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A pesquisa aborda problemas de recalques que vem ocorrendo na Cidade de Santos desde o início dos anos 40, devido à implantação de edifícios sob fundação direta. O trabalho destaca o Bairro da Ponta da Praia, onde os recalques ocorridos, principalmente os diferencias, foram bem menores que no restante da orla, e a região entre os canais três e seis, denominado pela autora Faixa Crítica, onde estão concentrados diversos edifícios inclinados ao longo da orla. Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica envolvendo aspectos históricos, geológicos e geotécnicos sobre a cidade de Santos e os principais fatores que a tornaram tão conhecida pelos edifícios tortos ao longo de sua orla. Nessa revisão, apresentaram-se dados sobre o subsolo de Santos, no contexto mais geral dos solos, a Baixada Santista. Foram reapresentados dados de alguns edifícios bastante recalcados e conhecidos na cidade e analisados métodos existentes para estabilização de recalques; alguns casos de aplicação foram relatados. Os estudos foram baseados em uma grande quantidade de sondagens de simples reconhecimento coletadas na cidade; alguns ensaios do cone, CPT e CPTU, também foram analisados. Foi feita uma comparação entre as duas regiões Ponta da Praia e Faixa Crítica, mostrando as diferenças nas espessuras e nas propriedades geotécnicas das camadas de areia superficial. Foram feitos também cálculos para a previsão de recalques no bairro da Ponta da Praia e na Faixa Crítica, levando-se em conta os mecanismos de sobreadensamento das argilas da Baixada Santista e diferenças nas espessuras da camada de areia superficial. Com a análise das sondagens coletadas foi possível responder alguns questionamentos sobre o perfil geotécnico da Orla de Santos, traçar o perfil geotécnico da orla do bairro da Ponta da Praia e traçar seções no sentido transversal à orla, (praia-centro). / The research concerns settlement issues occurring in the city of Santos since the 40s because of the building construction under shallow foundation. The work emphasizes the neighborhood called Ponta da Praia where the settlements mainly the differentials, have been slighter than the rest of the seashore, and the region between the channels three and six, named by the author the Critical Strip several inclined buildings are concentrated along the seashore. A bibliographic revision has been made involving historical, geological and geotechnical aspects about the city of Santos and the mainly facts which became the city well-known due to the inclined buildings along the seashore. The revision presented specific geotechnical data about the Santos subsoil, in the general context the Santos Coastal Plain, named Baixada Santista. Settlement data of some inclined buildings where also presented and current plumbing methods were evaluated and some application cases were reported. The studies were based in a large amount of borings (SPT) executed in the city; and a couple of CPT and CPTU were analyzed. The differences between Ponta da Praia and the Critical Strip were pointed out related to the upper sand layer thickness as well as its geotechnical properties. Also computations were made for the evaluation of settlement in the neighborhood Ponta da Praia an in the Critical Strip taking into account the known clay overconsolidation mechanisms in the Baixada Santista and differences in upper sand layer thickness. With the boring analyses it was possible to answer some questions about the existing geotechnical section of the neighborhood Ponta da Praia and to sketch cross-sections transverse to the seashore (beach city center).

A pesquisa aborda problemas de recalques que vem ocorrendo na Cidade de Santos desde o início dos anos 40, devido à implantação de edifícios sob fundação direta. O trabalho destaca o Bairro da Ponta da Praia, onde os recalques ocorridos, principalmente os diferencias, foram bem menores que no restante da orla, e a região entre os canais três e seis, denominado pela autora Faixa Crítica, onde estão concentrados diversos edifícios inclinados ao longo da orla. Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica envolvendo aspectos históricos, geológicos e geotécnicos sobre a cidade de Santos e os principais fatores que a tornaram tão conhecida pelos edifícios tortos ao longo de sua orla. Nessa revisão, apresentaram-se dados sobre o subsolo de Santos, no contexto mais geral dos solos, a Baixada Santista. Foram reapresentados dados de alguns edifícios bastante recalcados e conhecidos na cidade e analisados métodos existentes para estabilização de recalques; alguns casos de aplicação foram relatados. Os estudos foram baseados em uma grande quantidade de sondagens de simples reconhecimento coletadas na cidade; alguns ensaios do cone, CPT e CPTU, também foram analisados. Foi feita uma comparação entre as duas regiões Ponta da Praia e Faixa Crítica, mostrando as diferenças nas espessuras e nas propriedades geotécnicas das camadas de areia superficial. Foram feitos também cálculos para a previsão de recalques no bairro da Ponta da Praia e na Faixa Crítica, levando-se em conta os mecanismos de sobreadensamento das argilas da Baixada Santista e diferenças nas espessuras da camada de areia superficial. Com a análise das sondagens coletadas foi possível responder alguns questionamentos sobre o perfil geotécnico da Orla de Santos, traçar o perfil geotécnico da orla do bairro da Ponta da Praia e traçar seções no sentido transversal à orla, (praia-centro). / The research concerns settlement issues occurring in the city of Santos since the 40s because of the building construction under shallow foundation. The work emphasizes the neighborhood called Ponta da Praia where the settlements mainly the differentials, have been slighter than the rest of the seashore, and the region between the channels three and six, named by the author the Critical Strip several inclined buildings are concentrated along the seashore. A bibliographic revision has been made involving historical, geological and geotechnical aspects about the city of Santos and the mainly facts which became the city well-known due to the inclined buildings along the seashore. The revision presented specific geotechnical data about the Santos subsoil, in the general context the Santos Coastal Plain, named Baixada Santista. Settlement data of some inclined buildings where also presented and current plumbing methods were evaluated and some application cases were reported. The studies were based in a large amount of borings (SPT) executed in the city; and a couple of CPT and CPTU were analyzed. The differences between Ponta da Praia and the Critical Strip were pointed out related to the upper sand layer thickness as well as its geotechnical properties. Also computations were made for the evaluation of settlement in the neighborhood Ponta da Praia an in the Critical Strip taking into account the known clay overconsolidation mechanisms in the Baixada Santista and differences in upper sand layer thickness. With the boring analyses it was possible to answer some questions about the existing geotechnical section of the neighborhood Ponta da Praia and to sketch cross-sections transverse to the seashore (beach city center).

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abstract: This thesis presents a probabilistic evaluation of multiple laterally loaded drilled pier foundation design approaches using extensive data from a geotechnical investigation for a high voltage electric transmission line. A series of Monte Carlo simulations provide insight about the computed level of reliability considering site standard penetration test blow count value variability alone (i.e., assuming all other aspects of the design problem do not contribute error or bias). Evaluated methods include Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design procedures, the Federal Highway Administration drilled shaft LRFD design method, the Electric Power Research Institute transmission foundation design procedure and a site specific variability based approach previously suggested by the author of this thesis and others. The analysis method is defined by three phases: a) Evaluate the spatial variability of an existing subsurface database. b) Derive theoretical foundation designs from the database in accordance with the various design methods identified. c) Conduct Monti Carlo Simulations to compute the reliability of the theoretical foundation designs. Over several decades, reliability-based foundation design (RBD) methods have been developed and implemented to varying degrees for buildings, bridges, electric systems and other structures. In recent years, an effort has been made by researchers, professional societies and other standard-developing organizations to publish design guidelines, manuals and standards concerning RBD for foundations. Most of these approaches rely on statistical methods for quantifying load and resistance probability distribution functions with defined reliability levels. However, each varies with regard to the influence of site-specific variability on resistance. An examination of the influence of site-specific variability is required to provide direction for incorporating the concept into practical RBD design methods. Recent surveys of transmission line engineers by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) demonstrate RBD methods for the design of transmission line foundations have not been widely adopted. In the absence of a unifying design document with established reliability goals, transmission line foundations have historically performed very well, with relatively few failures. However, such a track record with no set reliability goals suggests, at least in some cases, a financial premium has likely been paid. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2014

Das Ohde-Kolloquium 2018 mit der traditionellen Überschrift — Aktuelle Themen in der Geotechnik – wird wieder in Zusammenarbeit mit der Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau an der Technischen Universität Dresden veranstaltet. Damit werden die beiden Wirkungsstätten von Professor Johann Ohde gewürdigt, mit denen er seine Lehr- und Forschungstätigkeit verknüpft hat. Die Beiträge des diesjährigen Kolloquiums können grob in drei Themengruppen unterteilt werden: • Bodenverhalten • Feld- und Modellversuche • Numerik und Anwendungen Die meisten Themen sind eng mit der Komplexität des Bodenverhaltens verbunden. In Abhängigkeit ihres Zustandes und einer aufgebrachten Belastung können Böden verschiedene Zustandsformen – gasförmig, flüssig und fest. Insbesondere der Übergang vom Feststoff zur Flüssigkeit (Bodenverflüssigung, hydraulischer Grundbruch, usw.) ist mit einem hohen Schadenspotenzial für Bauwerke und Menschen verbunden. Modellversuche im Labor und Monitoring im Feld sind für das Verständnis und die rechtzeitige Erkennung der Gefahrenzustände unumgänglich. Inwieweit die jetzigen Prognosen ausgereift sind, zeigen die numerischen Berechnungen für ausgewählte Anwendungen.

Bancos de dados geológico-geotécnicos podem atuar como instrumentos interessantes de auxílio a atividades de planejamento e gestão urbana e ambiental. Entretanto, as informações utilizadas nessas ferramentas nem sempre se encontram disponíveis ou de maneira acessível. Este trabalho aborda a elaboração de um sistema de apoio à decisão em ambiente de SIG (ArcGis 9.1); trata da implementação de um banco de dados geológico-geotécnicos da cidade de João Pessoa - PB, a partir de sondagens à percussão com Standard Penetration Test (SPT). O banco de dados foi projetado para atuar como forma de apoio às ações de planejamento e gestão urbanas do município, assim como importante subsídio ao meio acadêmico e profissional. A pesquisa envolveu etapas preparatórias essenciais para a estruturação do Banco de Dados e para o desenvolvimento de análises e modelagens espaciais, tais como a geração da base topográfica digital da área de estudo, a produção do Modelo Digital do Terreno e a localização e inserção das informações geológicosgeotécnicas obtidas nos perfis das sondagens. Para as modelagens e análises espaciais foram utilizados e comparados métodos de interpolação determinísticos (Topo to Raster) e geoestatísticos (Krigagem Ordinária). As principais variáveis espaciais analisadas foram profundidade do lençol freático (N.A.) e \'N IND.SPT\'. Foram gerados mapas do lençol freático e mapas com uso sugerido para fundações em três setores distintos da área de estudo e para diferentes profundidades, como principais produtos cartográficos. / Geological-geotechnical databases have been used as important assistant tools in urban and environmental management activities. However, the kind of information necessary for one to work with such tools may not always be available or easily supplied. This work concerns the generation of a Decision Support System undertaken through means of a Geographic Information System (Arcgis 9.1). It presents the development of a geological geotechnical database of João Pessoa-PB, based on information obtained from boring logs of soundings with Standard Penetration Tests. This database has been designed to act as an additional support to the urban and environmental management city activities, as it might also work as an important resource to academic and practical fields. The research evolved important stages of database preparation and organization (digital topographic base), followed by spatial modeling and analysis such as digital elevation model (DEM) generation, location and insertion of all geological-geotechnical information. Deterministic (Topo to Raster) and Geostatistical (Ordinary Krigging) methods were used and compared during spatial modeling and analysis of two main variables: water table level and \'N IND.SPT\' values. Results were integrated in order to obtain water table level maps, as to foundation engineering works, for three different area sectors and depths.

Sensitive marine clay in Ottawa is a challenging soil for geotechnical engineers. This type of clay behaves differently than other soils in Canada or other parts of the world. They also have different engineering characteristic values in comparison to other clays. Cone penetration testing in sensitive marine clays is also different from that carried out in other soils. The misestimation of engineering characteristics from cone penetration testing can result. Temperature effects have been suspected as the reason for negative readings and erroneous estimations of engineering characteristics from cone penetration testing. Furthermore, the applicability of correlations between cone penetration test (CPT) results and engineering characteristics is ambiguous. Moreover, it is important that geotechnical engineers who need to work with these clays have background information on their engineering characteristics. This thesis provides comprehensive information on the engineering characteristics and behaviour of sensitive marine clays in Ottawa. This information will give key information to geotechnical engineers who are working with these clays on their behaviour. For the purpose of this research, fifteen sites in the Ottawa area are taken into consideration. These sites included alternative technical data from cone and standard penetration tests, undisturbed samples, field vanes, and shear wave velocity measurements. Laboratory testing carried out for these sites has resulted in acquiring engineering parameters of the marine clay, such as preconsolidation pressure, overconsolidation ratio, compression and recompression indexes, secondary compression index, coefficient of consolidation, hydraulic conductivity, clay fraction, porewater chemistry, specific gravity, plasticity, moisture content, unit weight, void ratio, and porosity. This thesis also discusses other characteristics of sensitive marine clays in Ottawa, such as their activity, sensitivity, structure, interface shear behaviour, and origin and sedimentation. Furthermore, for the purpose of increasing local experience with the use of cone and ball penetrometers in sensitive marine clays in Ottawa, three types of penetrometer tips are used in the Canadian Geotechnical Research Site No. 1 located in south-west Ottawa: 36 mm cone tip, and 40 mm and 113 mm ball tips. The differences in their response in sensitive marine clays will be discussed. The temperature effects on the penetrometer equipment are also studied. The differences in the effect of temperature on these tips are discussed. Correlations between the penetrometer results and engineering characteristics of Ottawa's clays are verified. The applicability of correlations between the testing results and engineering characteristics of sensitive marine clays in Ottawa is also presented in this thesis. Two correlations from the Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual are examined. One of these correlations is between the N60 values from standard penetration testing and undrained shear strength. The other correlation is between the shear wave velocity measurement and site class. Temperature corrections are suggested and discussed for penetrometer equipment according to laboratory calibrations. The significance of the effects due to radical temperature changes in Canada and Ottawa is discussed. Some of the main findings from this research are as follows. • The Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual presents a correlation between standard penetration tests (SPTs) and the undrained shear strength of soils. This relationship may not be applicable to sensitive marine clays in Ottawa. • Another correlation between the site class, shear wave velocity, and undrained shear strength is presented by this same manual which may not be applicable to sensitive marine clays in Ottawa. • The rotation rate for field vane testing as recommended by ASTM D2573 is slow for sensitive marine clays in Ottawa. • Correction factors applied to undrained shear strength from laboratory vane tests may not result in comparable values with the undrained shear strength obtained by using field vane tests. • Loading schemes in consolidation or oedometer testing may affect the quality of the targeted results. • Temperature corrections should be applied to penetrometer recordings to compensate for the drift in the results of these recordings due to temperature changes. • The secondary compression index to compression index ratio presented in the literature may not be the value obtained from this research.

Bancos de dados geológico-geotécnicos podem atuar como instrumentos interessantes de auxílio a atividades de planejamento e gestão urbana e ambiental. Entretanto, as informações utilizadas nessas ferramentas nem sempre se encontram disponíveis ou de maneira acessível. Este trabalho aborda a elaboração de um sistema de apoio à decisão em ambiente de SIG (ArcGis 9.1); trata da implementação de um banco de dados geológico-geotécnicos da cidade de João Pessoa - PB, a partir de sondagens à percussão com Standard Penetration Test (SPT). O banco de dados foi projetado para atuar como forma de apoio às ações de planejamento e gestão urbanas do município, assim como importante subsídio ao meio acadêmico e profissional. A pesquisa envolveu etapas preparatórias essenciais para a estruturação do Banco de Dados e para o desenvolvimento de análises e modelagens espaciais, tais como a geração da base topográfica digital da área de estudo, a produção do Modelo Digital do Terreno e a localização e inserção das informações geológicosgeotécnicas obtidas nos perfis das sondagens. Para as modelagens e análises espaciais foram utilizados e comparados métodos de interpolação determinísticos (Topo to Raster) e geoestatísticos (Krigagem Ordinária). As principais variáveis espaciais analisadas foram profundidade do lençol freático (N.A.) e \'N IND.SPT\'. Foram gerados mapas do lençol freático e mapas com uso sugerido para fundações em três setores distintos da área de estudo e para diferentes profundidades, como principais produtos cartográficos. / Geological-geotechnical databases have been used as important assistant tools in urban and environmental management activities. However, the kind of information necessary for one to work with such tools may not always be available or easily supplied. This work concerns the generation of a Decision Support System undertaken through means of a Geographic Information System (Arcgis 9.1). It presents the development of a geological geotechnical database of João Pessoa-PB, based on information obtained from boring logs of soundings with Standard Penetration Tests. This database has been designed to act as an additional support to the urban and environmental management city activities, as it might also work as an important resource to academic and practical fields. The research evolved important stages of database preparation and organization (digital topographic base), followed by spatial modeling and analysis such as digital elevation model (DEM) generation, location and insertion of all geological-geotechnical information. Deterministic (Topo to Raster) and Geostatistical (Ordinary Krigging) methods were used and compared during spatial modeling and analysis of two main variables: water table level and \'N IND.SPT\' values. Results were integrated in order to obtain water table level maps, as to foundation engineering works, for three different area sectors and depths.

Orientador: Paulo Jose Rocha de Albuquerque / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T00:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_JeanRodrigo_M.pdf: 20549074 bytes, checksum: f2026225c4a01801d604ae04aad3497a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa analisa-se o comportamento da curva carga vs recalque de estaca isolada carregada à compressão, através do emprego de métodos de previsão. Foram ensaiadas duas estacas raiz, uma com 23m de comprimento e 31cm de diâmetro, e outra com 12m de comprimento e 41cm de diâmetro, no intuito de atribuir o comportamento da interação solo-estaca, a um ou outro fator característico do elemento de fundação. Para isso, foram realizadas provas de carga do tipo lenta. O subsolo local é composto por solo proveniente de diabásio, constituído basicamente de duas camadas, a primeira de argila silto-arenosa (O a 6,5m de profundidade) e a segunda de silte argilo-arenoso (6,5-23m de profundidade), ambas as camadas são predominantes da região de Campinas (SP) e de grande parte das regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil. A prova de carga foi instrumentada de maneira a se obter os dados do mecanismo de transferência de carga e de deslocamento em profundidade. Dessa forma, obteve-se o valor da carga de ruptura, bem como, da respectiva carga admissível (Qadm),através da completa solicitação por atrito lateral e por resistência de ponta, apresentados pela interação do sistema solo-estaca, ou convencionando-se uma ruptura em função de um recalque limite ou ainda de critérios de ruptura fisica, como o método da rigidez (Décourt), Chin e outros. De maneira geral, analisa-se, de maneira critica, os métodos de previsão de recalque e de curva carga vs recalque, comparando os resultados reais com os previstos, através dos métodos teóricos e empíricos para o recalque do elemento fundação quando submetido à carga admissível estimada (Qadm)e para a curva carga vs recalque. Dessa forma, pretende-se chegar a algum entendimento sobre a interação solo-estrutura e seu modelo de transferência de carga para o solo / Abstract: In this research, the behavior of the curve load versus settlement ofloaded isolated pile to the compression is analyzed, through forecast methods. Two root piles had been assayed, one with 23m oflength and 31 cm of diameter, and the other with length of 12 m and 41 cm of diameter, in order to attribute the behavior of the interaction ground-pile to one or another characteristic factor of the foundation elemento For this, load tests of the slow type had been carrried out. The local subsoil is composed of ground of diabásio, consisting basically of two layers: the first one of silt-sandy clay (6,5m - 23m of depth) and second silt clay-sandy (6,5 - 23m of depth), both layers are predominant in the region ofCampinas (SP) and in a great part ofthe southem and southeastem regions ofBrazil. The load test was instrumented to get the data of the mechanism of transference of load and displacement in depth. Thus, the value of the rupture load was obtained, as well as the respective permissible load (Qadm),through the complete request for lateral attrition and tip resistance, presented by the interaction of the ground-pile system or stipulating a rupture related to a stress limit or still of criteria of physical rupture, as the method of the rigidity (Décourt), Chin and others. In general, the methods of forecast of settlement and curve load versus stresses are analysed in a critical way, by comparing the real results with the foreseen ones, through theoretical by empirical methods for the settlement of the foundation element when. submitted to the esteemed permissible load (Qadm) and for the curve load versus settlement. Therefore, there is the intention to come to an agreement about the groundstructure interaction and its model of load transference to the ground / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestre em Engenharia Civil