Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / In the early 1990s Botswana faced rising levels of grand corruption and economic crimes in general. The laws could not cope with the high incidence of economic criminality, especially as regards the confiscation of dirty assets. At the time, the government relied solely on laws regulating the forfeiture of prohibited property and instruments of crime, given that there were no laws authorising the confiscation of proceeds of crime. The drivers of the said forfeiture laws are the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), the Botswana Police Service (BPS) and the Botswana Unified Revenue Service (BURS). Parliament then enacted the Proceeds of Serious Crime Act No. 19 of 1990 (PSCA). The PSCA was a three-pronged tool in that it introduced the offence of money-laundering, enhanced investigative powers, and authorised conviction-based confiscation of proceeds of crime. The DPP was tasked with conducting criminal prosecutions and applying for confiscation orders. The BPS was mandated to conduct financial investigations.

This research will be undertaken in the field of both criminal and civil law with particular focus on international interventions in the fight against organized criminal activities, assets forfeitsure in South Africa in general and its treatment of victims of the underlying forfeitsure crimes ("the victims") in assert forfeitsure, more specifically.

Examensarbetets titel - Besittningsskyddets balansering mellan hyresgäst och hyresvärd.Inlämningsdatum - 2017-05-18.Kurs - FF321F Fastighetsvetenskap: examensarbete.Författare - Johanna Helm, Catharina Swartz.Handledare - Peter Gottschalk.Nyckelord - Besittningsskydd, hyresgäst, hyresvärd, förverkandegrunder,hyresrätt, rättsfallSyfte - Syftet med studien är att analysera besittningsskyddet och se omdet är i behov av att balanseras om.Metod - Vi har valt att använda en rättsdogmatisk metod till denna studiedå den är bäst lämpad. Vi har bland annat studerat och fastställtgällande rätt, men även historien bakom besittningsskyddetsuppkomst. Detta gjordes genom att studera rättskälleläran sominnefattar lagar, propositioner, offentliga utredningar, rättspraxisoch doktrin.Gällande rätt - Vi har valt att fokusera på besittningsskyddets förverkandegrunderobetald hyra, vanvård av bostad, brottslig verksamhet samt olovligöverlåtelse. Vi har studerat rättsfall och domslut kring dessa.Analys och slutsats - Vi har kommit fram till att besittningsskyddet borde omformulerasnär det kommer till obetald hyra och vanvård av bostad. Det hadeäven varit bra om det förtydligats inom brottslig verksamhet då detär många rekvisit som ska uppfyllas. / Title - The balancing of the security of tenure between the tenant and thelandlord.Date - of submission 2017-05-18.Course - FF321F Real Estate Science: Degree Thesis.Authors - Johanna Helm, Catharina Swartz.Advisor - Peter Gottschalk.Key words - Security of tenure, tenant, landlord, forfeiture of property, tenancy,case.Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the security of tenure andsee if it needs re-balancing.Methodology - For this paper we have chosen the legal method, because it is bestsuited for the purpose. We have studied and concluded the lawregarding the security of tenure and its history. We did this bystudying sources of the law, which are: the law, government bills,case law and doctrine.The Law - We chose to focus on the security of tenure´s forfeiture of propertyunpaid rent/part of rent, mismanagement of the apartment, criminalactivity and illegal transfer of tenant.Conclusion - We concluded that the security of tenure should be rewritten whenit comes to unpaid rent and mismanagement of the apartment. Wealso think it would be good if the necessary conditions for criminalactivity would be clarified.

The aim of this thesis is to define, what is the position of right to life in the system of protection of human rights and whether is the death penalty a justifiable institute in international human rights law. The thesis focuses on the death penalty and its history in connection with the right to life as an inherent human right. It explores the conventions, protocols and resolutions that are related to the matter. The thesis is divided into seven chapters, whereas first of them is introduction, where the author asks questions about vindicability of the capital punishment. That is followed by a brief history of the death penalty and explanation of the purpose of the punishment. Following chapter looks into a view of international society on the death penalty, summing up views of international governmental organizations, as well as non- governmental. Fundamental part of the thesis is a chapter disserting on the right to life, its history, where we can find right to life in international law, interpretation of right to life and case law. Last chapter deals with an issue of a crime as an act of forfeiting the right to life. The analysis consists of criticizing the conclusions made in the course of the thesis and propositions of further possibilities.

O presente trabalho se volta para ações judiciais de destituição do poder familiar, que se dão no âmbito da Justiça da Infância e da Juventude. O objetivo é analisar os processos de produção de verdades e subjetividades que ganham corpo nos/pelos discursos de profissionais e famílias acusadas de violar os direitos de seus filhos; em outras palavras, miram-se as engrenagens da destituição, ou como ela se constitui nas/pelas práticas institucionais jurídicas. Algumas perguntas norteiam o estudo: que lugares vão sendo atribuídos e assumidos pelos agentes institucionais e pela clientela? Que subjetividades vão sendo desenhadas nos/pelos seus discursos? Que relações de saber e poder vão se produzindo e reproduzindo nessa interface profissionais/clientela? Para fazer frente às questões colocadas, e orientada metodologicamente pela Análise Institucional do Discurso proposta por Marlene Guirado, a autora faz num primeiro momento um giro pela legislação e pelas produções acadêmicas relacionadas ao tema. Em seguida, debruça-se sobre entrevistas realizadas com cinco agentes institucionais (psicóloga, assistente social, promotor, defensora pública e juiz) e com um pai que perdeu judicialmente o filho, tendo sido a criança direcionada à adoção. Verifica-se que, embora a destituição se configure formalmente como medida de proteção para crianças e adolescentes, o que ela protege muitas vezes são as próprias práticas jurídicas (naturalizadas, reconhecidas, legitimadas pelos que as fazem). As crianças e os adolescentes pouco comparecem nos discursos dos agentes institucionais, sendo tomados de forma objetificada. Já as relações dos agentes com as famílias são marcadas por processos de silenciamento, assujeitamento, submissão. A voz que se ouve é (quase) exclusivamente a dos profissionais, cujos discursos, pretensamente técnicos e científicos, mostram-se antes julgamentos e exercícios de moralização. As resistências que empreende a clientela são, no mais das vezes, pouco efetivas: uma vez iniciadas as ações de destituição, seu fim é geralmente certo. O rompimento de vínculos aparece, assim, como ponto de partida, e não de chegada / This work looks into legal actions of forfeiture of the family power, which incorporate the Youth and Childhood Justice. The objective is to analyze the processes of truths and subjectivities creation that occur in/with the discourses of professionals and families accused of violating their childrens rights; in other words, it aims at the internals of the forfeiture, or how it constitutes itself in juridical institutional practices. A few questions guide the study: what places are being assigned to and assumedby the institutional agents and the clientele? What subjectivities are being drawn in/with their discourses? What knowledgeand power relations are being constructed and propagated in this interface professionals/clientele? To address these questions, and methodologically guided by the Discourse Institutional Analysis proposed by Marlene Guirado, the author first overviews the legislation and the academic works related to the theme. Then, she ponds over interviews conducted with five institutional agents (psychologist, social worker, prosecutor, public defender and judge) and with a father who judicially forfeit his son, who have been directed to adoption. One can verify that, although the forfeiture formally represents a protection measure for children andteenagers, what it often protects are the juridical acts themselves (naturalized, recognized, legitimated by whom does them). The children and teenagers hardly appear in the institutional agents discourses, being taken in an objectified form. Besides, processes of silencing, subjection, and submission mark the relations between the agents and the families. The voice heard is (almost) exclusively the one from the professionals, whose discourses, allegedly technical and scientific, happen to be first and foremost judgmental and morality exercises. The resistingefforts by the clientele are hardly effective: once initiated the forfeiture proceedings, their conclusion is usually certain. The breakup of ties thus appears as the starting point, not the finishingone

Cette thèse propose de découvrir les apports du droit des sociétés à la théorie générale de l'obligation de faire et de déterminer le rôle qu'elles occupent dans ce domaine du droit. A cette fin, des analyses sont consacrées à l'identification des obligations juridiques de faire parmi les différents types de contraintes pesant sur l'activité des personnes. L'étude présente ensuite une typologie des principales obligations des dirigeants et des associés. Après la détermination de l'objet des obligations de faire, il est entrepris un examen des façons d'accomplir les obligations de faire. A cet égard, les délégations constituent un mode d'exécution naturel, car elles permettent de « faire faire» au sein des entreprises. Par ailleurs, le contrôle de la manière d'exécuter l'obligation de faire constitue une étape décisive en vue de libérer le débiteur. Pour apprécier les façons de faire, les standards et le droit souple jouent un rôle important pour séparer les bonnes pratiques des mauvais procédés d'exécution. Par la suite, les réponses du droit à l'inexécution des obligations de faire sont examinées. Il s'agit alors d'analyser les difficultés résultant des obligations de faire à l'égard des responsabilités civile et pénale. Pour pallier ces difficultés, le législateur a cherché à renouveler les sanctions en recourant à la déchéance, aux injonctions de faire, au mandat ad hoc ou la stigmatisation publique. Les mérites de ces nouvelles façons de faire sont appréciés. Enfin, cette thèse défend l'idée que le régime de l'exécution forcée doit être adapté aux sociétés, car les personnes morales n'agissent pas comme les personnes physiques. / Obligation to do refers to the Roman classification of obligations: dare, facere, nonfacere, and praestare. The debtor of an obligation to do has to perform a task of any kind such as intellectual and legal services or labour works. This thesis intends to develop a legal analysis of directors' and shareholders' duties in corporate law with a specific interest for obligations to do. For instance, it focuses on duty of care, internai control, compliance or cooperation with legal auditors. Regarding shareholders' obligations, it highlights the duties of controlling shareholders - whether contractual or legal - collaterals, sweat equities, and other various cornmitments subscribed as they purchase or sale shares. This thesis also deals with how corporations, directors, and shareholders perform their obligations. In this regard, it shows that directors divide up tasks through delegations for their corporation to comply with its liabilities as well as performing their own duties. Moreover, this study reviews guidance provided by soft law and how can judges use it - through standards - to decide whether an obligation has been properly completed or not. Furthermore, it investigates the efficiency of remedies in case of the debtor's non-performance. Along with a critical examination of civil and criminal liability, this thesis assesses new forms of remedies and their merits such as injunction to do, forfeiture, and shaming.

This study evaluated money laundering investigation conducted at the Financial and Asset Forfeiture Investigation (FAFI) Unit of the Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (DPCI) in Pretoria. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with financial and asset forfeiture investigators attached to the DPCI who are responsible for investigating money laundering. From the results of this study, it became apparent that participants experience a number of challenges in the investigation of money laundering. This study makes recommendations that could empower investigators at the FAFI of the DPCI with enhanced skills and knowledge to effectively investigate cases of money laundering. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminal Justice--Forensic Investigation)

Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law. The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of "insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are insurance-like. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in the case of the non­ payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.

由於政經環境之變遷、公司治理的缺漏和外部監理機制之失調，常導致重大金融犯罪之發生，與其惡害卻由全民負擔之不公現象。於是除嚴刑峻罰外，奠基於任何人均不得從犯罪中獲利之犯罪所得剝奪理念與制度設計，遂於二ＯＯ四年金融七法修法時被廣泛納入。惟歷經一段期間之適用後，其法實效性如何？有無源於其他刑事法制無從配合，或囿於司法實務判解之困頓，所導致的扞格？部分國際公約與其他國家之相關法制設計及運作理念，有無值得比較、參研之處，均殊值探研。 　　本文嘗試先掌握金融犯罪之特性，與近來金融犯罪防制法規之演變。其次，再就我國犯罪所得剝奪法制沿革、犯罪所得之界定、計算為研析，並探索犯罪所得剝奪法制在預防、打擊與抗制金融犯罪等之必要性，以及其應通過之憲法基權保障檢驗。再者，則希能透過偵審案例，探究研現階段我國金融犯罪防制法規，在犯罪所得之暫時保全與終局剝奪上所面臨之實務困境及問題；並瞭解部分重要之國際公約與美、英、日等國家有關法制之設計。最後，則期能歸結相關問題與爭議，並融合法制建構、實務運作、外國法制借鏡等數個層面，提出可能之解決途徑或修法建議。 / Political and economic changes, incomplete of corporate governance, and imbalance of external supervision mechanism are all reasons for occurrence of major financial fraud. The losses and costs of major financial fraud, in general, are always enormous. Unfortunately, most people, instead of offenders, need to bear the huge losses. As a result, except the strategy of severe punishment, the idea and regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime were introduced to combat these problems in 2004. However, after a period of practicing, how about the application and practice of regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime is. Therefore, we are concerned about: are there any problems or difficulties resulting from criminal legal system and the practice of precedent itself? What we can learn from international conventions and other countries’ similar legal system? The thesis, first of all, attempts to figure out the feature of major financial fraud and the changes of financial regulations. Secondly, we try to explore the history of regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime, the definition and the calculation of proceeds of crime, and whether the regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime are essential for preventing and against major financial fraud or not. Meanwhile, in order to guarantee and protect the fundamental rights of people, we also hope to exam the regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime by the concepts of constitution. In additions, according to the case study, the thesis also longs for exploring what are the practical problems and dilemmas for current regulations on temporary seizure and final forfeiture procedures. At the same time, comparing with the international conventions and other countries’ similar legal system on laundering, search, freeze, seizure and confiscation of the proceeds from crime is also important and useful for this study. Finally, after concluding the relative problems and debates about this topic, of course, the paper hopes to propose a possible approach or legal amendment by integrating legal system modification, legal practice, and foreign legal system.

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 2007. / Literaturverz. S. 159 -166.