Orientador: Jefferson Nascimento de Oliveira / Resumo: A poluição dos mananciais de abastecimento e a necessidade de se buscar água, cada vez mais distante, agrega à água tratada um alto valor monetário. A captação da água da chuva e sua utilização para fins não potáveis, é uma alternativa para diminuir o consumo de água potável. Nos grandes centros, ocorre a formação de ilhas de calor, o que favorece a ocorrência de chuvas convectivas acompanhada de fortes ventos. Além disso, houve a verticalização das edificações, resultando em uma área lateral maior, se comparada com a do telhado, tornando a captação de água pluvial em paredes uma alternativa promissora. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a quantidade e qualidade da água de chuva captada em uma parede de vidro e em uma outra de argamassa, num telhado e água atmosférica na cidade de Ilha Solteira – São Paulo. A média de incidência e captação da chuva foi de 47,5% na parede de vidro e 32,5% na de concreto, tendo cada anteparo uma eficiência de coleta média de 16,21% e 8,27% respectivamente. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água avaliados foram: pH, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, alcalinidade total e dureza total, para amostras de 1,0 mm de chuva efetiva, durante os cinco primeiros milímetros, em cada um dos pontos de coleta. As análises laboratoriais mostraram que a água melhora sua qualidade com o passar dos milímetros escoados; e que a água escoada na parede de vidro tem uma grande similaridade na alteração dos parâmetros, quando comparada com a água atmosférica, não necessi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Pollution of supply sources and the need to fetch water farther away, adds water treated a high monetary value. The capitation of rainwater and its use for non-potable purposes is an alternative to reduce the consumption of drinking water. In big cities, there is the formation of heat islands, which favours the occurrence of convective rainfall endowed winds. Furthermore, there was the verticalization of the buildings, resulting in a greater lateral area compared with the roof, making the collection of rainwater walls a promising alternative. The aim of this research was to verify the quality and quality of water collected on a glass wall and an another one of concrete, from a roof and rainwater without contact with any surface (atmospheric water) in the city of Ilha Solteira - São Paulo. The mean incidence and caption in the glass wall was 47.5% and in the concrete 32.5%, with a efficiency of 16.21% and 8.27% respectively. The parameters of water quality, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity and total hardness, for samples of 1.0 mm of effective rain during the five millimeters, at each collection point. The laboratory analyses show that water improves its quality with the passing of millimeters drained; the water from the glass wall had a lower variation of the parameters when compared to an atmospheric water, requiring no volume of discharge, according to a NBR 15.527 / 07. No relation was found between rainfall intensity and water quality, as well as w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Collection of sewage from toilets in a closed tank provides good protection for the environment and health. The closed tank reduces emissions of fertilizing substances, and other substances that may pose a risk, such as pathogens and drug residues. To reduce the water volume in the tank, it is advantageous to connect an extremely low-flush toilet, which means that the average flush volume is a maximum of 1 liter per flush. It is important that the toilet system is reliable for the technology to be used to a greater extent. This study examines experiences and functioning of extremely low-flush toilets to identify possible deficiencies and possible areas for improvement. Information has been obtained through telephone interviews and online surveys. The result shows that most respondents are generally satisfied with their extremely low-flush toilets. For the system to function optimally, it must be properly installed and maintained. There are some deficiencies that are more common, such as interruptions caused by flushing of incorrect objects or incorrect installation, but also some occasional errors. Many malfunctions appear to be caused by improper use or installation. There may be a need to develop certain technology components, such as the alarm function. The sound when flushing can be perceived as too loud. It is important that there are clear instructions for installation, maintenance, and use, as well as functioning service networks in case of problems.

No description available.

The possible effects of pipe materials on drinking water quality have been analyzed in the distribution system of the water treatment plant of "La La Concepciónâ " in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. "La La Concepciónâ " is a surface water reservoir experiencing biogeochemical cycling of manganese. Black water problems have been reported in the distribution system since 1998. An evaluation of the potential influence that PVC and iron pipes could have on the concentration of iron and manganese in drinking water, the effects caused by the presence of manganese in PVC and iron pipe surfaces, and residual chlorine and Pb concentrations in the distribution system was performed. The sampled neighborhoods received an intermittent service. Water was suspended for 8 hours every day due to water quantity problems in the city. Water and pipe samples were obtained for PVC and galvanized iron pipes because these constitute the majority of the infrastructure used for distribution systems in Honduras. Thermodynamic and kinetic conditions for possible manganese oxidation by chlorine and dissolved oxygen in the distribution system were also evaluated. As expected, total Fe concentrations were greater for first flush conditions from the iron pipe. Water samples obtained from the PVC pipe showed higher total Mn concentrations and more black color than those obtained from the iron pipe for both first flush and continuous flow conditions. Residual chlorine decayed relatively fast along the sampled section of the distribution system. Pb concentrations were detected on water samples obtained from PVC for first flush and continuous flow and on iron pipe for first flush. Preliminary experiments showed that manganese-oxidizing and -reducing bacteria were present in the walls of both PVC and iron pipes. Higher numbers of colony-forming microorganisms were recovered from iron (30-fold more) compared to PVC pipe sections. However, the majority of isolates from the PVC biofilm (8 of 10, 80 %) were capable of Mn-oxidation while only 35 % (11 of 31) of isolates from the iron biofilm sample demonstrated Mn-oxidation. This research demonstrates the importance of the different interactions between water and the infrastructure used for its supply in producing safe drinking water. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeoneteCAF.pdf: 2381464 bytes, checksum: b8b649d6580da5fa31a3ad86cfc9eb5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The urban drainage is one of the powers of environmental sanitation and its scope is the quantitative and qualitative aspects. In decision making of managers and the engineering aspects of design are almost always taken into account only the quantitative aspects. However, the waters of the runoff have the highest concentrations of pollutants at the beginning of precipitation. Thus, if the plot pollution removed, the remaining portion can be used for other purposes. This work has aimed to present the variation of water quality of two drainage basins in the city of Natal / RN-Brazil to support the implementation of drainage to consider the qualitative aspect, and identify potential for the use of water. The basins (M and C) are analyzed closed-type, are in the urban area, are predominantly residential occupation and its waters are used for detention ponds and infiltration. The samples were divided into three phases, the first two direct to final points in a basin and the third in traps distributed over the surface drainage. The parameters had been analyzed were pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, Color, Turbidity, COD, Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, Sediments solids, total solids, chloride, sulfate, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, Heavy Metals (Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, Zinc and Copper), Eschichia coli and total coliforms. The parameters studied showed high initial pollution load, events and located in different proportions, except nitrite, heavy metals and biological indicators. The size of the surface drainage and topographic its features influence the quality of water. However, the form of sampling is crucial in the qualitative study in the basin. The samplers developed at work, were generated economic and representative results. The urban rainwater presents organic faecal indicators. The runoff of water from both basins shows no risk of salinity and sodicity for use in irrigation, should be noted the content of chloride in the choice of method of irrigation / A drenagem urbana ? uma das compet?ncias do saneamento ambiental e em seu escopo est?o os aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos. Na tomada de decis?o dos gestores e nos aspectos de projeto de engenharia, s?o levados em considera??o quase sempre somente os aspectos quantitativos. No entanto, as ?guas do escoamento superficial possuem as maiores concentra??es de poluentes no in?cio da precipita??o. Desta forma, caso seja removida a parcela poluidora, a parcela restante pode ser aproveitada para outros fins. Este trabalho tem com objetivo apresentar a varia??o da qualidade da ?gua de duas bacias de drenagem na cidade de Natal/RN-Brasil de modo a subsidiar a aplica??o de pr?ticas de drenagem que considerem o aspecto qualitativo, bem como identificar potencial para o uso dessas ?guas. As bacias (M e C) analisadas s?o do tipo fechadas, se encontram na ?rea urbana, possuem ocupa??o predominantemente residencial e suas ?guas s?o destinadas para lagoas de deten??o e infiltra??o. As coletas foram divididas em tr?s fases, as duas primeiras diretas no exut?rio de uma das bacias e a terceira, em coletores distribu?dos ao longo sua superf?cie de drenagem. Foram analisados os par?metros de pH, Condutividade El?trica, Oxig?nio Dissolvido, Cor, Turbidez, DQO, Am?nia, Nitrito, Nitrato, F?sforo Total, Ortofosfato, S?lidos Sediment?veis, S?lidos totais, Cloretos, Sulfatos, Alcalinidade, C?lcio, Magn?sio, S?dio, Pot?ssio, Metais Pesados (Cromo, C?dmio, Chumbo, Zinco e Cobre), Eschichia coli e Coliformes Totais. Os par?metros estudados apresentaram elevada carga poluidora inicial, em eventos localizados e com propor??es diferentes, exceto nitrito, os metais e os indicadores biol?gicos. A dimens?o da superf?cie de drenagem e suas caracter?sticas topogr?ficas influenciam na qualidade da ?gua. Contudo, a forma de amostragem ? decisiva na caracteriza??o qualitativa da bacia em estudo. Os amostradores desenvolvidos durante o trabalho apresentaram-se econ?micos e geraram resultados representativos. As ?guas pluviais urbanas apresentam indicadores biol?gicos fecais. A ?gua do escoamento superficial de ambas as bacias n?o apresenta risco de salinidade e sodicidade para uso em irriga??o, devendo ser observado o teor de cloreto na escolha do m?todo de irriga??o

Com o desenvolvimento da espécie humana, a sociedade humana passou demandar quantidades cada vez maiores de diversos elementos naturais, principalmente a água. Por estar presente em uma pequena quantidade no planeta (3%), com relação a toda hidrosfera, as águas disponíveis para consumo humano (Ex: Mananciais) são as que mais sofrem com a ação antrópica. A degradação destes recursos se dá por fatores como: poluição, desperdício e falta de políticas públicas sobre conservação dos recursos hídricos. Buscando a implementação de estratégias para a melhor gestão dos recursos hídricos, a utilização de águas pluviais como fonte hídrica alternativa, ganha importância diante desse cenário. Além de uma fonte hídrica de fácil acesso em muitas regiões (com média anual de precipitação em 1589 mm na região da Tijuca Alerta Rio, 2013), estudos demonstram que sua qualidade permite sua utilização em atividades não potáveis, resultando na economia de águas que são tratadas e destinadas para consumo humano. Visando colaborar com as questões expostas anteriormente, a presente dissertação de mestrado buscou avaliar a qualidade das águas de chuva em uma determinada região e os fatores que possam interferir na qualidade das águas pluviais, como: tipo de material da superfície de captação, proximidade a focos de poluição atmosférica e período de estiagem antecedente ao evento pluviométrico. Para tal tarefa, foi instalado um sistema de captação de águas pluviais no Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, localizado no bairro do Rio Comprido, região norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os parâmetros físico-químicos para qualidade da água pH, turbidez, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais dissolvidos, potencial de oxi-redução e condutividade foram analisados com o auxílio da sonda multiparâmetro. Ao correlacionar a presença de sólidos na água de chuva com os períodos de estiagem, verificou-se que quanto maior o período de seca, maior a quantidade de sólidos nas amostras. Com relação aos marcos regulatórios (Portaria 2914/2011, MS; Padrões de potabilidade, OMS; CONAMA 357 e NBR 15.527) , os resultados para estes parâmetros ficaram de acordo com os limites exigidos pelas mesmas, exceto o pH. Com a análise dos resultados, recomenda-se estudos para determinar quais fatores podem estar interferindo na acidificação das águas coletadas no estudo. / Society has demanded increasing amounts of various natural elements, mainly water. Because fresh water occurs in relatively small amounts on the planet (3%), the water available for human consumption are the most impacted by anthropic action. The degradation of these resources occurs by factors such as pollution, waste and lack of public policies on conservation of water resources. In order to implement strategies for better management of water resources, the use of rainwater as an alternative water source became important. Besides a water source easily accessible in many regions (with mean annual rainfall 1589 mm in the Tijuca area Alerta Rio, 2013), studies show that their quality allows their use in non-potable activities, resulting in water savings that are treated and intended to human consumption. Aiming to collaborate with the issues previously exposed, this dissertation sought to evaluate the quality of rainwater in a particular region and factors that might interfere in the quality of the rainwater, as the type of the material on the uptake surface, proximity to air pollution sources and drought period preceding the rainfall event. For this task, it was installed a system of rainwater harvesting at the Institute Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, where CAp UERJ, located in municipally Rio Comprido, northern of Rio de Janeiro. The physico-chemical parameters: pH water, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, oxi-reduction potential and conductivity were analyzed with the aid of water quality multiparameter probe. By correlating the presence of solids in rainwater with drought periods, it was found that the longer the dry period, greater is the amount of solids in the samples. Except foi pH, all parameters (physical-chemical) met, regulatory limits (Decree 2914/11, MS; Standards of potability). It is recommended that further investigation is developed in order to better intently factors interfering with water acidification found in this study.

Com o desenvolvimento da espécie humana, a sociedade humana passou demandar quantidades cada vez maiores de diversos elementos naturais, principalmente a água. Por estar presente em uma pequena quantidade no planeta (3%), com relação a toda hidrosfera, as águas disponíveis para consumo humano (Ex: Mananciais) são as que mais sofrem com a ação antrópica. A degradação destes recursos se dá por fatores como: poluição, desperdício e falta de políticas públicas sobre conservação dos recursos hídricos. Buscando a implementação de estratégias para a melhor gestão dos recursos hídricos, a utilização de águas pluviais como fonte hídrica alternativa, ganha importância diante desse cenário. Além de uma fonte hídrica de fácil acesso em muitas regiões (com média anual de precipitação em 1589 mm na região da Tijuca Alerta Rio, 2013), estudos demonstram que sua qualidade permite sua utilização em atividades não potáveis, resultando na economia de águas que são tratadas e destinadas para consumo humano. Visando colaborar com as questões expostas anteriormente, a presente dissertação de mestrado buscou avaliar a qualidade das águas de chuva em uma determinada região e os fatores que possam interferir na qualidade das águas pluviais, como: tipo de material da superfície de captação, proximidade a focos de poluição atmosférica e período de estiagem antecedente ao evento pluviométrico. Para tal tarefa, foi instalado um sistema de captação de águas pluviais no Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, localizado no bairro do Rio Comprido, região norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os parâmetros físico-químicos para qualidade da água pH, turbidez, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais dissolvidos, potencial de oxi-redução e condutividade foram analisados com o auxílio da sonda multiparâmetro. Ao correlacionar a presença de sólidos na água de chuva com os períodos de estiagem, verificou-se que quanto maior o período de seca, maior a quantidade de sólidos nas amostras. Com relação aos marcos regulatórios (Portaria 2914/2011, MS; Padrões de potabilidade, OMS; CONAMA 357 e NBR 15.527) , os resultados para estes parâmetros ficaram de acordo com os limites exigidos pelas mesmas, exceto o pH. Com a análise dos resultados, recomenda-se estudos para determinar quais fatores podem estar interferindo na acidificação das águas coletadas no estudo. / Society has demanded increasing amounts of various natural elements, mainly water. Because fresh water occurs in relatively small amounts on the planet (3%), the water available for human consumption are the most impacted by anthropic action. The degradation of these resources occurs by factors such as pollution, waste and lack of public policies on conservation of water resources. In order to implement strategies for better management of water resources, the use of rainwater as an alternative water source became important. Besides a water source easily accessible in many regions (with mean annual rainfall 1589 mm in the Tijuca area Alerta Rio, 2013), studies show that their quality allows their use in non-potable activities, resulting in water savings that are treated and intended to human consumption. Aiming to collaborate with the issues previously exposed, this dissertation sought to evaluate the quality of rainwater in a particular region and factors that might interfere in the quality of the rainwater, as the type of the material on the uptake surface, proximity to air pollution sources and drought period preceding the rainfall event. For this task, it was installed a system of rainwater harvesting at the Institute Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, where CAp UERJ, located in municipally Rio Comprido, northern of Rio de Janeiro. The physico-chemical parameters: pH water, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, oxi-reduction potential and conductivity were analyzed with the aid of water quality multiparameter probe. By correlating the presence of solids in rainwater with drought periods, it was found that the longer the dry period, greater is the amount of solids in the samples. Except foi pH, all parameters (physical-chemical) met, regulatory limits (Decree 2914/11, MS; Standards of potability). It is recommended that further investigation is developed in order to better intently factors interfering with water acidification found in this study.

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, l’engouement pour les propulsions hydrojets n’a fait que croître et elles s’imposent aujourd’hui comme la propulsion marine incontournable pour les hautes vitesses. Dans un même temps, un outil permettant un gain considérable de temps et d’argent s’est lui aussi développé considérablement. En effet, la CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) est devenue une pratique courante lorsqu’il s’agit de prévoir le comportement d’un écoulement sans avoir à passer par un modèle réel. Elle sera utilisée tout au long du projet pour simuler le flux au travers de la propulsion. Le design d’une entrée d’eau est capital : une entrée d’eau mal conçue engendrera des zones de cavitation, de la recirculation sur la lèvre ou la rampe, des pertes importantes et un champ de vitesse non uniforme à la face de la pompe. Il en résultera une diminution du rendement de l’entrée, mais aussi une diminution du rendement de la pompe, puisqu’optmisée pour un flux uniforme. L’objectif de ce projet sera d’optimiser l’entrée d’eau pour augmenter le rendement global de la propulsion et ainsi réduire la consommation d’essence de 6 % sur un cycle donné. Actuellement, les conduites d’entrées sont conçues pour optimiser une vitesse de croisière moyenne. Dans ce projet, le but sera d’éviter d’avoir un compromis à faire entre les basses vitesses, la vitesse de croisière et la vitesse de pointe, et d’optimiser la géométrie de l’entrée pour une large plage de fonctionnement. Cela passe par une géométrie variable et donc un mécanisme asservi. Afin de concevoir un tel système, il sera nécessaire de trouver les géométries optimales pour les différents régimes de fonctionnement. Une étude CFD 2D paramétrable permettra de trouver les lignes directrices de ces géométries. Un modèle 3D devra ensuite être validé, puis utilisé pour pouvoir affiner les géométries optimales. Un système sera alors conçu puis testé sur le modèle CFD. Des tests expérimentaux viendront finaliser l’étude.

The introduction of pen-reared Attwater's prairie-chickens (APC, Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) into the wild to supplement existing populations has met with marginal success. Flight characteristics, predator avoidance behavior, and rearing methods are possible factors contributing to post-release mortality of pen-reared birds. To evaluate flight characteristics and predator avoidance behavior of pen-reared APC's released onto the Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, flight characteristics and predator avoidance behavior of pen-reared APC's was compared to wild greater prairie-chickens (GPC, T. c. pinnatus) in Minnesota and Kansas using a radar gun and a trained dog. There was no difference (P = 0.134) in flight speed for pen-reared APC and wild GPC. However, wild GPC had greater (P < 0.001) flight distances than did pen-reared APC. Wild GPC and pen-reared APC that had survived in the wild for at least a year flushed at a greater (P < 0.001) distance from an approaching human than did pen-reared APC that had been released for less than 3 months. A trained dog was able to approach closer (P < 0.001) to APC than GPC before birds flushed, and APC did not fly as far as GPC after being flushed by the dog. Pen-reared APC displayed flight endurance deficiencies and were more approachable by humans and a dog before they flushed when compared to wild GPC, which could explain their increased mortality when released into the wild. To determine if APC chicks could be reared without daily human contact, pelleted food, and water in founts, a greenhouse was used to rear chicks in a semi-natural environment. Planted vegetation and commercial insects provided hiding cover and a food source for the APC chicks. An underground heat source provided chick warmth, and water misters and a sprinkler system simulated dew (a water source for chicks) and rain. The greenhouse provided chicks protection from predators and adverse weather conditions (before they could thermo-regulate) while exposing chicks to natural sunlight, day length, and temperature fluctuations. This technique allowed chicks to be reared in a semi-natural environment which reinforced their natural foraging behavior for food and water, and reinforced their hiding and avoidance behaviors, creating a wilder pen-reared bird.

Urban development will continue to increase in Texas because of population growth and urban sprawl. Despite the desire for urbanization and expansion of the economy, this growth increases the amount of construction, which, if not properly managed, can increase non-point source pollution and threaten surface water quality. Therefore, Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has approved and promoted the use of compost as a stormwater best management practice (BMP) during highway construction. The objectives of this study were to construct and calibrate an indoor rainfall simulator and to determine the effectiveness of using compost rather than conventional hydroseeding or topsoil to reduce erosion from disturbed soils. Runoff rates, interrill erosion, and interrill erodibility were determined and compared across five compost treatments following TxDOT specifications for compost applied as an erosion control and two control treatments of topsoil (TS) and hydroseeding (HS) applied at 5 cm depth. The simulator produced 89% uniformity using ten Veejet 80100 nozzles at a target rate of 100 mm h-1. The surface runoff was collected after 5 minutes of rainfall (first flush) and during the last 30 minutes of rainfall (steady-state). The first flush mean runoff for GUC-5 treatment was significantly higher than all other treatments. All other treatments; 50% woodchips and 50% compost blend (ECC-1.3, ECC-5), and hydroseeding (HS) had significantly lower runoff and erosion rates compared to topsoil (TS) and compost manufactured topsoil (CMT) at first flush and steady-state. Furthermore, there were no performance differences between 1.3 cm and 5 cm compost applications at first flush or steady-state. The results of this project indicate that particle size, soil moisture capabilities, and time at which rainfall is applied affect surface runoff. TxDOT specification of using ECC at 5 cm depth on a max of 3:1 slope should be reconsidered. An ECC application depth of 1.3 cm was effective in reducing first flush runoff and interrill erosion rates.