Background: The increasing presence of globalization in our everyday life makes it apparent that internationalization is no longer a topic relevant only for a few multinational companies, but for essentially every company that wishes to expand or even survive in their domestic market as well as in foreign markets. In light of this, research on how firm chooses FMEM has surged, and it is evident that it is an important topic. Numerous theories and factors have been examined in order to explain what motivates the choice of FMEM, but there is notable absence in connecting the business model to the FMEM. Despite the increasing attention and prominence of the business model, to date, there is little research that looks at FMEM decisions through a business model perspective.   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to answer the calls for new aspects and theories on the FMEM research field by exploring the role that the business model has on the choice of FMEM. This study will be executed through mapping a company’s business model and FMEM choice by collecting qualitative data through interviews to find links between the business model and the entry mode.   Method: This research is conducted through a qualitative single case study, using in-depth interviews for primary data collection.   Conclusion: The results of the analysis that was based on the empirical findings derived from the data collection, led to several conclusions being drawn. Firstly, the business model of the case company has had a great impact on the choice of FMEM of that company. Secondly, apart from influencing the choice of FMEM, the company’s business model has also contributed to the company further committing to their existing FMEM. Thirdly, as long as the case company intends to operate the same business model, with the same value drivers, it is likely to continue its commitment towards its existing FMEM.

Background and problem: There are strong incentives for Swedish retail companies to establish their business in Japan. With its 128 million inhabitants the country accounts for 40 percent of the total world consumption of luxury goods and is the world’s largest importer of foreign fashion. Moreover, Japan is the second largest retail market in the world. However, as a company in a foreign market there are many obstacles to overcome. A Swedish retail company aiming to enter the Japanese market does not have the same insight and knowledge into the formal and informal institutions in the country as a domestic company might have. Furthermore, Japan is experiencing complaints from both business organisations and foreign politicians regarding the trade practices in the country arguing that the Japanese market is not receptive enough to Western products. A company that moreover aims to enter markets where both the cultural and actual distance is far away from the business’ home country shall preferably realize the complexity of such a decision and be as prepared as possible. Purpose: The purpose of the study is that “through a literary study identify and provide a deeper understanding of the major entry barriers a Swedish retail company may encounter when entering the Japanese market”. The following research questions were developed in order to reach the purpose: “What are the main industry and institution-based barriers a Swedish retail company may encounter when establishing its business in Japan?” and “What are the main cultural barriers a Swedish retail company may encounter when establishing its business in Japan?”Methodology: When conducting the study, a descriptive research approach has been used. The study is of a qualitative nature and the design of the study is a descriptive literary study. Performing a literary study involves the collection of data from already published scientific articles, journals and dissertations. The data used for this study consist of eight scientific articles and journals and one dissertation. Conclusions: The analysis was based on the theories, which explains a company’s decisions of where, when and how to enter a foreign market as well as theories that explains a nation’s cultural impact on an organisation. Based on the findings the results were divided into two sections. The study reached the conclusion that among the industry and institution-based barriers the high level of rivalry among firms, the high level of bargaining power of suppliers, the high standards regarding quality and service, regulatory risks, trade barriers and institutional norms were the most important barriers to market entry for foreign companies in Japan. The most important cultural barriers to market entry in Japan were the high level of collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity in the country. / Program: Master in Fashion Management with specialisation in Fashion Marketing and Retailing

In this thesis we investigated the differences and similarities between a big and a small Swedish firms’ market entry process into Japan. This was done by studying the two chosen companies, IKEA and Haglöfs respectively. We conducted our research using a case study collecting data from primary and secondary sources. The primary data was collected by using a semi-structured interview approach while the secondary data has been collected through searching for relevant sources. We concluded that the main similarities between IKEA and Haglöfs were the firms’ extensive use of network relationships in the Japanese market, were both utilized employees with Japanese market knowledge. The main differences, on the other hand, were mainly the enthusiasm shown from actors, such as governors, consumers and municipalities, that actively encouraged IKEA’s market entry. The scope of the entries was also different, with the size of the IKEA product catalogue and the construction of stores requiring more governmental approvals and lengthy processes. IKEA’s extensive international experience gained from earlier market entries were also something which set the two entries apart.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá analýzou vstupu firmy NAVERTICA,a.s. na Jihoafrický trh. Práce obsahuje analýzu společnosti a současné situace na trhu v Jižní Africe. Je aplikována kritická analýza literatury na dané téma společně s analytickými metodami. Opodstatněná doporučení, zda-li vstoupit na cizí trh a jakou formu vstupu zvolit, jsou dána. Tato doporučení jsou založena na vyhodnocení výsledků analýz této diplomové práce.

ABSTRACT This master thesis examined the impact of digitalization on the speed of internationalization and explores the various foreign market entry options for a company that would like to expand from a developed market to an emerging market as part of its internationalization.  The case study analyzed in this paper is Arctic Space Technologies, a unique satellite operator company offering an all-in-one solution for sustainable satellite data handling and processing. The firm’s founders have a niche market (satellite operators) and have established business in Sweden and would like to enter an emerging market (South Africa). The firm can be classified under the high-tech industry and the study obtained valuable information that could be useful to other similar firms. The nature of technology for adoption is easily transferable for such firms regardless of geographical location. Digitalization is instrumental in facilitating earlier and faster internationalization through digitalized knowledge, network creation and decision-making processes (Coviello et al., 2017). The digitalization of new foreign market development helps such firms to efficiently identify new market opportunities in global markets and with this approach, they save resources while developing the most attractive markets (Neubert, 2018a). Qualitative research was applied through a company case study, where primary interviews and a survey were used to collect data. A case study was employed to further understand and practically apply adaptations a firm can make to increase its chances of success in a foreign market environment. The researcher also obtained information from desktop and literature review. The study findings suggested that business networking, business models, culture and geographical distance, market size are key factors that influence the choice of foreign market entry mode for a high-tech firm internationalization process from a developed market to an emerging market. In addition, the main challenges faced by born-global firm in entering an emerging market includes, lack of financial resources, management transitions and lack of proper market information for the internationalization process. The firm may need to identify information related to the market size, competitors, financial costs and entry barriers of the emerging market.  The study insight was that despite the born global firms’ nature of technology enabling faster adoption in terms of digitalization being instrumental in facilitating their internationalization process through the digitalized knowledge, network creation and decision-making processes, they still face the challenges of entry into unfamiliar emerging markets. The researcher identified the institutional voids faced, liability of foreignness and noted that it would be crucial for the firm to conduct a proper environmental analysis. This may include political and legal forces, economic forces, social-cultural forces and technological forces.  Arctic Space Technologies may need to create relevant business networks and the study identified that the ideal foreign market entry mode would be Joint venture/Partnership.  Since the South African government is keen on foreign investors/entrepreneurs entering into their market through partnership with a local business entity. The firm could establish a good network with South African National Space Agency (SANSA) and other space firms in the country. SANSA is keen on fostering international partnerships to enable unlock opportunities for the national space sector.   Further studies could investigate the time frames for high-tech firms internationalization processes. Further research is needed to analyze connections between software firms’ business models and selected entry modes by using a quantitative research method. The study could also be extended to other emerging countries in Africa and new business opportunities in the global markets for high-tech firms especially with the changing dynamics of international business in the wake of the current pandemic.

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The principal goal of its thesis is to conduct a research and do the analyses necessary for the decision whether to enter a foreign market and in case of positive answer the entry strategy is to be suggested. The research and analyses are done on the case of EF Education First, a global company doing its business activities in the educational sector with the main specialization in language learning, and the market of Ukraine. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part which summarizes main elements and academic knowledge important for the entry market strategy including modes of entry, international specifics, marketing of services and 7Ps. In the practical part, the findings from the PEST analysis conducted on the Ukrainian market are presented and the internal environment of the company is analyzed. The two main strategies are selected and their advantages and potential limitations are presented. The final recommendation is made.

The phenomenon of Born Globals in particular to the internationalization process has been highlighted by many scholars. The insufficient of the existing researches to the ability of Born Globals going international since their inceptions with limited resources encouraged us to study more in-depth. Resource-based View (RBV) and firm‟s competitive advantage are chosen as the theoretical framework. Three Swedish Born Globals were chosen as case studies, the data was collected by semi-structure and e-mail interviews which within-case and cross-case analysis were applied. The empirical data and analysis draws us to the conclusion that human resource especially entrepreneurs and network are the key firm resources that significantly contribute to Born Globals‟ establishment, internationalization and competitive advantage. However, the finding is highlighted that entrepreneur has a crucial role to both establishment and internationalization stages. Entrepreneur‟s personal network has high contribution when Born Globals is started up while firm‟s network plays more important role at the internationalization stage. By using network, Born Globals gain an easier way to find financial and operating resource. Moreover, entrepreneur‟s capability is the main key resource that creates competitiveness to Born Global firms. Future research suggestions and implications are discussed in the conclusion.

Yes / The largest influx of refugees since German unification has generated new challenges and opportunities in Germany’s society, culture, politics and economy. Theory advocates the advantages for international business of institutional change, migrations and integration. However, a negative public perception can conceal and inhibit resources and opportunities for German multinational enterprises. How did the attitude of Germany towards refugees change in 2015 and 2016? How did formal and informal German institutions react on the EU refugee crisis? How has this affected decision makers in German MNEs in terms of foreign market entry choices? How do German MNEs evaluate the long-term consequences of this crisis? This paper investigates in which ways the influx of refugees and migrants who arrived in Germany has affected the international business strategy of German MNEs. It is divided into two parts. Part One analyses the impact of this crisis on German culture, society, government, politics and economics and examines how it has been perceived and displayed. Part Two will further investigate how German MNEs are influenced by the migration context in Germany and Europe and how this affects their foreign market entry strategies in emerging economies.

Yes / The largest influx of refugees since German unification has generated new challenges and opportunities in Germany’s society, culture, politics and economy. Theory advocates the advantages for international business of institutional change, migrations and integration. However, a negative public perception can conceal and inhibit resources and opportunities for German multinational enterprises. How did the attitude of Germany towards refugees change in 2015 and 2016? How did formal and informal German institutions react on the EU refugee crisis? How has this affected decision makers in German MNEs in terms of foreign market entry choices? How do German MNEs evaluate the long-term consequences of this crisis? This paper investigates in which ways the influx of refugees and migrants who arrived in Germany has affected the international business strategy of German MNEs. It is divided into two parts. Part One analyses the impact of this crisis on German culture, society, government, politics and economics and examines how it has been perceived and displayed. Part Two will further investigate how German MNEs are influenced by the migration context in Germany and Europe and how this affects their foreign market entry strategies in emerging economies.