Abstract   This paper is the comment and analysis of the translation of twelve articles in a book with the title Dessine-moi un Parisien by Olivier Magny, originally written as a blog in English on internet, but after huge success also recently published in French. It is a creative, expressive and communicative text, which is fun and often ironic when it tries to describe the nature of a native Parisian. As all texts appear in a cultural context, it is part of the translator’s work to adapt the translated text into the new cultural context in which it will appear. This is especially difficult when a cultural phenomenon (expressed by proper nouns, proverbs, idioms etc.) in the source culture doesn’t even exist in the target culture or, if there is an equivalent translation, is associated with a different connotation.   The aim of this paper is to analyze whether it is possible to translate a text full of local cultural references, by using the many pragmatic and semantic strategies and tools proposed in Konsten att översätta (Ingo: 2007) while trying to keep to the original functions of the text.   Two further strategies, foreignizing and domesticating, have also been of interest as they deal with the basic questions why, when and to what degree one should accomplish all the possible changes in order to adapt the text to the new cultural context.   The analysis shows that all the tools have been of great use and that a good translation is possible. To define a suitable strategy in every single situation, the importance of the pragmatic and the semantic meaning have guided us. It further shows that the situation in which the sentence appears is the most important, even though there is another obvious translation. It has also been possible to endeavor ourselves to obtain some “French color” that is so important for the style in the original blog.   Keywords: cultural adaptations, equivalences, cultural phenomenon, foreignizing, domesticating

Lawn is a homogenized element of modern urban green space. Due to historical and cultural characteristics of Swedish urban planning, lawns are the main common typology in Uppsala (77.3%). Despite the strong attachment of Uppsala people to green carpets, the multibillion lawn industry is highly costly in terms of maintenance and management. It is also a source of pollution due to excessive mowing regime. In this research, social, cultural and regulatory motives behind establishment and management of Uppsala lawns among different stakeholders were researched and discussed through a transdisciplinary approach. In the light of three pillars of sustainability, I had a closer look at management and establishment of lawns in Uppsala municipality and Uppsala’s housing corporation. It was found out that social and recreational aspects of lawns are very much appreciated among all respondents. However, economical and environmental aspects of lawns are barley discussed among planners, managers and politicians and they are under the veil of social values. This research also found out that there is a strong attachment of general public to lawns. It can be explained by lacking of ecological knowledge and environmental understanding about the real role of lawns in urban biodiversity. One of the goals of my research was to find sustainable alternative solutions to the conventional lawns that can be implemented on city and neighbourhood scale as well as to educate public and professionals about importance of lawn’s biodiversity. / LAWN project

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta katedra kulturologie DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Jana Velichová Volný čas jako fenomén dnešní doby Praha 2012 Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Ondřej Hubáček, Ph.D. 2 Abstrakt Leisure time is topical problem of the modern society, as well as a multidimensional phenomenon. It is associated with a number of other current issues that affect various areas of the life of the society. The thesis focuses on their identification, their historical development, and their reflection from the point of view of social sciences. It attempts to interpret them as socio-cultural phenomena. These problems manifest themselves in quite divergent areas, such as gender differences, influence of technology and the media on the society, economic behaviour of people, self- presentation, social activities, impact of new technology, dissemination of socially pathological phenomena, escapist functions of the media, creation and reproduction of social networks and social groups. The thesis applies an axiological and non- axiological approach to the examined phenomena. The solution of the topic is complemented with findings relating to the specified problems, which have been obtained through an empirical survery.

Šiuo metu reklama yra vienas svarbiausių faktorių norint pritraukti kuo daugiau klientų, formuoti jų poreikius ir taip užtikrinti, kad jie taptų nuolatiniais klientais. Dažnai tais nuolatiniais klientais tampa paaugliai. Paaugliai yra ypatinga žiūrovų grupė. Kitaip nei suaugusieji, jie ne visada supranta, kas yra reklama ir ko siekia jos kūrėjai. Pagrindinis veiksnys, lemiantis kaip vaikas ar paauglys suvokia reklamą, yra jo amžius. Tyrimo objektas — paauglių požiūris į reklamą kaip sociokultūrinį reiškinį. Tyrimo tikslas — išsiaiškinti paauglių požiūrį į reklamą kaip sociokultūrinį reiškinį. Hipotezė: kadangi reklama ugdo vartotojišką visuomenę, todėl išsiaiškinus paauglių požiūrį į reklamą kaip sociokultūrinį reiškinį galėtume suprasti, kaip jie ją suvokia ir pateikti rekomendacijas kaip reikėtų mokyti paauglius suvokti reklamą. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) remiantis literatūra atskleisti reklamos kaip sociokultūrinio reiškinio ypatybes; 2) aptarti paauglystės amžiaus tarpsnio psichologinius aspektus; 3) ištirti paauglių požiūrį į reklamą kaip sociokultūrinį reiškinį. Tyrimo metodai. Teoriniai: literatūros nagrinėjančios reklamos kaip sociokultūrinio reiškinio bei paauglystės amžiaus tarpsnio psichologinius ypatumus sisteminė analizė. Empirinis: konstatuojamasis tyrimas (anketinė VII-X klasių mokinių apklausa). Matematinės statistikos metodai: procentinė duomenų analizė, koreliacinė analizė, chi kvadrato kriterijaus taikymas. Išvados. 1. Reklama atspindi mūsų kultūrą, politiką... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Nowadays advertising is one of the major factors used in order to attract as many clients as possible, form their needs and in such way guarantee that they would become regular clients. Usually these regular clients are teenagers. They are a special group of spectators. Unlike adults, they do not always understand what advertising is and what their creators seek for by it. The principal factor, influencing how a child or a teenager understands advertising, is his age. Objective of the research is teenagers’ attitude towards advertising as a socio-cultural phenomenon. The aim of research is to find out teenagers’ attitude towards advertising as a socio-cultural phenomenon. The hypothesis is the following: whereas advertising develop consumer society; therefore, having analyzed teenagers’ attitude towards advertising as a socio-cultural phenomenon, we could understand how they conceive it and offer recommendations how to teach teenagers to understand the advertising. The goals of research: 1) to reveal the features of advertising as a socio-cultural phenomenon in accordance with the bibliography; 2) to discuss the psychological aspects of the stage of adolescence; 3) to analyze teenagers’ attitude towards advertising as a socio-cultural phenomenon. Research methods. Theoretical: system analysis of bibliography analyzing psychological peculiarities of advertising as a socio-cultural phenomenon and of the stage of adolescence. Empirical: declarative research (questionnaire... [to full text]

Seit einigen Jahren kursiert im Internet der Begriff Yolocaust als Bezeichnung für ein vorwiegend jugendbildkulturelles Phänomen, welches das als unangemessen empfundene Erstellen von Foto­gra­fien im Stile der jugendlichen Selfiekultur in Holocaust-Ge­denk­stätten und das anschließende Teilen dieser Bilder in den sozialen Netzwerken meint und welches oft als Symptom einer gestörten Erinnerungskultur gedeutet wird. Dieser Beitrag er­schließt anhand der Plattform Instagram zunächst die graduellen Ausprägungen dieser Bildkultur und sucht anschließend über die Analyse der Programmatik und der allgemeinen Bildkultur des Netzwerkes nach Erklärungsansätzen in der medialen Eigenlogik. Abschließend wird nach pädagogischen Konsequenzen für die Vorbereitung des Gedenkstättenbesuchs gefragt, ohne eine pau­schale Verurteilung der Bildkultur anzustreben.

Detta är ett fenomenografiskt arbete som har undersökt hur musiklärare som undervisar i årskurs 7-9 på grundskolor i Stockholm upplever hip-hop som ett kulturellt fenomen. Data har samlats in genom fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med fokus på följdfrågor för att fånga upp så många unika och spontana beskrivningar som möjligt. Deltagarna är alla högskoleutbildade musiklärare i 30-50-årsåldern. Arbetets resultat består av framträdande sätt att uppleva fenomenet hip-hop på, som rubriceras i kapitel 5 under olika beskrivningskategorier. Dessa sammanfattas i det utfallsrum som tilldelas namnet Hip-hop: Kulturens oslipade diamant. Arbetets resultat visar att hip-hop upplevs som ett fenomen som har en tydlig utgångspunkt i “orten”, vilket i en hip-hopkontext syftar på till exempel utsatta områden som förorter där det bland annat förekommer utanförskap och utbredd grov kriminell verksamhet som ofta skildras i hip-hopmusiken. Dessa områden agerar som en slags “tryckkokare” där rå talang, oberoende av traditionella musikaliska förkunskaper och formell undervisning, koncentreras till de oslipade diamanter till artister vars autentiska och stötande uttryck formar en oemotståndligt lockande konstform för ungdomar som antingen delar samma erfarenheter av utanförskap, eller ungdomar som söker att ventilera det tabubelagda i ett allt mer “politiskt korrekt” samhälleligt samtalsklimat. / This is a phenomenographic study which aim was to study how music teachers who teach grades 7-9 at elementary schools in Stockholm, Sweden experience hip-hop as a cultural phenomenon. Data has been collected through four semi-structured interviews with a focus on follow-up questions to capture as many unique and spontaneous descriptions as possible. The participants are all university-educated music teachers aged between approximately 30-50. The results of the study consist of prominent ways that the teachers experience the phenomenon of hip-hop, which are labeled in chapter 5. These are then summarised under the label Hip-hop: Kulturens oslipade diamant (Hip-hop: Culture's diamond in the rough). In summary, the study's results show that hip-hop is experienced as a phenomenon which is heavily rooted i what is known as “orten”(Swedish slang for “the suburbs”), which in a hip-hop context refers to areas where there is segregation and widespread criminal activity that is often depicted in hip-hop music. These areas act as a kind of "pressure cooker" where raw talent, independent of traditional musical knowledge and formal education, is concentrated into diamonds in the rough. Artists whose authentic and offensive expression constitutes an irresistible art form for youth who either share the same experiences of segregation, or youth who simply seek to vent what is deemed taboo in an increasingly "politically correct" social climate.

一國如在教育上過度強調以學業為導向，就會出現具有雙刃劍角色的補習現象通常會，一方面幫助學生在學術能力測驗中取得高成就，另一方面限制了學生的創造性發展。部分學生因為在普通學校中無法取得足夠的知識和技能，故而轉向補習班為測驗做準備。尤其在英語科目成為主要考核科目之後，補習班的項目也因此更加多元。本研究旨在關注台灣補習教育何以在1990年代教改之後，依然擴張的現況，補習班如何從日常學習的補充角色，轉向台灣中學生教育中的必要部分。研究者針對補習班英語教學方法進行探討，透過對補習班經營者、教師和補習學生進行深度訪談，來瞭解他們的相關經驗。研究結果發現，補習班經營者意透多元與另類等途徑，聘請英語教師，來提升教學的創意。至於教師的訪談發現，英語教師通過嘗試新的教學方法來幫助學生在學業方面取得更好的成績，但是這種方式存在一定的局限性。本研究印一步發現補習班教師包括來自英語國家的和非英語國家，即使某些補習班老師並未取得教師資格證書，但在學生看來比一般學校的英語任課老師更加優秀。值得注意的是，大多數學生認為補習班的教學方法與一般學校相差無幾，但是學生滿意度明顯高於主流學校英語教師。本研究進一步確認補習班因商業利益等考量，許多訊息備受保密，使得研究者難以獲得一套完整的教學方法和學生經驗。 / In an academically oriented nation, there is a realization that attending a cram school can be double-edged, as they often offer great outcomes in students’ academic achievements especially with their test scores but they can also limit students’ creative development. Unable to obtain sufficient knowledge and skills for tests in mainstream schools, students have commonly turned to cram schools for examination preparation. Educational reforms enforcing English as a main examination subject greatly diversified the possibilities for tutoring and in fact helped cram schools’ diversification. The study focuses on the phenomenon of the influx of cram schools, and how it’s no longer a supplement, but instead a necessity of a secondary student’s education in Taiwan. This study starts with investigating the cram school phenomenon, as well as to discuss the teaching methods used in English classes. Finally, data has been collected through in-depth interviews among cram school owners, teachers and former attendees to look at their experience in cram school . The results of the study shows that the cram school owners approved the necessity to enhance creative teaching through alternative methods so as hiring teachers with supplementary talents. The teacher interviews revealed that trying new approaches to teaching have helped students achieve better outcomes academically, but sometimes only to a certain extent that is why cram schools can be double-edged. The paradox of this study is the cram school teachers’ qualifications for both native and English speakers. In fact, even though they may not have any teaching qualifications, cram school teachers are described by students as being better teachers compared to the ones in regular school. Significantly, the study discovered that a majority of students find cram school teaching methods in general so as the overall experience to be more satisfactory than with mainstream school The study finally showed that gaining information about cram schooling can be difficult as there is some secrecy surrounding it. This prevented the researcher from gaining a complete picture of cram school teaching methods and students’ experience.