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Abstract   This paper is the comment and analysis of the translation of twelve articles in a book with the title Dessine-moi un Parisien by Olivier Magny, originally written as a blog in English on internet, but after huge success also recently published in French. It is a creative, expressive and communicative text, which is fun and often ironic when it tries to describe the nature of a native Parisian. As all texts appear in a cultural context, it is part of the translator’s work to adapt the translated text into the new cultural context in which it will appear. This is especially difficult when a cultural phenomenon (expressed by proper nouns, proverbs, idioms etc.) in the source culture doesn’t even exist in the target culture or, if there is an equivalent translation, is associated with a different connotation.   The aim of this paper is to analyze whether it is possible to translate a text full of local cultural references, by using the many pragmatic and semantic strategies and tools proposed in Konsten att översätta (Ingo: 2007) while trying to keep to the original functions of the text.   Two further strategies, foreignizing and domesticating, have also been of interest as they deal with the basic questions why, when and to what degree one should accomplish all the possible changes in order to adapt the text to the new cultural context.   The analysis shows that all the tools have been of great use and that a good translation is possible. To define a suitable strategy in every single situation, the importance of the pragmatic and the semantic meaning have guided us. It further shows that the situation in which the sentence appears is the most important, even though there is another obvious translation. It has also been possible to endeavor ourselves to obtain some “French color” that is so important for the style in the original blog.   Keywords: cultural adaptations, equivalences, cultural phenomenon, foreignizing, domesticating

Este trabalho é uma proposta de tradução estrangeirizadora para a coletânea Tree and leaf, de J.R.R. Tolkien. Argumento que, adotando a perspectiva filológica que norteou o trabalho do autor britânico, bem como as idéias sobre as possibilidades da tradução propostas por Antoine Berman e Walter Benjamim, é viável recriar em português as conexões singulares entre língua, história e mito que marcam o trabalho de Tolkien. Apresento também minha tradução comentada dos quatro textos que compõem a coletânea - On-fairy stories, Mythopoeia, Leaf by Niggle e The homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm\'s son, os três primeiros na versão completa - de maneira a demonstrar como essa possibilidade pode tomar forma na tradução em si / This work is a proposal of a foreignizing translation for the anthology Tree and leaf, by J.R.R. Tolkien. I argue that, by adopting the philological perspective that informed the work of that British author, as well as the ideas on the possibilities of translation put forward by Antoine Berman and Walter Benjamim, it is feasible to recreate in Portuguese the unique conexions between language, history and myth that are a trademark of Tolkien\'s work. I also present my translation and commentary of the four texts that make up the anthology - On-fairy stories, Mythopoeia, Leaf by Niggle e The homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm\'s son, of which the first three are presented in their entirety - in order to demonstrate how this possibility may develop in an actual Portuguese translation

Este trabalho é uma proposta de tradução estrangeirizadora para a coletânea Tree and leaf, de J.R.R. Tolkien. Argumento que, adotando a perspectiva filológica que norteou o trabalho do autor britânico, bem como as idéias sobre as possibilidades da tradução propostas por Antoine Berman e Walter Benjamim, é viável recriar em português as conexões singulares entre língua, história e mito que marcam o trabalho de Tolkien. Apresento também minha tradução comentada dos quatro textos que compõem a coletânea - On-fairy stories, Mythopoeia, Leaf by Niggle e The homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm\'s son, os três primeiros na versão completa - de maneira a demonstrar como essa possibilidade pode tomar forma na tradução em si / This work is a proposal of a foreignizing translation for the anthology Tree and leaf, by J.R.R. Tolkien. I argue that, by adopting the philological perspective that informed the work of that British author, as well as the ideas on the possibilities of translation put forward by Antoine Berman and Walter Benjamim, it is feasible to recreate in Portuguese the unique conexions between language, history and myth that are a trademark of Tolkien\'s work. I also present my translation and commentary of the four texts that make up the anthology - On-fairy stories, Mythopoeia, Leaf by Niggle e The homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm\'s son, of which the first three are presented in their entirety - in order to demonstrate how this possibility may develop in an actual Portuguese translation

Adaptation studies has recently turned an eye towards translation theory for valuable discussion on the role of movie makers as translators. Such discussion notes the difficulties inherent in adapting a medium such as a book, a play, or even a theme park ride into film. These difficulties have interesting parallels to the translation of one language into another. Translation theory, in fact, can shed important light on the adaptation process. Intrinsic to translation theory is the dichotomy between domesticating translation and foreignizing translation, the two major styles of translation. Translation scholar Lawrence Venuti, the author of these two terms, argues that while the former is an "ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to receiving cultural values, bringing the author back home," the latter is "an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" (15). Venuti suggests that foreignizing translations, ones that maintain distinct cultural difference within the translated target text, are more desirable and ultimately commit less violence on the source text and language. This paper analyzes the 1940 film The Thief of Bagdad, a British remake of a 1924 Hollywood film by the same name, for its elements of foreignizing translation. Producer Alexander Korda, acting as a kind of translator, made this film during the height of the British national film movement. Supported by this movement, and inspired by his own personal vendetta against Hollywood, Korda took an American blockbuster and re-vised it with distinctly British thematic elements. Because his ultimate audience was an American one, however, I argue that his film took an American source text, The Thief of Bagdad (1924), and foreignized it, hoping, in the process, to establish British cinema as a major player in the international film world.

<p>The present study concerns cross-linguistic influence in the spoken French of multilingual learners. The main purpose is to investigate to what degree, and in what manner, previously acquired languages (L1, L2(s)) influence the target language, L3. Given the fact that the study only concerns spoken interlanguage, it makes use of a psycholinguistic perspective, which takes models of oral production into account.</p><p>The analysis is divided into two main parts. The first concerns the oral production of 30 Swedish learners of French, who fall into three groups according to their previous exposure to French: beginners, secondary school students and university students. The results show that proficiency in the L3 is crucial in at least two ways. First, there is a correlation between the level of proficiency in the L3 and the number of instances of cross-linguistic influence in that the least advanced learners produce the highest number of cross-linguistic lexemes, whereas the most advanced learners produce the lowest number. Second, the level of proficiency in the L3 is decisive for the number of background languages (L1, L2) used during oral production in L3: the lower the proficiency in the L3, the more background languages are used, and vice versa.</p><p>The second part of the analysis contains six case studies of learners with partly different L1s and L2s. It focuses on the roles of the background languages during conversation in L3 and on the factors contributing to the attribution of these roles. The results point at both similarities and differences between the learners with respect to the roles of the background languages. A result common to all the learners is the use of Swedish L1/L2 and English L1 as an instrumental language, i.e. a language used rather strategically with a communicative purpose. The use of these languages in this function seems to be due to the fact that Swedish and English are shared languages between the learner and the interlocutor.</p>

The present study concerns cross-linguistic influence in the spoken French of multilingual learners. The main purpose is to investigate to what degree, and in what manner, previously acquired languages (L1, L2(s)) influence the target language, L3. Given the fact that the study only concerns spoken interlanguage, it makes use of a psycholinguistic perspective, which takes models of oral production into account. The analysis is divided into two main parts. The first concerns the oral production of 30 Swedish learners of French, who fall into three groups according to their previous exposure to French: beginners, secondary school students and university students. The results show that proficiency in the L3 is crucial in at least two ways. First, there is a correlation between the level of proficiency in the L3 and the number of instances of cross-linguistic influence in that the least advanced learners produce the highest number of cross-linguistic lexemes, whereas the most advanced learners produce the lowest number. Second, the level of proficiency in the L3 is decisive for the number of background languages (L1, L2) used during oral production in L3: the lower the proficiency in the L3, the more background languages are used, and vice versa. The second part of the analysis contains six case studies of learners with partly different L1s and L2s. It focuses on the roles of the background languages during conversation in L3 and on the factors contributing to the attribution of these roles. The results point at both similarities and differences between the learners with respect to the roles of the background languages. A result common to all the learners is the use of Swedish L1/L2 and English L1 as an instrumental language, i.e. a language used rather strategically with a communicative purpose. The use of these languages in this function seems to be due to the fact that Swedish and English are shared languages between the learner and the interlocutor.

Denna magisteruppsats är baserad på översättningen av de två första kapitlen i ungdomsboken Goggle-Eyes (1989) av den brittiska författaren Anne Fine. Uppsatsen undersöker effekterna av en främmandegörande översättningsstrategi med utgångspunkt i Antoine Bermans negativa analysverktyg och med avseende på undvikandet av förlust av ikoniska och klangfulla ord och förlust av uttryck och idiom inklusive namn. Analysen visar att det i många fall är möjligt att bevara ikoniska och klangfulla ord vid översättningen, utan att effekten på måltexten blir främmandegörande, medan bevarandet av uttryck och namn i flera fall kräver förtydliganden för att måltexten ska bli begriplig för målgruppen. / The present study is based on the translation of the first two chapters of Goggle-Eyes, a novel for young teenagers by the british author Anne Fine. The study examines the effects of a foreignizing translation strategy based on Antoine Berman’s negative analytics, concerning avoidance of the loss of sonorous and iconic terms and expressions and idioms. The analysis suggests that in many cases it is possible to keep sonorous and iconic terms in translation without creating a foreignizing effect that could make reading difficult for young readers. However, the keeping of expressions and idioms in many cases calls for clarification in order to create a target text that is understandable for the target group.