Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 W66 / Master of Science

Increasingly popular methods for managing impacts of tourism in nature-based settings include collaborative and voluntary codes of conduct. In southeast Alaska, for example, the Tourism Best Management Practices (TBMP) in Juneau and Wilderness Best Management Practices (WBMP) in Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness have been created to address shore and marine based tourism (e.g., cruise ships). This thesis contains three articles examining stakeholder: (a) definitions of wilderness and their influence on perceptions of the WBMP process, (b) motivations for collaboration in the WBMP and effects of this process on stakeholder relations, and (c) perceptions of indicators in the WBMP and motivations for compliance. Data were obtained from 28 interviews with tour operators, cruise industry representatives, US Forest Service personnel, and local residents. Findings in the first article showed that most respondents had some degree of purism in their definitions of wilderness (e.g., solitude, minimal impact), although cruise industry personnel had less purist definitions. With the exception of cruise representatives, most respondents felt that the wilderness character of this wilderness area was being threatened by vessel traffic, especially cruise ships. Most interviewees supported the WBMP as an alternative to regulations because it allowed for personal freedom and input into rulemaking, but many felt that the WBMP may be unable to address some future effects of tourism in the area. Many of the smaller and more purist operators felt that if the pristine character of this area was threatened, they might support regulations. Most stakeholders, however, displayed a type of cognitive dissonance by expressing concern over threats to the wilderness character of this area, yet rejecting formal regulations that may be needed for protecting the wilderness experiences they value most. Results from the second article demonstrated that the WBMP has enhanced stakeholder relations by improving communication and dialogue, and instilling an ethic of compromise and sharing. Lack of trust, however, was a concern, especially between smaller tour operators and cruise lines due to a perception that cruise lines are not following all of the WBMP guidelines. There was concern regarding how inclusive the WBMP should be, as many cruise representatives felt that local residents should not participate. Respondents also stated some concerns with Juneau's TBMP that could be used as lessons for improving the WBMP (e.g., noncompliance, incentives, monitoring). Findings covered in the third article showed that stakeholders considered the most contentious guideline in the WBMP to be the preservation of solitude, but they felt that the most important guidelines involved environmental factors such as impacts of tourism on seals. Compliance with the WBMP guidelines was motivated by altruism, peer pressure, and self-interest. Noncompliance was attributed to a lack of awareness of the WBMP and effects of noncompliant behavior, and perceptions that the WBMP was an example of government interference in private business operations. These findings may help agencies continue facilitating the WBMP and similar collaborative processes in other locales. / Graduation date: 2012

Uppsatsen syftar till att belysa om och hur elevers självbild och motivation påverkas vid övergången till gymnasiet med fokus på ämnet matematik. Betydligt fler elever har svårigheter att klara av första matematikkursen på gymnasiet än i svenska och engelska. Vad beror det på? Påverkas deras självbild? Är det bristande motivation orsak eller har de för dåliga förkunskaper med sig? Enligt Engström (2015) är svaga matematikbetyg ett symtom på ett sämre fungerande utbildningssystem. Uppsatsen har en fenomenologiska ansats där vi är intresserade av vad eleverna berättar om sina upplevelser, hur ser deras självbild ut, vad motiverar i deras skolarbete, hur de har upplevt övergången till gymnasiet och vad och hur tänker de kring matematikämnet? Genom att använda oss av Fords (1992) interaktionistiska målteori är målet att förstå elevers motivation. Ford menar att motivation är ett resultat av mål x känslor x personlig övertygelse. Åtta elever från både yrkes- och studieförberedande program intervjuades, hälften av dem hade minst betyg E på första matematikkursen på gymnasiet. Vid intervjuerna ställdes frågor om självbild, motivation, övergång och matematik, det inspelade materialet transkriberades och svaren sammanställdes utifrån de fyra redovisade teman. Resultatet visar att övergången innebär ett för eleverna förväntat ökat ansvar för sitt lärande. Tempot är högre och tiden är klart begränsad då kursen skall hinnas med. Elever som beskriver svårigheter i matematik uppger inte att självbilden har påverkats av det, utan lyfter fram andra positiva förmågor som de har. För att ha motivation är intresset en given faktor som alla elever lyfter fram, både de som har svårigheter i matematik och de som inte har det. Läraren har en avgörande roll i många sammanhang för att skapa intresse och för att eleven skall känna sig sedd i det pedagogiska mötet. Resultatet är återgivet dels i sammanfattande form vad eleverna berättade och dels med citat. Därefter har resultatet analyserats med utgångpunkt i Fords målteori samt beskriven bakgrund och tidigare forskning. Analysen lyfter fram organisationens betydelse kring övergången för att viktig information skall nå gymnasiet och till rätt person, vikten av klassbildningsprocess för att skapa trygghet i klassrummet och lärarens relationella kompetens för att nå och stimulera eleven i ämnet matematik.

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / James M. Steichen / Military maneuvers involve effectively moving soldiers and equipment across training lands, and this often involves crossing streams. Fording of streams by military vehicles poses a potential for degradation of stream habitats through change of bank angle or excess shear of stream banks and the resultant generation of excessive quantities of sediment, possibly exceeding Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) limits for water quality downstream. This study examines the impact of low water fords on stability of six stream reaches at Fort Riley. Streams with constructed low water fords were mapped and classified according to Rosgen Stream Classification System (1996). Results indicate that some of these streams exhibit some level of instability, which includes bed form changes, accelerated stream bank erosion and backwater pool formation in the vicinity of stream crossings. Poorly constructed fords may act as dams disrupting the transport of sediment along the stream reaches, posing a potential shift in stream equilibrium. Another factor contributing to stream instability is sediment generated from upland areas and routed through approach roads leading to stream crossing sites. The sediment deposited into streams at these crossing locations is a water quality concern, and again poses the potential of disrupting stream equilibrium. Field observations indicate that poorly located stream crossings can alter the direction of stream flow, causing bank erosion on areas immediately below stream crossings. This demonstrates the importance of locating stream crossings on stable locations along a stream reach. Some of the stream reaches also show signs of success ional change. These stream changes have direct implications on the low water fords on Fort Riley. As a result of these stream changes, there will be need to constantly modify the designs and construction techniques of the low water fords in order to accommodate changes in stream dimensions, pattern and profile. Finally, criteria for site selection, design and construction of low water fords are discussed.

Stream crossings are an integral component of forest road systems that provide access for timber harvesting and silvicultural activities. Stream crossings and their associated approaches are often the most critical point of concern for water quality along forest roads. Several types of crossings are used for extracting timber, but limited studies actually compare different types of stream crossings with regard to their effect on water quality. The objectives of this study were to examine four different stream crossing structures: 1) steel bridges, 2) pole bridges (pipe with poles), 3) standard culverts, and 4) re-enforced fords (with GeoWeb or Geotextile) to determine the influence of stream crossing type on water quality and to evaluate erosion associated with stream crossing approaches. We also evaluated each site at four different time intervals to determine if water quality was more affected during different stages of the operations. Prior to operational timber harvests, we identified six replications for each type of crossings (4 fords) and collected data at four time intervals: 1) prior to reopening or installation of crossing, 2) after crossing installation, 3) during harvest operation, and 4) after road closure. Potential erosion rates from approaches to the crossings were estimated by collecting the road/site information necessary to estimate erosion with the Water Erosion Prediction Project for forest roads (WEPP) and the forest version of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). In-stream water samples were collected at fixed locations above and below each crossing and were evaluated for total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, conductivity, water temperature, and total suspended solids (TSS) or sediment concentration. Steel bridge crossings generally caused the least amount of water quality disturbance. Model-generated estimates of erosion demonstrated that culvert crossings were associated with the highest average soil loss potential. Although steel bridge crossings had the best overall results, pole bridges proved to be a viable option for ephemeral or intermittent streams due to low potential of soil loss. Ford crossings were found to impact water quality indicators, but showed a decrease in total dissolved solids (TDS) after installation, prior to harvest. Overall, the steel skidder bridges were generally the best crossing type, but any of the crossings can be used effectively with minimal impact under specific site conditions and with judicious installation, use, and closure. Road/skid trail location and adherence to existing road grade, water control, cover, and closure best management practices are critical for protection of water quality at stream crossings. / Master of Science