Förlust av biologisk mångfald är ett av de största hoten mot vår planet och våra ekosystem. Mer natur behövs skyddas och det är en viktig del i Sveriges miljöarbete. Skog är den naturform i Sverige som har lägst andel skydd och mer skog behöver skyddas för att nå miljömål och internationella åtaganden. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur kommunikation bör se ut för att få ”allmänheten” att börja engagera sig för eller vilja fortsätta engagera sig för skydd av skog. Allmänheten är en viktig faktor eftersom de väljer politiker och kan påverka. För att förstå beteenden och attityder behöver vi förstå de värden som attityder grundar sig på. I studien har jag utgått ifrån ett antropocentriskt och ett ekocentriskt perspektiv, vilka värderingar har allmänheten och är det något som går att använda i kommunikationssyfte? Jag har analyserat tre organisationers hemsidor, samt intervjuat tre kommunikatörer på respektive organisation. Organisationerna kommunicerar övervägande ekocentriskt på sina hemsidor, men organisationerna har inte tänkt i termer av antropocentriskt eller ekocentriskt tidigare. Gränsen är diffus mellan det antropocentriska och ekocentriska perspektivet, därför är det svårt att använda gränsdragningen vid kommunikation. / Loss of biodiversity is one of the biggest threats to the planet and our ecosystems. More nature needs to be protected and that is an important part of Sweden's environmental work. Forests are the kind of nature in Sweden that have the lowest proportion of protection. There is need to protect more forests in order to achieve environmental goals and international commitments. The purpose of the study was to investigate how communication should be designed to make the public want to continue or start engaging in forest protection. The public is an important factor since they choose the politicians and have the possibility to affect. In order to understand behaviors and attitudes, we need to understand the values that attitudes are based on. In the study I have assumed an anthropocentric and an ecocentric perspective, what values do the public have and is it something that can be used for communication purposes? I have analyzed three organizations' websites, and interviewed three communicators on each organization. Organizations communicate predominantly ecocentrically on their websites, but the organizations have not thought in terms of anthropocentric or ecocentric earlier. The boundary is diffuse between the anthropocentric and ecocentric perspective, so it is difficult to use this in a communication perspective.

Thesis (PhD (Forest and Wood Science))—University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Developing sustainable mechanisms for use-management of forest products by user communities has been suggested as a possible solution to the often-observed conflict between forest use and the conservation of protected forests. In Zimbabwe, the use of forest products in protected forests by local communities has a long history, but few studies have explored both the socio-economic and ecological aspects of this use. This study was conducted in the Baikiaea plurijuga forests and woodlands in and around Fuller Forest in western Zimbabwe, protected since 1943. It explored the characteristics and dynamics of forest products use by communities surrounding this protected forest. Further, the demography and dynamics of commonly harvested woody species was examined in order to establish the present status of populations of these species. This examination, focusing on diameter class distributions, was aimed at informing whether species populations were expanding, stable or declining in view of their capacity to continue providing required goods and services. Results indicated that all households, rich and poor, were harvesting at least some forest resources from the protected forest, with the most frequently harvested resources being firewood, wood for curios, thatch grass, wild fruits, timber for construction and fencing and those who owned livestock used the forest for livestock grazing. The extraction and use of 23 different products was recorded across the villages. The top five harvested forest products in terms of the mean proportion of households using them were fuelwood, building poles, thatch grass, wild fruits and broom grass. Forest products were harvested both for own consumption and for sale. At present Baikiaea plurijuga, Colophospermum mopane, Brachystegia spiciformis, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Commiphora mocambicensis and Bauhinia petersiana out of 14 commonly harvested species appear to have relatively stable populations as indicated by their inverse J-shaped diameter class distribution profiles. Preliminary indications from this baseline information point towards the successful integration of local use of forest products and conservation objectives noting that there is need for caution until further studies as recommended in this study are taken.

Thesis (PhD (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This study aims at examining technical and institutional capacity in local organisations to manage decentralised forest resources in Uganda. Specifically the study assessed the roles, responsibilities, powers and legal instruments, incentives, facilities and human and fiscal resources of local organisations to undertake decentralised forest governance. Semistructured and key informant interviews were conducted in local organisations and legal and policy documents reviewed to ascertain strategies for implementing decentralised forestry. An inventory of selected forests was conducted to assess effect of decentralisation policy on the condition of forests in Uganda. Chi-square tests were used to show the factors that motivate local organisations to participate in decentralised forest governance. Tree species diversity and richness, density, diameter at breast height and basal area and sings of human disturbance were used to compare the condition of forests under local government and those under private and central government ownership. Similarity between the forests was assessed using a Two Way INdicator SPecies Analysis, while the differences in the composition and structural characteristics of trees among forest ownership categories were compared by oneway analysis of variance. Multiple regression analysis was used to show the influence of household pressure, forest size, the distance of the forest from roads and forest administrative office, and the market demand of the forest produce on the capacity of forest agencies to regulate timber harvesting. The findings reveals that local organisations supported devolved forest management functions such as forest monitoring, tree planting, environmental education, networking, collaborative and integrated planning, resource mobilisation and formulation of byelaws. The role of forestry in the livelihoods of the people, the desire to control forest degradation and access to forest revenue, donor and central government fiscal support were the most important incentives in decentralised forest management. However, limited capacity in terms of qualified staff, funds, facilities and equipment and inadequate decision-making powers over fiscal resources from forestry, inequitable distribution of forest revenue and unclear forest and tree tenure hindered decentralised forest management. The diversity and richness indices, density, diameter at breast height and basal area of trees were significantly higher in central forest reserves, intermediate in private and lower in local forest reserves. The frequency of human disturbances was significantly higher in local forest reserves than in private and central forest reserves. The variation in composition and structure of the local forest reserves is partly attributed to human disturbances. The capacity of the forest agencies to regulate forest resources use in the Mpigi forests was significantly affected by the size of forest, and its location in relation to the well-maintained roads, forest administrative office and the number of households in close proximity and the market demand of the forest produce. Large forests in close proximity to densely populated areas and far a way from roads and the forest administrative office were more affected by timber harvesting. The results demonstrated that local governments are not yet efficient in monitoring and regulating forest use and maintaining the condition of forests in Uganda. Local organisations need to play an increased role in the implementation of the Forest Policy, the National Forestry and Tree Planting and the Local Government Acts for successful decentralisation of forest management and to recruit more technical staff, strengthen internal sources of revenue and develop integrated forestry work plans. There is also a need for the central government to integrate and co-ordinate local and central interests, and facilitate a working relationship with local governments, civil society and the private sector involved in forestry. Forest owners and managers in the Mpigi forests and Ugandaâ s tropical forests in general need to manage human impacts so as to balance utilisation and conservation forest resources. There is need for longterm studies to fully understand the real significance of ownership on the composition and structure of the Mpigi forests and forests in other districts of Uganda.

Tropical forests are under continual threat due to deforestation and forest fragmentation processes which are driven by the economic activities growth, mainly agriculture. Replacing forest with other land uses can cause severe impacts on river water quality, altering its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The Atlantic Forest, in particular, had its original vegetation cover reduced to about 11%, wherein the crop lands expansion and urban sprawl still threatening this important ecosystem and the ecosystem services that it provides. In this sense, the main objective of this study was to investigate the relation between forest cover and water quality of tropical agricultural watersheds. For that, six experimental watersheds with different percentage of forest cover were selected in the Sarapuí River watershed, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Water samples were collected during a hydrologic year to obtain water quality parameters that represent impacts induced by anthropic activities. According to the percentage of forest cover, the watersheds were denominated as \"forested\", when they presented more than 55% of forest cover, and \"degraded\", with less than 35%. Multivariate statistical models were applied to identify differences between these two groups. In a second moment, the relation of land use/land cover within the watershed and within its respective riparian zone, represented in this study by the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA), with water quality was compared through mixed models and redundancy analysis to identify the main factors that influenced water quality variability. Lastly, a watershed simulation modeling was applied to verify the impact of riparian forest restoration on water quality of the Sarapuí River watershed, wherein each experimental watershed was represented by a sub-watershed in the model. The results showed that the degraded watersheds presented higher values of solids, turbidity, nutrients and coliforms, besides presenting greater temporal data variability compared to forested watersheds. This variation is associated with the stream flow changes during the year. In general, forest cover was related to good water quality, while agriculture and urban areas were responsible for the water quality degradation. Pasture presented mixed impacts, but it was not generally correlated with poor water quality. The water quality parameters responded differently to the influence of land-use/land-cover patterns in the watershed and riparian zone, but the overall water quality is better explained by the landscape composition within the watershed. Nevertheless, the watershed simulation indicated that PPA restoration reduces the sediment and nutrients loading into the river. Thus, it is possible to conclude that tropical forest plays a fundamental role in the water resources conservation, reducing impacts of human activities in watersheds and the watershed management with forest restoration strategies for the entire watershed is critical for the maintenance of water quality to water supply, despite the importance of the riparian zone. / As florestas tropicais estão sob constante ameaça devido ao processo de desmatamento e fragmentação florestal impulsionado pelo crescimento das atividades econômicas, em especial, a agricultura. A substituição de áreas florestadas por outros usos do solo pode causar impactos severos na qualidade da água de rios, alterando suas características físicas, químicas e biológicas. A Mata Atlântica, em especial, teve sua cobertura original reduzida a cerca de 11%, sendo que a expansão de terras cultiváveis e urbanização ainda ameaçam esse importante ecossistema e os serviços ecossistêmicos prestados por ele. Nesse sentido, este estudo propôs investigar a relação da cobertura florestal com a qualidade da água de microbacias agrícolas tropicais. Para tanto, foram selecionadas seis microbacias experimentais com diferentes porcentagens de cobertura florestal na bacia do rio Sarapuí, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, onde foram feitas coletas de amostras de água por um ano hidrológico para a obtenção de parâmetros que representassem alterações na água induzidas por atividades antrópicas. Inicialmente as microbacias foram classificadas em \"florestadas\" e \"degradadas\", e modelos estatísticos multivariados foram aplicados para identificar diferenças entre os grupos. Em um segundo momento comparou-se a relação do uso e cobertura do solo na microbacia e na Área de Preservação Permanente (APP) com a qualidade da água utilizando-se modelos mistos e análise de redundância para identificar os principais fatores que influenciam a variabilidade da qualidade da água. Por último foi gerado um modelo hidrológico para simular o impacto da restauração da floresta ripária na qualidade da água da bacia do rio Sarapuí onde cada microbacia experimental desse estudo foi representada por uma sub-bacia do modelo. Os resultados mostram que as microbacias degradadas apresentam valores maiores de sólidos, turbidez, nutrientes e coliformes. Além disso, apresentam maior variabilidade temporal dos dados em relação às microbacias florestadas associada às alterações da vazão do rio. Em geral, a cobertura florestal foi relacionada à boa qualidade da água, enquanto que agricultura e ocupação urbana foram os usos do solo responsáveis pela degradação da qualidade da água. O uso pastagem apresentou impactos mistos, porém no geral não foi correlacionado à qualidade da água ruim. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água responderam de forma diferente quanto à influência dos padrões de uso e cobertura do solo na microbacia e na APP, porém, considerando-se todos parâmetros em conjunto, a qualidade da água é melhor explicada pela composição da paisagem da microbacia. Ainda assim, a simulação do modelo indicou que a restauração das APPs reduz a carga de sedimentos e nutrientes para o rio. Com isso, conclui-se que a floresta tropical tem papel fundamental na conservação dos recursos hídricos, reduzindo impactos das atividades humanas exercidas nas microbacias e que, apesar da importância das APPs na redução de poluentes para o rio, o manejo de bacias com estratégias de restauração florestal para toda a microbacia é extremamente importante para a manutenção da qualidade da água para abastecimento.

<p>U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; analizirano&nbsp; gazdovanje&nbsp; &scaron;umama&nbsp; u&nbsp; za&scaron;tićenim&nbsp; područjima&nbsp; u&nbsp; Srbiji,<br />posmatrajući:&nbsp; 1)&nbsp; ekolo&scaron;ke&nbsp; efekte&nbsp; gazdovanja,&nbsp; i&nbsp; 2)&nbsp; procese&nbsp; prilagođavanja&nbsp; gazdovanja&nbsp; konzervacionim&nbsp; potrebama.&nbsp; Povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; za&scaron;tićenih&nbsp; područja&nbsp; je&nbsp; značajno&nbsp; porasla,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; ima malo&nbsp; informacija o njihovom doprinosu u realizaciji konzervacionih&nbsp; ciljeva. Po&scaron;to se u većini za&scaron;tićenih &scaron;umskih područja u Evropi aktivno gazduje, i dozvoljeno je kori&scaron;ćenje drvne&nbsp; biomase,&nbsp; informacije&nbsp; o&nbsp; efektima&nbsp; gazdovanja&nbsp; su&nbsp; neophodne.&nbsp; Glavna&nbsp; barijera&nbsp; u ekolo&scaron;kim&nbsp; evaluacijama&nbsp; gazdovanja&nbsp; je&nbsp; nepostojanje&nbsp; indikatora&nbsp; kojima&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; mogle izmeriti promene u ekosistemu, a&nbsp; koje&nbsp; nastaju kao rezultat primenjenih mera&nbsp; gazdovanja. Poslednjih&nbsp; godina&nbsp; se&nbsp; sve&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; ističe&nbsp; potencijal&nbsp; primene&nbsp; funkcionalnih&nbsp; indikatora,&nbsp; tj. indikatora&nbsp; koji&nbsp; se&nbsp; oslanjaju&nbsp; na&nbsp; informacije&nbsp; o&nbsp; funkcionalnim&nbsp; karakteristikama&nbsp; vrsta.&nbsp; U radu je stoga primenjen funkcionalni pristup za analizu ekolo&scaron;kog efekta gazdovanja. U te&nbsp; svrhe&nbsp; su&nbsp; odabrane&nbsp; karakteristike&nbsp; koje&nbsp; se&nbsp; povezuju&nbsp; sa&nbsp; sposobno&scaron;ću&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; za&nbsp; brzo<br />usvajanje&nbsp; ili konzervisanje resursa, tj.&nbsp; određuju odgovor vrsta na promene u dostupnim resursima, a koje, na primer,&nbsp; nastaju usled uklanjanja drvne biomase: visina, specifična povr&scaron;ina lista, sadržaj suve materije lista, sadržaj ukupnog azota i ukupnog fosfora. Iste se&nbsp; dovode&nbsp; i&nbsp; u&nbsp; vezu&nbsp; sa&nbsp; primarnom&nbsp; produktivno&scaron;ću&nbsp; i&nbsp; dekompozicijom,&nbsp; procesima&nbsp; od značaja&nbsp; za&nbsp; očuvanje&nbsp; integriteta&nbsp; ekosistema.&nbsp; Po&scaron;to&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; odgovora&nbsp; funkcionalnih indikatora&nbsp; zahteva&nbsp; duži&nbsp; vremenski&nbsp; period&nbsp; posmatranja,&nbsp; u&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; osmi&scaron;ljen&nbsp; drugačiji pristup za izvođenje eksperimenta. U te svrhe su iskori&scaron;ćeni Landsat satelitski snimci, tj. tri snimka sa vremenskim razmakom od 10 godina: 1994.,&nbsp; 2005. i 2015. godina. Izvr&scaron;ena je&nbsp; digitalna&nbsp; klasifikacija&nbsp; snimaka&nbsp; prema&nbsp; sastavu&nbsp; &scaron;uma,&nbsp; nakon&nbsp; čega&nbsp; su&nbsp; detektovane promene&nbsp; u&nbsp; sastavu&nbsp; &scaron;uma&nbsp; za&nbsp; period&nbsp; od&nbsp; ukupno&nbsp; 20&nbsp; godina.&nbsp; Ovi&nbsp; podaci&nbsp; su&nbsp; spojeni&nbsp; sa podacima&nbsp; o&nbsp;&nbsp; funkcionalnim&nbsp; karakteristikama&nbsp; vrsta,&nbsp; kako&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; utvrdile&nbsp; promene&nbsp; u funkcionalnoj kompoziciji. Poslednji korak je bio formiranje modela &scaron;umske krune, kroz koji&nbsp; je&nbsp; određen&nbsp; intenzitet&nbsp; seče.&nbsp; Koristeći&nbsp; podatke&nbsp; o&nbsp; promenama&nbsp; u&nbsp; gustini&nbsp; krune&nbsp; i<br />promenama&nbsp; u&nbsp; funkcionalnoj&nbsp; kompoziciji,&nbsp; sproveden&nbsp; je&nbsp; eksperiment,&nbsp; tj.&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; efekta različitih&nbsp; nivoa&nbsp; intenziteta&nbsp; seče&nbsp; na&nbsp; promene&nbsp; u&nbsp; funkcionisanju&nbsp; &scaron;umskog&nbsp; ekosistema.&nbsp; Za sprovođenje ovog eksperimenta je odabran samo jedan deo Fru&scaron;ke gore, jer je cilj bio da se osmisli&nbsp; pristup za evaluaciju, prilagođen trenutnom konceptu gazdovan ja za&scaron;tićenim &scaron;umskim&nbsp; područjima,&nbsp; i&nbsp; ispita&nbsp; njegova&nbsp; praktičnost.&nbsp; Kao&nbsp; propratni&nbsp; podatak&nbsp; ovoj&nbsp; analizi, sprovedena&nbsp; je&nbsp; i&nbsp; komparativna&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; upravljača&nbsp; za&scaron;tićenih&nbsp; &scaron;umskih&nbsp; područja&nbsp; u&nbsp; Srbiji, kako&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; ispitao&nbsp; nivo&nbsp; ulaganja&nbsp; u&nbsp; konzervacione&nbsp; sposobnosti,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; ključnog&nbsp; procesa&nbsp; u implementaciji&nbsp;&nbsp; konzervacionih&nbsp; ciljeva.&nbsp; U&nbsp; digitalnoj&nbsp; klasifikaciji&nbsp; je&nbsp; postignuta&nbsp; visokapreciznost,&nbsp; sa&nbsp; ukupnom&nbsp; precizno&scaron;ću&nbsp; 94,5%&nbsp; i&nbsp; Kapa&nbsp; koeficijentom&nbsp; 0,93.&nbsp; Potpuno spektralno razdvajanje je postignuto samo za&nbsp; <em>Q. petraea&nbsp;</em> od<em> Tilia tomentosa</em>, i&nbsp; sastojina u<br />kojima se kao dominantne pojavljuju <em>F. silvatica i Tilia tomentosa</em>. Utvđeno je prodiranje<em> F.&nbsp; moesiaca&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </em>u&nbsp; &scaron;ume&nbsp; <em>Q.&nbsp; petraea,&nbsp;</em> i&nbsp; apsolutno&nbsp; &scaron;irenje&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; <em>Tilia&nbsp; tomentosa,</em>&nbsp; posebno&nbsp; u periodu&nbsp; nakon&nbsp; 2005.&nbsp; godine,&nbsp; a&nbsp; koja&nbsp; prema&nbsp; podacima&nbsp; o&nbsp; karakteristikama&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; ima najveću&nbsp; kompetetivnu&nbsp; sposobnost&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; druge&nbsp; ispitivane&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; drveća.&nbsp; Rezultati modela gustine krune ukazuju na postepeno proređivanje &scaron;ume od 1994. ka 2015. godini, sa&nbsp; potpunim&nbsp; nestankom&nbsp; &scaron;uma&nbsp; guste&nbsp; krune&nbsp; na&nbsp; prelazu&nbsp; između&nbsp; 1994.&nbsp; i&nbsp; 2005.&nbsp; godine. Utvrđen je značajan efekat proređivanja &scaron;ume na promene u funkcionalnoj kompoziciji. Sa&nbsp; vi&scaron;im&nbsp; intenzitetom&nbsp; proređivanja,&nbsp; CWM&nbsp; indikator&nbsp; se&nbsp; pomerio&nbsp; od&nbsp; konzervativnih karakteristika ka onima koje ukazuju na dominaciju vrsta sklonih brzom sticanju resursa. Prelaz&nbsp; koji&nbsp; je&nbsp; imao&nbsp; značajnog&nbsp; efekta&nbsp; na&nbsp; promene&nbsp; je&nbsp; prelaz&nbsp; iz&nbsp; &scaron;ume&nbsp; sa&nbsp; gustinom&nbsp; krune većom&nbsp; od&nbsp; 65%&nbsp; u&nbsp; &scaron;umu&nbsp; gustine&nbsp; krune&nbsp; između&nbsp; 50-65%,&nbsp; a&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; bi&nbsp; moglo&nbsp; ukazivati&nbsp; i&nbsp; na prelaz u drugi režim funkcionisanja&nbsp; ekosistema.&nbsp; Konzervacioni ciljevi su jo&scaron; uvek slabo integrisani u gazdovanje &scaron;umama u za&scaron;tićenim područjima.</p> / <p>In&nbsp; this&nbsp; work,&nbsp; the&nbsp; forest&nbsp; management&nbsp;&nbsp; in&nbsp; protected&nbsp; areas&nbsp; of&nbsp; Serbia&nbsp; was&nbsp; analysed, following:&nbsp; 1)&nbsp; ecologic&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp; management&nbsp; and&nbsp; 2)&nbsp; investments&nbsp; in&nbsp; capabilities essential&nbsp; for&nbsp; integration&nbsp; of&nbsp; conservation&nbsp; objectives.&nbsp; The&nbsp; size&nbsp; of&nbsp; protected&nbsp; areas&nbsp; has significantly&nbsp; grown,&nbsp; but&nbsp; there&nbsp; is&nbsp; a&nbsp; little&nbsp; information&nbsp; on&nbsp; their&nbsp; contribution&nbsp; to&nbsp; real conservation&nbsp; goals.&nbsp; Since&nbsp; in&nbsp; most&nbsp; of&nbsp; European&nbsp; protected&nbsp; forest&nbsp; areas&nbsp; is&nbsp; employed active management, the information on ecological&nbsp; effects of management&nbsp; is necessary. The&nbsp; main&nbsp; barrier&nbsp; in&nbsp; ecologic&nbsp; evaluations&nbsp; of&nbsp; managing&nbsp; is&nbsp; the&nbsp; absence&nbsp; of&nbsp; indicators, which&nbsp; could&nbsp; measure&nbsp; the&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; ecosystem,&nbsp; resulting&nbsp; from&nbsp; applied&nbsp; measures. Recently, the potentiality of&nbsp; functional indicators is more&nbsp; emphasized, i.e. indicators, which lean on information about functional traits of species. So, in this work functional approach&nbsp; was&nbsp; taken&nbsp; to&nbsp; analyse&nbsp; ecologic&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp; forest&nbsp; management.&nbsp; For&nbsp; this&nbsp; sake were chosen characteristics, which are connected to capabilities of specie s to acquire or&nbsp; conserve&nbsp; resources,&nbsp; i.e.&nbsp; define&nbsp; the&nbsp; answer&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; species&nbsp; on&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; available resources,&nbsp; caused&nbsp; by&nbsp; elimination&nbsp; of&nbsp; wooden&nbsp; mass,&nbsp; i.e.&nbsp; logging:&nbsp; height,&nbsp; specific&nbsp; leaf area, leaf dry matter cont ent, nitrogen content and&nbsp; phosphorus&nbsp; content. The same are connected to the processes of significance for conservation of ecosystem integrity&nbsp; (net primary&nbsp; productivity&nbsp; and&nbsp; decomposition).&nbsp; Since&nbsp; the&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; of&nbsp; functional&nbsp; indicators response&nbsp; demands&nbsp; a&nbsp; longer&nbsp; period&nbsp; of&nbsp; observation,&nbsp; another&nbsp; attitude of&nbsp; performing&nbsp; the experiment was conceptualized. For that purpose Landsat&nbsp; satellite&nbsp; image was&nbsp; used,&nbsp; i.e. three&nbsp; images&nbsp; in&nbsp; interval&nbsp; of&nbsp; ten&nbsp; years:&nbsp; 1994,&nbsp; 2005,&nbsp; and&nbsp; 2015.&nbsp; A&nbsp; digital&nbsp; image classification of&nbsp; forest composition was&nbsp; performed, after which the&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; forest composition&nbsp; were&nbsp; detected&nbsp; over&nbsp; the&nbsp; period&nbsp; of&nbsp; 20&nbsp; years.&nbsp; These&nbsp; data&nbsp; were&nbsp; then connected with the data on functional characteristics of species to determine changes in functional composition.&nbsp;&nbsp; The last step&nbsp; was forming of forest canopy&nbsp; density model, through&nbsp; which&nbsp; was&nbsp; determined&nbsp; the&nbsp; intensity&nbsp; of&nbsp; logging.&nbsp; Using&nbsp; data&nbsp; on&nbsp; changes&nbsp; of forest&nbsp; canopy&nbsp; density&nbsp; model&nbsp; and&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; functional&nbsp; composition,&nbsp; an&nbsp; experiment was&nbsp; performed,&nbsp; i.e.&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; of&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp; different&nbsp; levels&nbsp; of&nbsp; logging&nbsp; intensity&nbsp; on changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; forest&nbsp; ecosystem&nbsp; function.&nbsp; For&nbsp; the&nbsp; performing&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; experiment&nbsp; was chosen&nbsp; just&nbsp; a&nbsp; part&nbsp; of&nbsp; Fruska&nbsp; gora,&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; goal&nbsp; was&nbsp; to&nbsp;&nbsp; try&nbsp; to&nbsp; construct the&nbsp; evaluation approach,&nbsp; adapted to&nbsp; momentary&nbsp; concept of&nbsp; managing&nbsp; in&nbsp; protected&nbsp; forest&nbsp; areas&nbsp; and inspect&nbsp; its&nbsp; feasibility.&nbsp; As&nbsp; an&nbsp;&nbsp; accompanying&nbsp; data&nbsp; with&nbsp; this&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; was&nbsp; performed&nbsp; a comparative&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; of protected forest area managers&nbsp; in Serbia, to&nbsp; examine&nbsp; the level of&nbsp; investments&nbsp; in&nbsp; conservation&nbsp; capabilities,&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; key&nbsp; process&nbsp; in&nbsp; implementing conservation goals.</p>

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The forests of the eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus, famous for their extent in antiquity, were described as severely damaged by misuse over the preceding centuries at the time of the British arrival on the island in 1878. The British colonial authorities sought to remedy this "degradation", and their success in doing so before their departure in 1960 has seldom been questioned. This dissertation examines this accepted history of the colonial period by utilizing archival, ethnographic, and physical data and focusing upon the British impact on the landscape as well as the relationship between the British authorities and the Cypriot people. This reappraisal suggests several points. The British approached the Cypriot forests with certain misunderstandings and misconceptions in 1878. They believed that the majority of the forested areas on the island were unregulated commons, which they were not. They further misread the landscape by assuming that its appearance, quite different from that of a humid and temperate biome, indicated degradation. Within these concerns of degradation, they misinterpreted the Cypriot rural economy by holding that shepherds and agriculturalists did not and could not mix. These misunderstandings of Mediterranean ecology, combined with prevailing ideas for good forest management and agricultural intensification, and hampered by inadequate budgets, resulted in policies that did not initially "return" the forests to any imagined state of past verdure, and may instead have been harmful in certain aspects. Yet the British officials did not behave according to traditional stereotypes of colonial rulers either. The actions of many of the colonial foresters were not solely driven by a desire for instant profit; instead the majority consistently attempted to maintain and ameliorate the forests both for indirect ecosystem benefits (which they recognized would be remunerative to the island as a whole, even if not immediately to the department) and direct benefits of timber production. The meticulous records in the archives display a concern with doing what was best for the forests and for the people, which inevitably led to conflicts as to what was "fair" for the forest and "fair" for the inhabitants, however defined. / text

Recent research has emphasized the importance of understanding the consequences of species loss, not just for biodiversity per se, but also for ecosystem resilience and functioning. Firstly, a baseline analysis of the effects of a naturally patchy landscape on avian community composition and resilience in a high altitude Afrotemperate forest landscape in South Africa is presented. Bird data from a point count survey of 706 counts at 31 forest sites was used to test whether taxonomic species diversity, functional species richness and density of birds provide insight into community resilience in this historically patchy ecosystem. Bird species richness of forest patches ranged from 17 to 38, with a total species richness of 50. Density was slightly but negatively related to both area and species richness. That density compensation is occurring in these Afrotemperate forests suggests a level of resilience in this system. Following on from this, cumulative species-area and function-area graphs were derived to quantify the loss of forest area or taxonomic bird species richness that this landscape may potentially sustain before ecosystem functioning is negatively affected. The concept that species’ patterns of distribution, abundance and coexistence are the result of local ecological processes has recently been challenged by evidence that regionalscale processes are equally instrumental in shaping local community composition. The historically and naturally fragmented Afrotemperate forests of the uKhahlamba– Drakensberg Park, South Africa, offer an interesting test case. In this study the relative effects of local and regional-scale processes on species assemblages in a naturally patchy forest system were investigated. By employing species-area and species-isolation relationships, and nested subset analyses, we showed that isolation (regional-scale process) had a greater effect on bird species richness and composition than area (local-scale process), though the species-area relationship was significant. Using generalized linear models and an information-theoretic approach to model selection, patch area, the size of the regional species pool as well as the distance to the nearest Eastern Mistbelt forest were all influential in determining local bird species richness in these montane forests. Thus, localities are regionally enriched within the constraints on species occupancy provided by the available habitat. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

This thesis addresses the situation of First Nations people in forestry of British Columbia. Aboriginal people in British Columbia have been involved in the forest industry as laborers since the 1850s when the commercial logging operations began in the province, but have been politically and economically marginalized in the industry. The institutional and economic factors not only have restricted aboriginal people to control over forest resources on their traditional lands but have affected their forest management practices. For aboriginal communities, it is a critical issue that protecting old growth forests, with which they are culturally associated, without giving up economic benefit generated from harvesting these forests. In order to suggest possible changes and approaches for shaping native forest management in the existing institutional and economic frameworks, I examined the issues of provincial forestry and analyzed how these issues effect and interact with aboriginal people. It is important but difficult for First Nations to obtain forest tenure because their resource management is related to their land rights. However, the issues of aboriginal people in forestry overlap with those of the province. Thus, perspectives and participation of aboriginal people is critical for the government and the industry. Forestry of British Columbia is in transition and has begun to consider the potential contribution of aboriginal people to sustainable forestry. Therefore, aboriginal people have a significant role to play in the future of forestry.

Wild plant resources are harvested and managed by people in a variety of land-uses but few studies examine the interactions of landscape dynamics and the use and availability of wild plant resources. I address this question using a case study of common property lands with a history of community forestry and traditional shifting cultivation. Specifically I ask: What is the perceived importance of plant resources obtained in agricultural and forest environments? Have forest and agricultural land-use/land covers changed? How do landscape changes, and in particular shorter fallow times, influence the availability and use of plant resources? / The perceived importance of wild plant resources was studied using free-listing and ranking exercises with focus groups of men and women. Remote sensing and interviews served to analyse landscape dynamics (1976-2000) and to identify local forest conservation regulations. The impact of shorter fallow times on the availability of forage and firewood in agricultural fields was assessed by sampling 26 fields derived from short to long fallows, while a household survey served to characterize patterns of firewood collection. / Men attributed highest importance to commercial forest products, while resources most valued by women were domestic resources obtained in a variety of environments. High rates of forest retention were observed; conservation was focused on forests with high densities of commercial products. The agricultural zones shifted from a mosaic of diverse successional stages to a homogeneous landscape dominated by younger fallows and shorter fallow periods; these changes led to reductions in the availability of firewood and some forage species. Firewood collection was related to accessibility; areas with the least amount of firewood available (short-fallow cycles and low forest cover) experienced the highest collection pressure. / The findings demonstrate that indigenous territories can be very dynamic, even when rates of forest conservation are high, and that changes in land-use and landscape structure have important implications for the availability and use of wild plant resources. A conceptual model linking landscape dynamics to wild plant use is proposed and the significance of the results for community-based conservation initiatives is discussed.