Public, Constitutional and International Law / LLD

O bioma da Mata Atlântica foi reduzido a apenas 7,4% de sua cobertura original, sendo o principal motivo a ocupação humana. No estado do Paraná restaram, com exceção da vegetação da Serra do Mar e do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (PNI), poucos fragmentos pequenos, que necessitam de aumento da conectividade em escala de paisagem, o que requer a ampliação da cobertura florestal nativa. Esta ampliação pode se dar por meio da regeneração espontânea de florestas nativas, fenômeno aqui tratado sob a designação restauração passiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estrato regenerante de uma floresta secundária em restauração passiva, sítio em restauração (pasto abandonado há 25 anos), por meio de comparação com o estrato regenerante da floresta primária do PNI, sítio de referência. Para isso, os atributos considerados foram estruturais: densidade, altura da planta e diâmetro à altura do solo – DAS; de diversidade: riqueza e diversidade de espécies; funcionais: distribuição de frequência de síndromes de dispersão para indivíduos e espécies e proporção de espécies e de indivíduos de espécies não-pioneiras; e a composição florística. Em cada sítio foram demarcadas 30 parcelas circulares de 10 m2 cada e coletados dados dos indivíduos arbustivos e arbóreos com DAP < 5 cm e altura maior do que 50 cm. Foram coletadas amostras botânicas para posterior identificação em laboratório através da comparação com material de herbário. Foram registrados 589 indivíduos no sítio em restauração distribuídos em 43 espécies, e 831 indivíduos no sítio de referência distribuídos em 48 espécies. As espécies mais abundantes no sítio em restauração foram Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan e Pombalia bigibbosa (A.St.- Hil.) Paula-Souza, com 236 e 133 indivíduos, respectivamente, e a mais abundante no sítio de referência foi Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W.C.Burger et al., com 182 indivíduos. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na altura da planta, densidade, diversidade, representatividade de indivíduos de espécies zoocóricas, proporção de indivíduos de espécies não-pioneiras e na composição florística. Com exceção da variável altura da planta que foi maior no sítio em restauração, as demais variáveis quantitativas tiveram valores maiores no sítio de referência. As diferenças entre os sítios, pode se dever a alguns filtros restritivos, como mais luminosidade, maior efeito de borda, condições edáficas menos favoráveis e falta de conectividade e de atrativos para dispersores de sementes no sítio em restauração. Conclui-se que, após 25 anos, o processo de restauração passiva resultou em uma floresta cujo estrato regenerante ainda é consideravelmente distinto do verificado em floresta primária, evidenciando a importância da conservação de remanescentes de floresta primária. Contudo, as semelhanças encontradas denotam que a floresta restaurada se encontra numa trajetória sucessional adequada, o que, demonstra um elevado potencial de aplicação da restauração passiva na região das áreas de estudo. / The Atlantic forest biome has been reduced to only 7.4% of its original coverage, being the main reason the human occupation. In the state of Paraná remained, with exception of the vegetation of the Serra do Mar and of the Iguaçu National Park (PNI), few small fragments, which require the increasing of connectivity on a landscape scale, requiring the expansion of native forest cover. This expansion can be through the spontaneous regeneration of native forests, a phenomenon here treated as passive restoration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the regenerative stratum of a secondary forest in passive restoration, site in restoration (pasture abandoned for 25 years), through comparison with the regeneration stratum of primary forest of the PNI, reference site. For this, the attributes considered were structural: density, plant height and diameter at height of soil – DHS; of diversity: species richness and species diversity; functional: frequency distribution of dispersal syndromes for individuals and species and proportion of non pioneer species and of individuals of non pioneer species; and the floristic composition. In each site were demarcated 30 circular plots 10 m2 each and collected data from shrub and tree individuals with DBH < 5 cm and height greater than 50 cm. Botanical samples were collected for later identification in laboratory by comparing with herbarium material. 589 individuals distributed in 43 species were recorded in the restoration site and 831 individuals distributed in 48 species were recorded in the reference site. The most abundant species in the restoration site were Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan and Pombalia bigibbosa (A. St.-Hil.) Paula-Souza, with 236 and 133 individuals, respectively, and the most abundant in the reference site was Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W.C. Burger et al. with 182 individuals. Statistically significant differences were found in plant height, density, diversity, representativeness of individuals of zoochoric species, proportion of individuals of non pioneer species and floristic composition. With the exception of the variable plant height which was greater in the restoration site, other quantitative variables had larger values in the reference site. The differences between the sites may be due to some restrictive filters such as more luminosity, greater edge effect, less favorable edaphic conditions and lack of connectivity and of attractive for seed dispersers in the restoration site. We concluded that, after 25 years, the passive restoration process resulted in a forest whose regeneration stratum is still pretty distinct from verified in primary forest, highlighting the importance of the conservation of remnants of primary forest. However, the similarities found denote that the restored forest successional trajectory is appropriate, what, demonstrates a high potential for application of passive restoration in the region of the study areas.

O enriquecimento com diferentes formas de vida, como com epífitas, é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de florestas em restauração, em paisagens fragmentadas, onde a dispersão natural é limitada. Epífitas são plantas que crescem sobre outras (forófitos). Têm papel ecológico importante, realizando ciclagem de nutrientes e oferecendo microambientes e alimentos a outras formas de vida. Características de forófitos, clima e microclima influenciam populações locais de epífitas. Para aumentar o sucesso do enriquecimento em florestas em restauração, é importante determinar quais filtros podem atuar no processo. Fizemos o censo de áreas que receberam autorização para supressão vegetal e obtivemos que, a cada ano, cerca de 500 ha de Florestas Estacional Semidecidual e Ombrófila Densa, em diferentes estágios de regeneração, são desmatados, apenas no estado de São Paulo. Elas podem fornecer material que pode ser recuperado e empregado na restauração de outras florestas. Neste trabalho, damos enfoque às epífitas que podem ser disponibilizadas a partir desse desmatamento. Transferimos 360 indivíduos de seis espécies delas, entre Bromeliaceae (Aechmea bromeliifolia e Tillandsia pohliana), Orchidaceae (Catasetum fimbriatum e Rodriguezia decora) e Cactaceae (Lepismium cruciforme e Rhipsalis floccosa) para duas Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais em processo de restauração, uma com 13 anos e outra com 23. As médias anuais de cobertura de dossel, entre os forófitos escolhidos, variaram entre 62,2 e 85,0% na floresta de 13 anos e entre 79,3 e 92,9% na floresta de 23 anos. Taxas de sobrevivência das diferentes espécies de epífitas foram superiores em floresta mais jovem, variando de 63.33 a 100%, enquanto em floresta mais madura variaram entre 55,17 e 89,66%. Transplantes usando fibra de palmeiras, capaz de reter água, e realizados no início de estação chuvosa podem ter explicado o maior sucesso em floresta mais nova. Taxas de sobrevivência, fixação, ramificação, floração e frutificação não estiveram relacionadas à espécie de forófito, à rugosidade de casca ou à posição de transplante. Por outro lado, elas estiveram relacionadas às espécies das próprias epífitas. Apenas em algumas situações e para determinadas espécies, taxas de fixação, ramificação e reprodução sexuada estiveram relacionadas aos valores de cobertura de dossel. Animais podem ter importantes papéis como polinizadores e dispersores de epífitas, o que mostra que sua presença na floresta é fundamental para a permanência dessas plantas em longo prazo. Ao final, separamos as principais conclusões tiradas deste trabalho e fizemos um guia de procedimentos práticos a serem adotados no enriquecimento de florestas em restauração usando epífitas provenientes de florestas a serem suprimidas. / Enrichment using non-arboreal life forms, such as epiphytes, is critical to the development of forests under restoration, in fragmented landscapes, where natural dispersal is scarce. Epiphytes are plants that grow on top of other plants (phorophytes). They play very important ecological role, performing nutrient cycling and providing microenvironments and food to other life forms. Features of phorophytes, climate, and microclimate influence local diversity of epiphytes. In order to improve success of enrichment in areas under restoration, it is important to determine what filters may play a role in this process. We censused areas that received authorization for vegetation removal and found out that, every year, about 500 ha of Semideciduous Seasonal Forests and Rainforests, in different regeneration stages, are legally cut down, only in the state of Sao Paulo. They can provide material that can be recovered and used to restore other forests. In this work, we focused on the epiphytes that may become available from deforestation. We transferred 360 individuals of six species of this life form among Bromeliaceae (Aechmea bromeliifolia and Tillandsia pohliana), Orchidaceae (Catasetum fimbriatum and Rodriguezia decora) and Cactaceae (Lepismium cruciforme and Rhipsalis floccosa) to two different Semidecidual Seasonal Forests in process of restoration, one of them was 13 years old and the other, 23 years old. Annual canopy cover averages provided by diffferent phorophytes ranged from 62.2 to 85.0% in 13-year old forest and from 79.3 to 92.9% in 23-year-old forest. Survival rates of epiphytes species were higher in the younger forest, from 63.33 to 100%, compared to the ones obtained in the more mature forest, from 55.17 to 89.66%. Transplants performance using palm tree fiber, which enables higher water retention, and at the beginning of rainy season may have been responsible for higher survival rates in the young forest. Survival, rooting, sprouting, flowering and fruiting rates were not related to phorophyte species, to their bark roughness nor to the position of transplantation. On the other hand, they were always relatated to epiphyte species. Only in some cases and for determined species, rooting, sprouting, flowering and fruiting were related to canopy cover. Animals can play important roles as pollinators and dispersers of epiphytes, which shows that their presence in forests is fundamental for the long-term persistance of these plants. In the end, we gathered the main results taken from this work and organized a guide of practical procedures to be adopted in enrichment of areas using epiphytes from forests about to be suppressed.

Orientadores: Eleonore Zulnara Freire Setz, Fernando Gertum Becker / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:26:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lokschin_LuisaXavier_M.pdf: 10314057 bytes, checksum: 6d5803664758c20fc4e44437cfeccda5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As características de fragmentos florestais e seu contexto podem contribuir para a manutenção de populações de primatas, assim como mudanças na paisagem ao longo do tempo podem alterar sua distribuição. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar se características de fragmentos florestais e seu contexto na paisagem são determinantes na distribuição de Alouatta clamitans bem como relacionar padrões de mudanças na paisagem ao longo do tempo com a distribuição da espécie, em uma grande cidade no sul do Brasil (Porto Alegre, RS). Dados de presença e ausência da espécie foram obtidos na região de estudo em quadrículas de 25 ha. Os dados de quadrículas foram convertidos para presença/ausência de bugios nos fragmentos florestais. As variáveis (área, forma, isolamento, antropização, distância de via e de urbanização) foram obtidas por ferramentas de geoprocessamento para os 214 fragmentos. Para a análise da distribuição temporal da espécie, a presença/ausência de bugios em 65 quadrículas foi comparada em dois momentos no tempo (1995 e 2010). Obtivemos variáveis de mudança na paisagem através de ferramentas de geoprocessamento, com base em fotografias aéreas e imagens de satélite. Os fragmentos de mata com bugios são em menor número, mais conectados e estão em contexto menos antropizado. Em 63% das quadrículas houve persistência de bugios, em 3% desaparecimento, em 26% colonização e em 8% manutenção de ausência. As mudanças ocorridas na paisagem não estão diretamente relacionadas com a variação na distribuição da espécie. Os bugios estão distribuídos em boa parte dos remanescentes florestais do município, em fragmentos grandes, conectados e em contexto menos antropizado e se mantém, pelo período de 15 anos, num mosaico de paisagem com fragmentos florestais em contexto predominantemente rural / Abstract: Forest fragment characteristics and context may contribute to the persistence of primate population, as well as landscape alteration in time can change their distribution. Our objective is to identify which are those forest fragments and context characteristics that determine the distribution of Alouatta clamitans and also relate landscapes changes in 15 years time with changes in the species distribution in Porto Alegre, RS. The species has been recorded in the municipality in 25 ha squares. Howler monkey presence or absence data in squares were transposed to forest fragments. Areas, shape, isolation, anthopization and distances from roads and urban areas were obtained by geoprocessing tools. Sixty five squares were visited twice, in 1995 and in 2010 to verify changes in howler monkey distribution. Landscape change analysis was made by geoprocessing tools based on aerial photos and satellite images. There are more fragments with howlers' presence than without, and they are also larger, less isolated and in context less anthropized than those where howlers were absent. In 63% of the squares howlers persisted, in 3% they disappeared, 26% were colonized and kept absent in 8%. There were little changes in the landscape, and they're not related to changes in howlers' distribution. Landscape mosaics, with natural and rural areas seem to contribute to the occurrence, and persistence, of the species. Conservation strategies should keep large and connected areas in predominant rural landscapes / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Fire ecology encompasses the study of the factors, biotic and abiotic, that influence the occurrence of fire in an area, as well as the effects fire has on the flora and fauna native and non-native to the region (Whelan 1995). Fire has had a major influence on shaping biomes as we see them today. Fire has had an effect on vegetation much before the evolution of Homo on Earth (Keeley and Rundel 2005, Pausas and Keeley 2009, Midgley and Bond 2011). With the evolution and expansion of Homo across Earth, fire has been tamed, and then generated and used over time to yield landscapes that were suitable for their existence (Pyne 1991, Bowman et al. 2009, Archibald et al. 2012). Thus, fire, vegetation and humans were, and still are, inextricably linked in certain biomes on Earth. The best examples are observed in tropical savannas and grasslands, biomes that experience distinct seasonality in climate and are thus prone to frequent fires caused either by lightning or by humans (Keeley and Rundel 2005, Archibald et al. 2012). At the other end of the spectrum of tropical vegetation types are rainforests where the occurrence of fires is constrained by a perpetually moist environment (Meyn et al. 2007, van der Werf et al. 2008), in the absence of manipulation of the forest landscape by humans. Frequent fires have been documented to alter structure and cause a decline in forest diversity in rainforests (Cochrane and Schulze 1999, Cochrane 2003), whereas fire exclusion in mesic savannas leads to increases in biomass and transition to forest ecosystems (Bond et al. 2003, Bond et al. 2005 and references therein). A tropical biome that lies between these two extremes of vegetation types is the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) where the occurrence of fire is common, but for which there are contrasting views on the effect of fire on this system (Saha and Howe 2003, Otterstrom et al. 2006 as examples). Current forest management policies in SDTF areas, especially in India, actively aim to exclude fire from these forests mostly because of the perception held by forest managers and the general public that fire has negative effects on forests. However, very few scientific studies have explored the ecology of fire in SDTFs. In order to formulate fire management policies, it is necessary to have a more comprehensive understanding of the ecology of fire in this tropical forest type. This thesis addresses two components of fire ecology as applied to SDTFs. The first is how fire is influenced by the environment, and the second, how fires influence the biotic community particular to SDTFs. The study was carried out in an SDTF in southern India where fire is a common occurrence -the forests of Mudumalai – a protected area that exhibits a range of SDTF vegetation types, from moist deciduous to dry thorn forest, corresponding to a rainfall gradient. Fire influenced by the environment: For this section, the influence of fuel load, fuel moisture and ambient weather on area burnt, fire occurrence and fire temperatures were studied in the SDTF vegetation types of Mudumalai. The extent of fire (area burnt) in an ecosystem differs according to the relative contribution of fuel load and fuel moisture available (Meyn et al. 2007). At a global scale, these factors vary along a spatial gradient of climatic conditions and are thus “varying constraints” (Krawchuk and Moritz 2011) on fire activity in natural ecosystems (Meyn et al. 2007, Krawchuk and Moritz 2011). Moist ecosystems such as tropical rainforests are at one end of the spectrum where fire activity is constrained by fuel moisture. At the other end are arid ecosystems, such as deserts, where fire activity is limited by the presence of fuels. The potential for the globally widespread seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) to be placed as a single entity in this framework was examined by analyzing the interacting effects of fuel load and fuel moisture on the extent of fire in Mudumalai. Logistic regression was used to model proportion area burnt in a given year with factors that would influence fuel load and fuel moisture – these were proportion area burnt the previous year, wet season rainfall the previous year and early dry season rainfall. Modelling was conducted at two levels – the overall landscape and within four defined moisture regimes (between 700 and 1700 mm yr-1) – using a dataset of area burnt and seasonal rainfall from 1990 to 2010. The landscape scale model showed that the extent of fire in a given year within this SDTF is dependent on the combined interaction of seasonal rainfall and extent burnt the previous year. However, within individual moisture regimes the relative contribution of these factors to the annual extent burnt varied – early dry season rainfall (i.e. a moderator of fuel moisture) was the predominant factor in the wettest regime, while the previous year’s wet season rainfall (i.e. a proxy for fuel load) had a large influence on fire extent in the driest regime. Thus, the diverse structural vegetation types associated with SDTFs across a wide range of rainfall regimes would have to be examined at finer regional or local scales to understand the specific environmental drivers of fire. While the extent burnt in SDTFs is largely dependent on climatic influences, the probability of ignition has not been characterized for SDTFs. Anthropogenic fires are a regular occurrence during the dry season in SDTFs (Stott et al. 1990). We investigated if the occurrences of anthropogenic fire in Mudumalai were associated with any particular weather conditions during the dry season. Logistic regression between probability of a fire day and weather variables -seasonal rainfall, ambient relative humidity and temperature -was examined during the dry seasons of 20042010 in Mudumalai. Fire incidence data was obtained from the Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS; NASA 2002) and weather data from two automatic weather stations within Mudumalai. The analysis showed that days with high probabilities of fire occurrence were associated with low levels of early dry season rainfall, low daily average relative humidity, and high daily average temperatures. These weather conditions are known to influence moisture levels of fine fuels (Viney 1991, Archibald et al. 2009). In Mudumalai as well as other SDTFs the primary fuels for fires are fine fuels such as litter and dried grass that accumulate on the forest floor during the dry season. Our results suggest that the occurrence of fire is moderated by environmental conditions that reduce or enhance the flammability of fine fuels in the dry tropics. A quantitative framework for assessing risk of a fire day has been proposed as an outcome of this analysis to assist forest managers in anticipating fire occurrences in this SDTF, and possibly for those across south Asia. Of the various components of a fire regime, fire intensity is an important aspect. High fire temperatures (one measure of fire intensity, Keeley 2009) and resulting soil temperatures would have an effect on soil properties as well as plant species demography and community structure (Moreno and Oechel 1991, Neary et al. 1999, Morrison 2002). Fires that occur frequently in a region could vary in their intensity and severity depending upon the amount of fuel available and ambient weather conditions (Stinson and Wright 1969, Stott 1986, Stronach and McNaughton 1989, Ansley et al. 1998, Wotton et al. 2012). However, this relationship has not been examined in a multiple regression framework for SDTFs. Fire temperature was recorded and its relationship with ambient weather and fuel load was studied in two SDTFs of southern India -Mudumalai and Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka. During “controlled burns” conducted by the forest department staff in these reserves in February and March 2010, temperature indicating lacquers on mica sheets were used to measure fire temperature at several points at ground level and one cm below the ground. Biomass was harvested close to the temperature measurement points to estimate fuel load and fuel moisture. Ambient weather conditions were recorded during the controlled burn when the flame passed over the indicators. Temperatures recorded at ground level ranged from <79oC to 760oC, with the most frequently recorded temperatures between 343-399 oC and 510566 oC. Temperatures measured one cm below the ground ranged from <79oC to 302oC, with a majority of the indicators recording temperatures in the <79oC category. Ground-level temperatures increased with increasing biomass. A linear regression of ground-level temperatures with fuel load and ambient weather conditions of relative humidity and temperature was found to explain most of the variation in the data. Ground-level fire temperatures increased with increasing fuel load, but were also found to be lower at higher relative humidities at a given temperature. In order to reduce the intensity of forest fires that occur accidentally during the dry season, we recommend that fuel loads be reduced in the forest by prescribed burning early in the dry season. This applies especially to areas where there is accumulation of biomass over years, such as that of the tall grass Themeda cymbaria found predominantly in dry deciduous forest types. If prescribed burning is incorporated in fire management policies for these forests, then the season of burning will be important to consider. It is known from ecosystems where prescribed burning is regularly applied that early dry season fires are less intense than late dry season fires (Williams et al. 1998). However, this has not been systematically investigated for SDTFs. Through a burning experiment carried out in private land with vegetation type similar to tropical dry thorn forest, we investigated differences in area burnt, ground-level fire temperatures and soil temperatures one cm below the ground in the early dry season in January, late dry season in April and and early wet season in June. We also examined differences in fuel load, fuel moisture, soil moisture and weather conditions of ambient relative humidity (RH), temperature and wind speed in these phases; these factors could be responsible for observed differences in fire and soil temperatures or area burnt. Although area burnt was not significantly different between the early and late phases of the dry season, fire and soil temperatures were significantly lower in the former. The late dry season was characterized by distinctly higher fuel loads, lower fuel moisture, lower relative humidity, higher ambient temperatures and higher wind speeds compared that measured in the early dry season. Differences in soil temperature between these months may be attributed to the increase in fuel load since there were no significant differences in soil moisture. Fire spread was limited in the experimental plots in the early wet season in June, probably due to significantly higher levels of fuel moisture in this month; the resultant fire and soil temperatures recorded were low. Forest management should, therefore, consider early dry season burns in the month of January for prescribed burns in the sanctuary, although this would have to be tested in other SDTF vegetation types with more variable fuel load, fuel moisture and weather conditions. Fire’s influence on the biotic community: Concerns regarding the regeneration capacity of woody species in SDTFs have been voiced with respect to increasing frequencies of fire (Saha and Howe 2006, Kodandapani et al. 2008). Fire is known to cause high mortality of individuals of small size (Swaine et al. 1990, Suresh et al. 2010). However, mortality has been examined for large size classes, and not for seedlings. It is essential to understand the dynamics of seedlings and their contribution to the regeneration potential of SDTFs. Woody species in SDTFs are known to have traits that help them recover from recurring disturbances, such as sprouting from underground root stocks (Vieira and Scariot 2006). Another trait may relate to growth rates of seedlings. Growth rates of seedlings (defined in this study as established individuals between 10 and 100cm height) after dry season (February-March) fires were compared between adjacent pairs of burnt and unburnt transects established at eight sites in Mudumalai across vegetation types of moist deciduous, dry deciduous and dry thorn forest. The growth of grasses, a possible competitor for resources, was also monitored at each site. Seedling and grass heights were monitored at 3-month intervals between August 2009 and August 2010. A second fire in March 2010 affected transects at two sites in Mudumalai. Seedling and grass heights were monitored for two enumerations till August 2010 subsequent to the second fire at these two sites. A total of 1032 individuals across 58 woody species were enumerated. High seedling survivorship (>95%) was observed in both burnt and unburnt areas. Although seedling heights were significantly different between burnt and unburnt areas at the start of the enumeration in August 2009, heights were comparable within a year and a half of the fire. Comparable seedling heights in such a short time span were because of distinctly higher growth rates of seedlings in burnt areas compared to unburnt areas after the fire event, particularly during the pre-monsoon season. Grass biomass (volume), on the other hand, was significantly different between burnt and unburnt areas at both the first and last enumerations. Grass growth (change in volume) did not differ between burnt and unburnt areas. Rapid growth by seedlings after a fire implies adaptation through the use of stored resources for growth, possibly aided by lower competition from grasses, in order to attain a certain size before the subsequent return of unfavourable factors such as a recurrent fire event. Conclusions: The results from the study point to climatically driven fire regimes in an SDTF in southern India, with daily influences of weather conditions during the dry season on fire occurrences. Fire intensities increase with increasing fuel loads in these forests, moderated by weather conditions such as RH and temperature. Since fires are an anthropogenic phenomenon in these forests, active management with the use of prescribed fires in the early phase of the dry season is a possible option to control late dry season fires that would be higher in intensity. The current woody tree species assemblage in this southern Indian SDTF is resilient to fires at the seedling stage, with established individuals exhibiting high survivorship and rapid growth after a fire. However, the effects of fires of varying intensities on the regenerative capacity of the seedlings are not known. The effect of fire on habitat utilisation by large herbivores, or the impact of fire on the faunal community in general has not been studied for vegetation types that comprise SDTFs. The effect of fire exclusion on the ecology of SDTFs will provide useful information that can feed into management policies for this ecosystem type. These are potential areas of research for the future. Fire, if managed wisely, can be an effective tool for the conservation of SDTFs across south and southeast Asia.

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Orientador: Rozely Ferreira dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T12:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lins_DanielaBarbosadaSilva_M.pdf: 6334863 bytes, checksum: f56bd95fba737cf134343a8ee1fa009d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Em planejamentos ambientais a decisão sobre a seleção de fragmentos florestais para a conservação é feita, comumente, a partir da estrutura da paisagem, supondo que parâmetros espaciais de composição e configuração respondem sobre a qualidade dos processos, garantem as funções ecológicas e a presença de elementos estratégicos. Uma espécie que costuma ser alvo dessa estratégia é a Euterpe edulis Martius, porque tem participação em diversas funções do ecossistema e também é um recurso importante para a população local. No entanto, este estudo defende que nem sempre um remanescente em aparente desenvolvimento devido a classificação de seu estágio sucessional apresenta esse conjunto de atributos que garante a presença da espécie ou nem sempre a presença da espécie responde sobre as melhores condições para sua ocorrência. Diante dessas considerações, este estudo objetivou verificar se a espacialização de parâmetros indicadores da presença da espécie-alvo E. edulis e de qualidade florestal permitem responder sobre essa dualidade. A área da antiga Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Despraiado, em Iguape (SP), foi escolhida por sua representatividade no conflito entre a proteção de áreas florestadas e a utilização da palmeira E. edulis como elemento florestal. Os parâmetros mapeados foram decodificados a partir de um modelo matemático que traduz a favorabilidade para a ocorrência e manutenção da espécie. As informações foram ponderadas e sobrepostas, resultando na definição de territórios com diferentes graus de potencialidade de presença da espécie e de qualidade ambiental dos fragmentos florestais. O mapa permitiu indicar áreas para o manejo e a conservação de uma espécie frente ao contexto da paisagem e as exigências de qualidade desse elemento florestal / Abstract: In environmental planning the decision on the selection of forest fragments for conservation is done, usually, from the structure of the landscape, assuming that the composition and configuration spatial parameters respond on the quality of processes, ensuring the ecological functions and the presence of strategic elements. A species that usually is a target of this strategy is Euterpe edulis Martius, because it plays principal role in several ecosystem functions and is also an important resource for local people. However, this study defends that is not always that a forest remnant in apparent development due to its classification of successional stage presents this set of attributes that guarantees the presence of the species or not always to the presence of the species responds the best conditions for its occurrence. Thus the aim of this study was to verify if the spatialization of parameters indicators of the presence of the target-specie E. edulis and the forest quality, allow answer about this duality. The area of the former Sustainable Development Reserve of Despraiado in Iguape (SP) was chosen for its representation in the conflict between the protection of forested areas and the use of palm E. edulis as forest resource. The parameters mapped were decoded from a mathematical model that translates the favorability for the occurrence and maintenance of the species. Data were weighted and overlapped, resulting in the definition of territories with different degrees of potentiality of the presence of the species and environmental quality of forest fragments. The map allowed to indicate out areas for management and conservation of a species in relationship of the context of the landscape and the quality requirements of this element forest / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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Förlust av biologisk mångfald är ett av de största hoten mot vår planet och våra ekosystem. Mer natur behövs skyddas och det är en viktig del i Sveriges miljöarbete. Skog är den naturform i Sverige som har lägst andel skydd och mer skog behöver skyddas för att nå miljömål och internationella åtaganden. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur kommunikation bör se ut för att få ”allmänheten” att börja engagera sig för eller vilja fortsätta engagera sig för skydd av skog. Allmänheten är en viktig faktor eftersom de väljer politiker och kan påverka. För att förstå beteenden och attityder behöver vi förstå de värden som attityder grundar sig på. I studien har jag utgått ifrån ett antropocentriskt och ett ekocentriskt perspektiv, vilka värderingar har allmänheten och är det något som går att använda i kommunikationssyfte? Jag har analyserat tre organisationers hemsidor, samt intervjuat tre kommunikatörer på respektive organisation. Organisationerna kommunicerar övervägande ekocentriskt på sina hemsidor, men organisationerna har inte tänkt i termer av antropocentriskt eller ekocentriskt tidigare. Gränsen är diffus mellan det antropocentriska och ekocentriska perspektivet, därför är det svårt att använda gränsdragningen vid kommunikation. / Loss of biodiversity is one of the biggest threats to the planet and our ecosystems. More nature needs to be protected and that is an important part of Sweden's environmental work. Forests are the kind of nature in Sweden that have the lowest proportion of protection. There is need to protect more forests in order to achieve environmental goals and international commitments. The purpose of the study was to investigate how communication should be designed to make the public want to continue or start engaging in forest protection. The public is an important factor since they choose the politicians and have the possibility to affect. In order to understand behaviors and attitudes, we need to understand the values that attitudes are based on. In the study I have assumed an anthropocentric and an ecocentric perspective, what values do the public have and is it something that can be used for communication purposes? I have analyzed three organizations' websites, and interviewed three communicators on each organization. Organizations communicate predominantly ecocentrically on their websites, but the organizations have not thought in terms of anthropocentric or ecocentric earlier. The boundary is diffuse between the anthropocentric and ecocentric perspective, so it is difficult to use this in a communication perspective.