001), mais aussi à l’hôpital (7 jours (IQR 6-10) vs 5 jours (IQR 4-7)). Les patients avec une dépendance prolongée aux vasopresseurs avaient été exposés à une période plus longue de CEC (100 minutes (IQR 75-129) vs 83 minutes (IQR 65-108) ; p = 0,009), une dose de norépinéphrine peropératoire plus importante (0,07  0,05 μg-1.kg-1.min contre 0,04 μg.kg-1.min-1, p < 0,001) et une administration de liquides plus importante durant l’opération (2747 ± 1241 par rapport à 2284 ± 879 ml; p = 0,001). En analyse multivariée, la réduction préexistante de la fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche (FEVG)  30 % (OR : 9,52, IC 95 % : 1,14-79,25, p = 0,04), l’hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) préopératoire (définie comme modérée si la pression artérielle pulmonaire systolique (PAPs) est > 30 et  55 mmHg (OR : 2,52, IC 95 % : 1,15-5,52) ; ou sévère si la PAPs est > 55 mmHg (OR : 8,12, IC 95 % : 2,54-26,03, p = 0,002)) et le bilan liquidien cumulatif des premières 24 h aux SI (OR : 1,76, IC 95 % : 1,32-2,33, p < 0,0001) étaient indépendamment associés au développement de la dépendance prolongée aux vasopresseurs. La prédiction du modèle était associée avec une aire sous la courbe ROC de 0,80, IC 95 % : 0,74-0,86, p < 0,0001. Conclusion : La dépendance prolongée aux vasopresseurs après une chirurgie cardiaque est une complication fréquente. La réduction de la FEVG, de l’HTP et un bilan hydrique positif se sont avérés des facteurs de risque indépendants dans ce contexte. / Background: Vasopressor dependency is a common complication of cardiac surgery. The vasoplegic syndrome is a severe form of vasopressor dependency, due either to a diffuse systemic inflammatory reaction or to cardiac dysfunction after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Although several risk factors have been described, no intervention has been demonstrated to be effective to prevent this complication. The objective of this study is to identify modifiable pre and peri operative risk factors of prolonged vasopressor dependency after separation from CPB in cardiac surgery. Design: This is a retrospective observational study in a single specialized cardiac surgery center. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 263 patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) enrolled in two separate prospective studies was performed. Prolonged vasopressor use was defined as the persistence of at least one vasopressor for more than 24 hours after separation from CPB. Data collection included pre-operative risk factors, intraoperative treatment, hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables within the first 24 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) stay after surgery. Results: A total of 247 patients were included and 98 (39.7%) developed prolonged vasopressor dependence. Older age (67 ± 12 vs. 64 ± 12 years; p = 0.01) and higher EuroSCORE II (3.1% (IQR 1.7-6.1) vs. 1.7% (IQR 1.03-3.1); p < 0.0001) was associated with prolonged vasopressor dependence. Furthermore, those patients had worst outcomes including a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (5 hours (IQR 4-9) vs. 4 hours (IQR 3-5); p < 0.001) and a longer ICU stay (3 days (IQR 1-2) vs. 1 day (IQR 1-2); p < 0.001) and hospital stay (7 days (IQR 6-10) vs. 5 days (IQR 4-7)). Patients with prolonged vasopressor dependency had a longer CPB time (100 mins (IQR 75-129) vs. 83 mins (IQR 65-108); p = 0.009), greater intraoperative norepinephrine dose (0.07 ± 0.05 μg.kg-1.min-1 vs. 0.04 ± 0.04 μg.kg-1.min-1, p < 0.001) and larger fluid intake at the end of surgery (2747 ± 1241 vs. 2284 ± 879 ml; p = 0.001). In multivariable analysis, pre-existing reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF £ 30%) (OR: 9,52, 95 % CI : 1.14-79.24; p = 0.03), preoperative pulmonary hypertension (PH) (sPAP > 30 and £ 55 mmHg: OR: 2.5, 95 % CI : 1.14- 5.52; sPAP > 55 mmHg: OR: 8,12, 95 % CI: 2.53-26.02; p = 0.001) and first 24 hours cumulative fluid balance (OR: 1.78, 95 % CI: 1.41-2.24; p < 0.0001) were independently associated with the development of prolonged vasopressors dependence. This model had a good ability to predict prolonged vasopressor dependence after cardiac surgery (AUC = 0.80, 95 % CI: 0.73-0.86; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Vasopressor dependency remains a frequent complication after CPB surgery. Its association with PH and positive fluid balance is unreported and potentially reversible. Prospective studies and clinical trials should explore the role and potential modulation of these two factors in order to prevent postoperative vasopressor dependency.