Este trabalho apresenta uma análise minuciosa das solicitações de cisalhamento nas paredes de edifícios em alvenaria estrutural submetidos a ações horizontais. O estudo compreende a análise do comportamento global da estrutura, empregando-se diferentes modelagens numéricas para o sistema de contraventamento do edifício. Os modelos utilizados incluem a deformabilidade por cisalhamento das paredes e os efeitos provenientes da torção do edifício. Os resultados apresentados consistem em deslocamentos horizontais, distribuição dos esforços cortantes e momentos fletores entre as paredes, e análise das tensões de cisalhamento das paredes e lintéis. Avaliam-se, também, os diagramas de esforço cortante e momento fletor das paredes mais solicitadas. / This work presents a shear stress study of the shear walls of masonry buildings under lateral loads. The study consists of building overall structural behavior, with the use of different theoretical models for the lateral-load-resisting system of the building. The models include shear deformation and torsion effects. The results comprise horizontal displacement, shear force and bending moment distribution on shear walls, enhancing the shear stress verification of greater internal-forces values in walls and lintels. Shear force and bending moment diagrams related to the walls with the greater internal forces are also shown.

Buscamos, nesta dissertação, lidar com o amplo conceito de forças naturais na obra de Schopenhauer; partindo de suas opiniões pelo ponto de vista científico até a correlação entre forças naturais, a força vital, a Ideia e os graus de objetivação da vontade de modo a desenvolver sua noção de unidade na natureza. / It\'s our goal, on this dissertation, to deal with the vast concept of natural forces on the work of Schopenhauer; starting with his opinions through the scientific point of view until the correlation between natural forces, the vital force, the Ideia e the degrees of the objetification of the will so we can develop his notion of unity on nature.

武舉常科創自武曌（則天），長安二年（702）始設。歷後各朝，除元代不開武科，宋、金、明三代偶有停罷，武科相沿一千二百年，幾與文科相埒。職是之故，近世中國之造士與選士，於文科、儒學、儒經、文廟一系之外，另有武科、武學、武經、武廟一系。兩系雖各有輕重，然並駕駢行千餘載，交互制衡，以保政治之平穩暢達。 / 入關伊始，清廷即詔令因襲前明舊制，開設文武科考。自順治二年（1645）開科鄉試，至光緒二十七年（1901）正式廢除，清代武科持續運作二百五十餘年，幾與王朝相伴始終。清代武科之主要層級同於文科，皆始於童試，繼而鄉試、會試，終於殿試。各級武考中式者，亦相應得授武生員、武舉人、武進士出身。武科各級考試，均分別外場、內場進行，以外場試武藝，內場試文藝。錄取權衡時外場重於內場，外場技藝之中，馬、步箭及開弓又重於舞刀、掇石。 / 清代武科之制度設計及考試內容，延續中國歷代選士「文武合一」之一貫理想，然現實中卻文武殊途。清代武科之設計與運作，既體現旗民之別，八旗內部又有滿蒙與漢軍之別、京旗與駐防之別。武科之正面影響遠不及文科，然文武科考皆為常規掄才途徑，兩者所揭櫫清代政局大勢與掄才需求之變化，實際異曲同工。通過文武兩途考選，清代科考人才之宏觀佈局，呈現南方文風熾盛、北方技勇突出之特徵。武進士之初始授職，以皇宮侍衛及地方營、衛守備為主，然武科選途清初即病壅滯，實授遷轉甚難。 / 清廷之復武科，宣稱旨在遴選「干城之才」，以為「腹心之寄」。然武科內場考試，自乾隆朝廢止《四書》，嘉慶朝盡廢論、策之試，改為默寫《武經》，日漸形同虛設。武科士子之文化素養，亦日益下降。武科外場所試技藝，係屬展示表演，而非對抗實戰。而且，自乾隆間改試鳥槍之議被禁，外場各項冷兵器技藝考核陳陳相因，與實際戰局日漸疏離。職是之故，清代中期以降，武科越益頹化為授予功名之儀式與恩榮，而非掄才要徑、晉身要途。武進士初始授職之品級，雖遠較文進士為高，然武科出身之仕途前景與政治影響遠不及文科。更有甚者，武科內、外場不僅弊情嚴重，不少武科士子更危害一方，成為地方社會亂源，大悖設科初衷。 / 清代武科出身雖有功勳卓著、官居高位者，然究屬鳳毛麟角，且集中於清代初中期。整體而論，這套幾乎橫貫全國、縱跨全清之掄才制度，得材甚少。其對帝國整體軍事力量，亦鮮少實質促進。然武科之存續，仍有平衡文武、調劑滿漢之功用，清廷既可藉此驅策雙方、維持動態均勢，又可以之宣示恩典威權、籠絡地方。因此，清代武科雖然實效不彰，卻又相沿不輟。必至清末內憂外患之鉅變衝擊，始與文科相繼停廢。復因武科之影響遠不及文科，故廢除武科所致近代中國社會之震盪，亦不可與停廢文科同日而語。 / Established by Empress Wu in 702, the imperial military examination system lasted, albeit having been suspended in the entire Yuan dynasty and in part of the Song, Jin and Ming dynasties occasionally, for 1200 years, which was nearly as long as the period of existence of the imperial civil examination system. In effect, the military examination system, associated with military schools, military classics and military temples, functioned as a mechanism parallel to the civil examination and its related institutions (i.e., Confucian schools, Confucian classics and Confucian temples) for cultivating and recruiting talents in late imperial China. Although the two systems exerted influence in different degrees on the Chinese empire, they co-existed and managed to keep a balance between them for more than a millennium so as to contribute to the stable and smooth governance of traditional China. / The Manchu court, immediately after entering Beijing, decreed to resume the civil and military examinations by adopting the former Ming institutions. Since its restoration in 1645, the military examination system ran consecutively for more than 250 years until it was eventually abolished in 1901. The vertical levels of the military examination, which were the same as those for its civil counterpart, included Tongshi (examination for junior students), Xiangshi (provincial examination), Huishi (metropolitan examination), and Dianshi (palace examination). Candidates who passed examinations at different levels were conferred the corresponding status of Wushengyuan (military government students), Wujuren (military provincial graduates) and Wujinshi (military metropolitan graduates). At each level, the military examination consisted of the outer session for tests of martial arts and physical strengths and the inner session on military classics and literary abilities. As for selection criteria, the outer session often carried greater weight. Among the examination items for the outer session, mounted archery, standing archery and bow-drawing were more important than long-handled sword-brandishing and stone-lifting. / To integrate literary and martial competence, the long-standing ideal of talent-recruitment in traditional China, was also materialized in the Qing military examination. In reality, however, the civil and military tracks diverged remarkably from each other. The design and implementation of the military examination system evinced a clear distinction between banner people and commoners. Even within the Eight Banners, there were different arrangements for Manchus, Mongols and Han military bannermen, and for capital banners and provincial garrison banners as well. In terms of positive influence, the military examination system could not compare with the civil one. However, the vicissitudes of both the civil and military examination systems, as components of the mechanism for the recruitment of talents, reflected almost similarly the changes in political development and the correspondent needs for helps from social elites in Qing times. Under these two systems, the macro-spatial distribution of talented candidates in the Qing demonstrated that those from the south were versed in literary skills, whilst those from the north were excellent in martial arts. The initial position for a newly admitted military Jinshi was usually the imperial guard or mid-ranking officer in the local Green Standard Army. But the career prospects of the military degree holders started to dim as early as the beginning of the dynasty. The situation became increasingly difficult afterwards when promising appointments with promotion prospects were hard to come by. / The Qing court constantly claimed that the restoration of military examination aimed at nurturing able military talents to serve as reliable defenders of the empire. Yet after Emperor Qianlong cancelled the test on The Four Books and Emperor Jiaqing further replaced discourse essay composition with short paragraph writing of the military classics from memory, the inner session of the examination was gradually turned into something in name only. The result was an increasing decline of the overall literary level of the candidates. More problematically, the test of martial skills in the outer session of the examination was more on individual demonstrative performance than actual confrontational combat. And since Emperor Qianlong had banned the inclusion of musket as an item of examination in the outer session, the use of traditional cold weapons and relevant skills were tested repeatedly without substantial reform, making the examination further and further irrelevant to actual warfare. Thus after the mid-Qing era, the military examination degenerated gradually into something ceremonial and honour-endowing, rather than a key mechanism of talent recruitment. Despite the superior rankings of initial appointments, the subsequent career prospects and political influences of the military Jinshi were far less favorable than those of their literary peers. What further worsened the situation was the phenomenon that, apart from severe malpractice and corruption in the examination, many military degree holders even committed infamous deeds and thus became the source of unrests in local society, starkly betraying the original intention of the institution of imperial examination. / Cases of military degree holders who performed meritoriously in military and political realms did exist. They were nevertheless rare and mainly appeared during the first half of the dynasty. A holistic evaluation of the military examination system, which was operated spatially all over the empire and temporally nearly throughout the entire dynasty, nurtured few serviceable military talents. It could therefore hardly make significant contribution to the empire’s overall military strengths. Paradoxically, the military examination system did continue to function as an institution to balance the civil and military sectors, and Manchus and the Han, in terms of interest and power. In adopting it, the Manchu court could manipulate both sides and keep a dynamic balance between them, meanwhile bestowing favours on, declaring authority over, and winning the support of society. Therefore, the military examination system remained in operation although it did not work effectively as a due talent-recruiting institution. It was officially abrogated, shortly before the abolition of its civil counterpart, in the very late period of the Qing under the impact of a series of social upheavals and tremendous political changes, amid external military threats. As the influence of the military examination system could nowhere match that of the civil examination system, the abolition of the latter seemed to have brought a much bigger shock to Chinese society in transition to the modern era. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李林. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 345-360). / Abstracts also in English. / Li Lin.

No description available.

Plasmonic nanostructures provide unique opportunities to improve the detection limits of chiroptical spectroscopies by enhancing chiral light-matter interactions. The most significant of such interaction occur in ultraviolet (UV) range of the electromagnetic spectrum that remains challenging to access by conventional localized plasmon resonance based sensors. Although Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) on noble metal films can sustain resonances in the desired spectral range, their transverse magnetic nature has been an obstacle for enhancing chiroptical effects. We demonstrate, both analytically and numerically, that SPPs excited by near-field sources can exhibit rich and non-trivial chiral characteristics. In particular, we show that the excitation of SPPs by a chiral source not only results in a locally enhanced optical chirality but also achieves manifold enhancement of net optical chirality. Our finding that SPPs facilitate a plasmonic enhancement of optical chirality in the UV part of the spectrum is of great interest in chiral bio-sensing. Next we focus on the new concepts of transverse spin angular momentum and Belinfante spin momentum of evanescent waves, which have recently drawn considerable attention. We investigate these novel physical properties of electromagnetic fields in the context of chiral surface plasmon polaritons. We demonstrate, both analytically and numerically, that locally excited surface plasmon polaritons possess transverse Spin angular momentum and Belinfante momentum with rich and non-trivial characteristics. We also show that the transverse spin angular momentum of locally excited surface plasmon polaritons leads to the emergence of transverse chiral forces in opposite directions for chiral objects of different handedness. The magnitude of such a transverse force is comparable to the optical gradient force and scattering forces. This finding may pave the way for realization of optical separation of chiral biomolecules

The surface roughness of a few asperities and their influence on the work of adhesion is of scientific interest. Macroscale and nanoscale adhesion data have given seemingly inconsistent results. Despite the importance of bridging the gap between the two regimes, little experimental work has been done, presumably due to the difficulty of the experiment needed to determine how small amounts of surface roughness might influence adhesion data lying in between the two scales. To investigate the role of few-asperity contacts in adhesion, the pull-off force was measured between different sized AFM (Atomic-Force Microscope) tips that had different roughnesses and sample surfaces that had well-controlled material properties. The spring constant of the cantilever, the deflection of the cantilever, and the radius of the cantilever tip were measured before each experiment. There were seventeen tips of four different types, with radii from 200 nm to 60 ìm. The samples were unpatterned amorphous silicon dioxide die with two types of surface conditions: untreated and treated with a few angstroms of vapor deposited diphenylsiloxane. We observed that the pull-off force was independent of the radius of the AFM tip, which was contrary to all continuum-mechanics model predictions. To explain this behavior, we assumed that the interactions between the AFM tip and sample were additive, material properties were constant, and that the AFM tip, asperities, and sample surfaces were of uniform density. Based on these assumptions, we calculated a simple correction due to the measured Root Mean Square (RMS) surface roughness of the AFM tips. The simple correction for the RMS surface roughness resulted in the expected dependence of the pull-off force on radius, but the magnitudes were higher than expected. Commercial and heat-treated AFM tips had minimal surface roughness and result in magnitudes that were more reliable. The relative uncertainty for the pull-off force was estimated to be 10% and the work of adhesion was estimated to be 15%. In this thesis, we derive how the cantilever and tip parameters contribute to the measured pull-off force, show how the corrected results compare with theory, and demonstrate how the AFM probes were calibrated. Although much work is still needed, the work presented here should expand the understanding of adhesion between the nanoscale and macroscale.

Intramolecular energy transfer is reviewed from several perspectives, such as the generally accepted mechanism and molecular structure dependence. Some unique molecules with bichromophores or trichromophores linked by rigid bridges were designed to serve as models for studying the intramolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer. Bichromophoric molecules containing an anthracene donor and phenanthrene or diphenylpolyene acceptors linked by linearly fused norbornane units were synthesized. Approaches to the analogous compounds with anthracene as the donor and benzophenone or p-terphenyl as acceptors are presented. Synthetic approaches to cis, exo-1, 4-dihydro-1, 4-methanotriphenylene, a precursor to the polynorbornyl-linked polychromophore, and trichromophoric compounds linked by adamantane spacers were explored.

This work investigates threshold forces and vibrations in diamond roll plunge dressing of vitreous bonded aluminum oxide grinding wheels. Threshold forces in dressing are not currently considered in the control of the dress cycles of grinding wheels in manufacturing. These threshold forces, however, can lead to size, taper, and out of round errors on the grinding wheel, which are then imparted onto the workpiece. Particularly in internal grinding, and other setups with lower spindle stiffnesses, any threshold force in dressing will cause deflection of the spindle before removing abrasive, which will lead to the grinding wheel being out of size. Hall-effect sensors on the grinding wheel spindle are used to determine the normal force, and a linear encoder on the dressing roll cross-slide is used to determine the abrasive removal rate. The abrasive removal rate is plotted against the normal force for a number of feedrates, and two distinct slopes were observed, with two different threshold forces. In addition, an acoustic emission system is compared to the hall-effect force sensor to study the correlation of the two sensors.

Submitted by Jailda Nascimento (jmnascimento@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-05T15:47:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Fernando Finazzi.pdf: 1431017 bytes, checksum: da17f1be008b8781de00f75d2b7902a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T15:47:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Fernando Finazzi.pdf: 1431017 bytes, checksum: da17f1be008b8781de00f75d2b7902a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the post-Cold War world, the UN’s Peace operations has changed from a phase that envisaged the contention of parts in conflict to the promotion of structural reforms understood as necessary to undermine the recurrance of the hostilites and to help establish a certain level of stability and peace. In this new kind of peacebuilding operation, the reconstruction process is intended to form or transform the so-called security sector. The great powers and the most relevant internation organizations started to resort to the Security Sector Reform (SSR) as a framework of policies that envisage the transformation of the structures and actors that deal with the use of violence in these contexts. However, besides the growing importance of SSR as a key-theme in the processes of reconstruction, the national and international literatures are still rare, and generally present a marked normative nature. In the case of Haiti, the country is under constant UN’s interventions since 1994. The SSR came to be one of the most importante activites executed by the international actors. The aim of the present work is to demonstrate a changen in the ways that SSR came to be executed between the 90s and 2000s. If the actions had, initially, focused on the state institutions, with the intervention of Minustah they probe directlly to the population and the ways of beeing as a whole, specially to certain “target-groups” and by means that converge the counter-insurgence tactics and humanitarism. We intend to fill this gap between the rise of SSR as a discourse and practice of international actors and the lack of studies that go beyond their normative objectives / No contexto internacional do Pós-Guerra Fria, as operações de paz da ONU passaram de uma fase focada estritamente na contenção das partes em conflito de modo relativamente imparcial para a promoção de reformas estruturais tidas como necessárias tanto para minar a recorrência do conflito interno quanto possibilitar a transição para uma situação de paz e estabilidade. Nessas novas operações de peacebuilding, os processos de reconstrução do Estado agora lidam com questões cruciais que envolvem a formação ou transformação do chamado setor de segurança. As grandes potências e as principais organizações internacionais passaram a recorrer à Reforma do Setor de Segurança (RSS) como um conjunto de políticas que têm como objetivo readequar as estruturas e atores que lidam com o exercício da violência nesses contextos. No entanto, apesar da emergência da RSS como um tema-chave nos processos de reconstrução, a literatura nacional e internacional ainda é escassa, geralmente apresentando um caráter fortemente normativo. O Haiti vive sob constantes intervenções da ONU desde 1994, durante as quais a RSS se tornou uma das principais atividades exercidas pelos agentes interventores. O objetivo do presente trabalho é demonstrar uma alteração nos modos pelos quais a RSS veio a ser executada entre os esforços dos anos 90 e 2000. Se inicialmente as ações se focaram nas instituições do Estado, com a Minustah elas teriam se aprofundado em direção à população e às formas de vida como um todo, especificamente a determinados “grupos-alvo”, por meio de táticas que se indifirenciariam entre a contra-insurgência e o humanitarismo. Pretendemos, assim tentar preencher essa lacuna entre a emergência da RSS e a ausência de estudos que vão além dos seus objetivos normativos

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-04-10T13:57:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Tifaldi.pdf: 864654 bytes, checksum: 1dbc883557bd48ed70003affc0e32f90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T13:57:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Tifaldi.pdf: 864654 bytes, checksum: 1dbc883557bd48ed70003affc0e32f90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / The general objective of this dissertation is the residual dictatorship. Highlight so that you can understand what's left of the civil-military dictatorship, from 1964 to 1985, in the contemporary democratic and, above all, why no progress, or rather, why won't you move, keeping the transition between authoritarianism and democracy, from 1986 to 1988. It is considered to be dictatorial residue which makes the current democratic regime, formally established in 1988, stay stagnant, or rest in a kind of intermediate regime, safety, fostered by the diffuse feelings of fear and insecurity, which recriaria a society eager for militarism. To highlight the residual dictatorship, will be addressed in this essay aspects such How to: maintain repressive apparatus of the civil-military regime of 1964 in democratic rule after 1988, in particular the auxiliary armed forces and army reserve; resistance on if reestruturto them in the context of the current democratic regime; the absence of content or subjects of Military Law in legal education; and, as the proposed ' constitutional ' military intervention, the latest public demonstrations , ria can be interpreted in the context of the dictatorship. Aspects that will be discussed from a theoretical explanatory basis, adding to the primary production data methodology to illustrate the argument / O objetivo geral desta dissertação de mestrado é evidenciar a ditadura residual. Evidenciar para que se possa compreender o que resta da ditadura civil-militar, de 1964 a 1985, no regime democrático contemporâneo e, principalmente, por que não se avança, ou melhor, por que não se quer avançar, mantendo-se incompleta a transição entre autoritarismo e democracia, de 1986 a 1988. Considera-se ser esse resíduo ditatorial o que faz com que o regime democrático atual, formalmente instaurado em 1988, mantenha-se estagnado, ou repouse numa espécie de regime intermediário, difuso de segurança, fomentado pelos sentimentos de medo e de insegurança, o que recriaria uma sociedade ávida pelo militarismo. Para se evidenciar a ditadura residual, serão abordados nesta dissertação aspectos tais como: a manutenção de aparatos repressivos do regime civil-militar de 1964 em regime democrático do pós-1988, em especial as forças armadas auxiliares e reserva do Exército; a resistência em se reestruturá-las no contexto do atual regime democrático; a ausência de conteúdos ou de disciplinas de Direito Militar no ensino jurídico; e, de como a proposta de intervenção militar “constitucional”, das mais recentes manifestações públicas, poderia ser interpretada no contexto da ditadura residual. Aspectos que serão abordados a partir de base explicativa teórica, acrescentando-se à metodologia produção primária de dados para se ilustrar a argumentação