The aims of this study are to analyze the situation of the business field in foreign markets, valorize the state support to the firms during entering the foreign markets, comparison of the business possibilities in the Czech Republic with the advanced countries and definition of the crucial areas for the more effective realization of the commercialize and economic policy of the state. The work is separated into six parts. In the first part, there is a short summary of literature, the second part is connected with methods. The third part analyzes the fact, if the manufacturing corporations in the Ceske Budejovice region feel to be competitive in foreign markets, if they have problems during entering the foreign markets, if they use state support of export and if they feel that the state obtain a brief of them well. This study was executed on the basis of survey sampling, which was done by e-mail questioning. The obtain data were analyzed and diagrammatized. The fourth chapter charts the support of export, which are offered to the exporters by the Czech Republic. The fifth part analyzes the support of abroad export and limits the positives and negatives of the Czech firms. The last chapter analyzes the commercialize and economic policy of the Czech Republic and defines its key areas.

Falar em globalização e nas oportunidades de negócios que dela surgem em diferentes mercados não é mais nenhuma novidade. A maneira com que as empresas vêm atuando neste cenário dita a competitividade com que as mesmas enfrentarão seus concorrentes globais. As empresas brasileiras, principalmente no caso da indústria, não possuem uma situação muito favorável quando comparadas com outras estrangeiras. A base produtiva brasileira ainda não se mostrou forte o suficiente para manter a competitividade da indústria nacional, sendo que a base exportadora do país continua composta por commodities, tanto agrícolas como minerais, por anos. Como forma de aumentar sua presença no comércio internacional, empresas buscam se estabelecer em países que propiciam melhores condições de mercado. A Stemac S/A Grupos Geradores é uma empresa familiar brasileira, que possui apenas uma planta industrial, localizada em Porto Alegre (RS). Como forma de tentar aumentar a participação do comércio exterior nos negócios da empresa, a presente pesquisa exploratória propõe um planejamento estratégico para a internacionalização da Stemac através da implantação de uma unidade de negócios na China. O estudo de caso proposto realizou um levantamento das condições e cenários possíveis para a instalação da empresa em território chinês, através de entrevistas com entidades de classes e empresas que já possuem operação no país. Além disso, verificou-se dentro da própria Stemac qual seria o modelo de negócio mais adequado para tentar conciliar os mercados-alvo de atuação e a sua linha de produto com a cultura organizacional da empresa. Através das opções levantadas é possível sugerir que a empresa realize o movimento de se instalar na China a fim de garantir maior competitividade e maior participação no mercado mundial de grupos geradores. / Discussions about globalization and about business opportunities that arise from it in different markets are no longer any new subject. The way that companies have been acting in this scenario is dictating the competitiveness that they have to face their global competitors. Brazilian companies, mainly in the case of the industry, don’t have a very comfortable situation when compared with foreign organizations, especially if coming from the East. The Brazilian production base still not strong enough to maintain the competitiveness of the domestic industry, and Brazil’s export base is still composed by commodities for years, both agricultural and mineral. In order to increase its presence in the global market, many companies are seeking to establish their operation in other countries that could provide better market conditions. Stemac S/A Grupos Geradores is a Brazilian family owned company that has only one production plant, based in Porto Alegre (RS). This study proposes the internationalization of Stemac through the implementation of a business unit in China as a way of trying to increase the export participation in the company’s business. Through interviews with companies that already have operations in China and class entities, this proposed study of case conducted a survey of the possible conditions and scenarios for the installation of the company in the country. Besides, it was also made a research inside Stemac of what would be the most appropriate business model that could better align the target markets and its product line with the company’s organizational culture. According the options that were studied it is possible to suggest to Stemac to make this move towards to settle a base in China in order to ensure greater competitiveness and bigger global market-share.

Orientadores: Sérgio Robles Reis de Queiroz, Rogério Gomes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T19:10:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_CharlesBonanide_M.pdf: 1007414 bytes, checksum: ffe719445aefd7c6bd953639ff832bae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O papel desempenhado pelas empresas multinacionais na economia internacional vem sendo objeto de grande interesse entre os pesquisadores. Principalmente devido à recente e significativa expansão dessas empresas. A internacionalização das atividades de inovação tecnológica, em especial a P&D, tem chamado atenção principalmente por serem atividades que costumavam se concentrar na matriz corporativa, localizada nos países desenvolvidos. Muitos trabalhos discutem os impactos dessas atividades sobre os países hospedeiros, por exemplo, os chamados efeitos de transbordamento ou spillovers tecnológicos. No entanto, permanecem lacunas importantes nos estudos desses impactos. Cabe, por exemplo, perguntar: os investimentos estrangeiros em atividades de P&D promovem o comércio exterior dos países hospedeiros? Essa é a questão que norteia o objetivo principal desse estudo, que buscou encontrar evidências de que os investimentos ligados a essas atividades podem promover o comércio exterior. O estudo se baseia em duas hipóteses: uma principal, para a qual os investimentos estrangeiros em P&D podem promover o saldo comercial em benefício do país hospedeiro; e outra que considera ter ocorrido evolução das atividades desenvolvidas pelas subsidiárias instaladas no país, que deixaram de realizar apenas adaptações de tecnologias desenvolvidas na matriz para executar atividades mais complexas, inserindo-se de forma mais intensa na estratégia da corporação. Para responder aos questionamentos apresentados, primeiramente o estudo buscou identificar e classificar os tipos de atividades desenvolvidas por subsidiárias de empresas estrangeiras instaladas no Brasil, utilizando como base dois modelos de inserção dessas unidades na estratégia global de P&D, o "clássico" e o novo. Os resultados apontam para uma evolução das atividades tecnológicas desenvolvidas no país, com as subsidiárias executando atividades de maior complexidade e conectadas com a estratégia global de P&D. Posteriormente, o estudo utilizou um modelo de dados em painel para avaliar os impactos que os investimentos estrangeiros exercem sobre o comércio exterior. Os resultados demonstram que os investimentos em atividades de inovação tecnológica promovem o comércio exterior. Cabe ressaltar que os investimentos em P&D repercutiram positivamente sobre o saldo comercial do país, promovendo as exportações e gerando impactos negativos sobre as importações / Abstract: The role played by multinationals in the international economy has been the subject of great interest among researchers. This is mainly due to the recent and significant expansion of these companies. The internationalization of technological innovation activities, especially R&D, has drawn attention mainly because they are activities that used to be carried out on corporate headquarters located in developed countries. A number of papers discuss the impacts of these activities on host countries, for example, technological spillovers. However, significant gaps in studies of these impacts still remain. For example, one could ask: do foreign investments in R & D promote foreign trade in the host countries? That is the question that guides the main objective of this study, which sought to find evidence that the investments related to these activities can promote foreign trade. The study is based on two assumptions: the main one is that foreign investment in R&D can promote trade balance in favor of the host country; the other one suggests there is an evolution of the activities of the subsidiaries established in Brazil, which not only perform adaptations of technologies developed in the headquarters but also perform more complex activities, connecting themselves more firmly into the corporate strategy. To respond to the questions presented, first the study sought to identify and classify the types of activities performed by subsidiaries of foreign companies installed in Brazil, using as a base two models of integration of these units in the global R&D strategy, the "classic" and the new one. The results point to an evolution of the technological activities in the country, with subsidiaries performing activities of greater complexity and connected with the global R&D strategy. Subsequently, the study used a panel data model to assess the impacts that foreign investments have on foreign trade. The results show that investments in technological innovation activities promote foreign trade. It is worth noting that investments in R&D reflected positively on the balance of trade, promoting exports and creating negative impacts on imports / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Frente a um período no qual a escala de ação para muitos agentes sociais sobretudo as empresas hegemônicas no mercado globalizado corresponde ao mundo, os territórios nacionais são mobilizados e transformados de maneira a viabilizar a organização e eficiência dos circuitos espaciais produtivos internacionalizados. A criação dos Centros Logísticos e Industriais Aduaneiros (CLIAs) é, além de muitas outras, uma dessas adaptações do território. São recintos que exercem função aduaneira de despacho/admissão de mercadorias importadas ou a serem exportadas, mas que se situam fora da zona primária de portos e aeroportos, constituindo-se como alternativa às alfândegas tradicionais para a importação ou exportação de mercadorias. São, então, novos objetos geográficos que aumentam a porosidade territorial brasileira criando caminhos mais fluidos para as trocas internacionais, principalmente para alguns circuitos espaciais produtivos. A presença deles no estado de São Paulo liga-se diretamente ao processo de industrialização desse território uma vez que são utilizados em grande parte pela indústria química e pela indústria automotiva. Torna-se importante, assim, a individualização das relações estabelecidas entre os CLIAs e as indústrias às quais são funcionais. Por fim, além da participação dos CLIAs nesses circuitos espaciais produtivos, também podem implicar diferentes relações com o lugar onde são instalados, criando modalidades diversas de integração ao território verticais e horizontais. É justamente o entendimento dessa dinâmica territorial complexa que se constitui no objetivo central do presente trabalho. / Facing a time in which the action scale for social agents especially the hegemonic companies in the globalized market comprises the world, national territories are mobilized and changed in order to allow the organization and efficiency of internationalized spatial productive circuits. The establishment of Logistic and Industrial Customs Centers (CLIAs) is one among several of those territory adaptations. The CLIAs are entities responsible for the customs services of regulating the flow of imported and exported goods, yet they are based out of the primary zone of airports and harbors, hence consisting of an alternative to the traditional customs for the importation and exportation of goods. Therefore, CLIAs are new geographic agents that increase the Brazilian territorial porosity, creating more fluid pathways for international trade, mainly for some spatial productive circuits. The presence of these entities in the State of São Paulo is directly related to the industrialization process of this territory, since they are largely used by the chemical and automotive industries. We believe that it is important to disentangle the relationships established between the CLIAs and the industries for which they function. Besides the involvement of CLIAs in these spatial productive circuits, they may also develop different relationships with the place where they are based, generating diverse means of integration with the territory vertical and horizontal. It is precisely the understanding of this complex territorial dynamics that constitutes the central objective of this work.

Os fluxos de comércio exterior do Brasil e do estado de São Paulo são reflexos de condições estruturais de seus respectivos subespaços e de eventos que ocorreram no comércio internacional no período compreendido entre 1999 e 2014. Este período foi marcado por alguns eventos de grande impacto no plano mundial, tais como a ampliação da participação da China no comércio internacional e na divisão internacional do trabalho, além de um intenso ciclo de expansão dos fluxos de comércio internacional, interrompido pela crise norte-americana no ano de 2008, com reflexos mundiais. As exportações brasileiras apresentam uma forte expansão a partir de 1999, acompanhando o crescimento do comércio mundial e a valorização das commodities, proporcionando superávits comerciais que perduram até o ano de 2014.Já o estado de São Paulo,muito embora apresente a maior participação no comércio exterior brasileiro dentre todas as unidades da federação, demonstra uma tendência deficitária, associada à maior participação de insumos produtivos em sua pauta de importação, e também ao mercado consumidor de alto poder aquisitivo, que intensificam os valores das importações num ritmo superior ao crescimento de suas exportações. Já as exportações paulistas, muito embora apresentem maior participação de mercadorias de alto valor agregado, não acompanham o dinamismo do comércio exterior brasileiro. A partir da hipótese de que a presença de condições de fluidez e porosidade diferenciados no território paulista afetam os seus fluxos de comércio exterior, este trabalho busca entender a dinâmica do comércio exterior paulista dentro do recorte temporal especificado (1999-2014), estudando as características dos principais produtos que fazem parte de sua pauta comercial, bem como dos mercados de origem e destino destes fluxos. / The flows of foreign trade in Brazil and the state of São Paulo reflect the unique conditions of their subspaces and the events that occurred in international trade in the period between 1999 and 2014. This period was marked by events of great impact at the world level, such as the expansion of China\'s participation in international trade and also into the international division of labor, as well as an intense cycle of expansion of international trade flows, interrupted by the United State crisis in 2008, with global repercussions. Brazilian exports have shown a strong expansion since 1999, following the growth of world trade and the appreciation of commodities, providing commercial surpluses that last until 2014. The state of São Paulo, although it has the largest share of trade in Brazil\'s foreign market, shows a deficit trend, associated to the higher share of productive inputs in its imports, and also due to the high purchasing power of its consumer market, which intensifies import growth faster than its exports. On the other hand, even though they have a higher share of high value added goods, São Paulo\'s exports dont follow the dynamism of Brazilian exports. Based on the hypothesis that the presence of differentiated fluidity and porosity conditions in the territory of São Paulo affect its foreign trade flows, this work seeks to understand the dynamics of the São Paulo foreign trade within the specified time frame (1999-2014), studying the characteristics of the main products that are part of its trade agenda, as well as the markets of origin and destination of these flows.

The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) was adopted to eliminate the illegitimate use of tradedistorting agricultural subsidies and thereby reduce and avoid the negative effects subsidies have on global agricultural trade. However, the AoA has been fashioned in a way that is enabling developed countries to continue high levels of protectionism through subsidization, whilst many developing countries are facing severe and often damaging competition from imports artificially cheapened through subsidies. The regulation of subsidies in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been a highly sensitive issue. This is mainly due to the fear of compromising food security especially by developed countries. Developing countries have suffered negatively from the subsidy programmes of developed countries who continue to subsidize their agricultural sector. This position of the developing countries in the global trade system which has been described as weak, has drawn criticism that the WTO as it currently operates does not protect the interests of the weak developing nations, but rather strengthens the interests of the strong developed nations. The green box provisions which are specifically designed to regulate payments that are considered trade neutral or minimally trade distorting has grossly been manipulated by developed countries at the mercy of the AoA. Developed countries continue to provide trade distorting subsidies under the guise of green box support. This is defeating the aims and objectives of the AoA. The study examines the regulation of WTO agricultural subsidies from the developing countries’ belvedere. It looks at the problems WTO member states face with trade distorting subsidies, but focuses more on the impact these have on developing states. It scrutinizes the AoA’s provisions regulating subsidies with a view to identify any loopholes or shortcomings which undermine the interests and aspirations of developing countries. This is behind the background that some of the provisions of the AoA are lenient towards the needs of developed countries at the expense of developing countries.

The World Trade Organisation Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) was crafted with the aim of ensuring that technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedure do not constitute unnecessary obstacles to international trade. Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries have since ratified this Agreement and took a step further to incorporate its principles into the Technical Barriers to Trade Annex to the SADC Protocol on Trade. Despite this effort, SADC countries are still grappling with implementing the TBT Agreement in their domestic frameworks. Consequently, technical barriers to trade have become impediments to both regional and international trade. It is in this context that this study aims to examine the implementation of the TBT Agreement within the SADC. The study answers the question what are the challenges facing SADC Member states to fully implement the TBT Agreement? The study demonstrates that SADC Member face challenges which include of lack adequate resources, technical expertise and enforcement mechanisms to effectively implement the TBT Agreement. In the finality, the study recommends SADC Member states to deepen regional integration in order to collaborate on matters relating to technical barriers to trade within the region. Member states should also share information and learn from the experiences of other countries on how to effectively implement the TBT Agreement. Further, government officials should be educated on trade-friendly regulations that do not compromise on the principles of the TBT Agreement. To this end, regulatory impact assessments should be established in order to assess the trade effects of both new and old regulations. Effective enforcement mechanisms should also be introduced in order to coerce Member states to comply with their regional obligations. By effecting these recommendations, SADC states have the opportunity to eradicate technical barriers to trade thereby increasing both regional and international trade.

Notre thèse porte sur le rôle de la libéralisation des échanges extérieurs dans les mutations qui ont eu lieu sur le marché du travail dans les pays en développement, cas de la Tunisie. Notre analyse se décompose en deux parties, la première étudie les fondements théoriques et leurs validations empiriques de la relation entre l’ouverture commerciale et le marché de l’emploi. La deuxième étudie les effets de l’ouverture commerciale sur le marché du travail tunisien. Nous présentons le degré d’intégration de la Tunisie dans l’économie mondiale ainsi que les différentes réformes du marché du travail qui ont eu lieu après l’adoption du programme d’ajustement structurel et la mise en œuvre des accords de libre-échange. Dans notre étude nous estimons un modèle à deux équations portant sur l’emploi et le salaire. Notre estimation se base sur deux approches, l’une à deux dimensions, temps et secteurs, et l’autre portant seulement sur le temps. Les principaux résultats sont:- Les importations et les exportations sont les variables les moins signifiantes car elles ont un effet marginal sur la demande de travail. À l’inverse, la production et l’emploi retardé sont les variables les plus explicatives et cela sans spécificité sectorielle. - La détermination du salaire réel dépend des importations et des exportations qui ont des effets différents à court ou à long terme selon le type de secteur (exportable, importable et non échangeable). Par ailleurs, l’emploi ainsi que la productivité des travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés sont des variables explicatives qui peuvent avoir une spécification sectorielle. Quant à la production, elle intervient différemment selon les secteurs. / Our thesis focuses on the role of liberalization of foreign trade in the changes that have taken place in the labor market in developing countries, notably the case of Tunisia. Our analysis is divided into two parts, the first looks at the theoretical foundations of the link between trade liberalization and labor market and their empirical validation, and the second looks at the effects of trade opening on the Tunisian labor market. We present the degree of integration of Tunisia in the global economy and the various reforms of the labor market that occurred after the adoption of the structural adjustment program and the implementation of free trade agreements, particularly with the European Union. In our study we estimate a two-equation model on employment and salary. Our estimate is based on two approaches, one in two dimensions, time and sectors, and the other only looking at the time dimension. The main results may be summarized as follows:- Imports and exports are the least meaningful variables because they have a marginal effect on labor demand. Conversely, production and employment with a time lag are the more explanatory variables without sectoral specificity.- The determination of the salary level adjusted for inflation depends on imports and exports which have different effects in the short or long term depending on the sector (exportable, importable and non-tradable). Moreover, employment and productivity of skilled and unskilled workers are explanatory variables and may have a sectoral specification. As for production, it operates differently in different sectors.

Magister Legum - LLM / This thesis seeks to investigate the lack of participation by African countries in the WTO Dispute Settlement System by first providing an overview of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) system and, secondly by explaining the reasons that forestall the participation of African countries. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / This study unveiled the trade-environment debate which has been revolving in the World Trade Organization for quite a long time now. While economic integration and trade liberalization offer the promise of growth and prosperity, environmentalists fear that free trade will lead to increased pollution and resource depletion. On the other hand, free traders worry that over-reaching environmental policies will obstruct efforts to open markets and integrate economies around the world. Trade liberalization has the potential to affect the environment both positively and negatively. Trade and environment tensions have therefore emerged as a major issue in the debate over globalisation. This paper examined the contours of these tensions and argued that trade policy and environmental programs can be better integrated and made more mutually supportive. / South Africa