This dissertation investigates the growth and decline of a major Mediterranean commercial economy at the crossroads of Christian Europe and the Muslim Middle East from 1100 to 1400. New and old evidence uncovers the transformation of the commercial economy of the Byzantine Empire in its relations with the Middle East, western Europe, and Crusader principalities established in Byzantium's ruins. Ultimately, this work helps identify and understand the economic roots for enduring divisions between East and West, and it is unique in observing from Byzantium's perspective the transformation of the Middle East--the economic dynamo of the ancient and medieval Mediterranean. / History

IV is a very high level language designed for use in a real time production control environment. While most fourth generation languages are intended for use by end users, IV is more suitable for skilled professional programmers. One of the major design objectives of IV is a dramatic improvement in programmer efficiency during application program development. Non-procedural constructs provided by the language and the use of a number of interactive development tools provide an environment for achieving this goal. This report presents a language proposal for IV, and addresses related design and implementation issues.

This study is an evaluation of school experiences in the fourth grade of Lancaster School.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of certain interruptions upon fourth-grade pupils' comprehension when listening to the teacher's oral reading of stories. The interruptions made were (1) music being played over the address system (2) announcements being made over the public address system, and (3) pupils entering and leaving the rooms.

This thesis is devoted to the study the mixed dispersion fourth order nonlinear Schrodinger equations. Our main concern is standing wave solutions. Our approach is based on minimization methods with constraints. Under suitable conditions, we establish existence of minimizers and we investigate their qualitative properties, namely their sign, symmetry and decay at infinity as well as their uniqueness, nondegeneracy and orbital stability. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Die vorliegende Arbeit zur Logistik,verstanden als eine anwendungsorientierte Wissenschaftsdisziplin, verfolgt eine wissenschaftliche sowie praxisorientierte Zielsetzung. Als übergeordnetes Ziel ist die Feststellung des Status quo und der Entwicklungsperspektiven des 4PL-Ansatzes anzuführen. Durch die Verwendung von etablierten Forschungsmethoden wird die wissenschaftliche Rigorosität sichergestellt. Zur Erfüllung der praxisorientierten Zielsetzung wurden Fallstudien und Experteninterviews im Rahmen des Forschungsprozesses verwendet, um zum einen das Wissen aus der Praxis einzubinden und zum anderen eine Relevanz für die Praxis sicherzustellen. Für eine konsistente Praxis-Orientierung wurde die Branche der landwirtschaftlichen Schüttgutlogistik als exemplarisches Anwendungsfeld zur Untersuchung des 4PL-Ansatzes gewählt. Die Schüttgutlogistik beschreibt das Bindeglied zwischen der Landwirtschaft, dem Handel und der Ernährungsindustrie und somit einen Teil eines Netzwerkes. Das Transportvolumen betrug im Jahr 2010 ca. 3,5 Mrd. t, wobei 76 % (2,7 Mrd. t) auf den Straßenverkehr entfielen (Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz 2010). In Anlehnung an die Trends der Logistik konnten gefestigte und klassische Strukturen vorgefunden werden, weshalb der 4PL-Ansatz als wahre Innovation untersucht werden konnte. Dies ist dadurch begründet, dass die Branche über genossenschaftliche Strukturen verfügt und neue technologische Trends eher zurückhaltend verfolgt. Dennoch sind die logistischen Herausforderungen wie die Reduzierung von Leerkilometern, die Optimierung der Frachtraumkapazitäten sowie die CO2-Reduzierung laut den befragten Akteuren der Branche von hoher Bedeutung (Müller 2010). Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden daher Methoden, Modelle, Applikationen und Vorgehensweisen entwickelt, welche zur Beantwortung der folgenden übergeordneten Forschungsfragen herangezogen werden: 1. Was ist der Status quo des 4PL-Ansatzes sowie das Anforderungsprofil der landwirtschaftlichen Schüttgutlogistik an den 4PL? 2. Was sind die wichtigsten Diffusionsfaktoren des 4PL-Ansatzes in der deutschen landwirtschaftlichen Schüttgutlogistik? 3. Was sind die Potenziale innerhalb einer Branche durch Einführung eines 4PL? 4. Wie können eine Implementierung sowie die organisatorische Einordnung des 4PL-Ansatzes für eine Branche erfolgen? 5. Welche Trends der Zukunft zeigen Parallelen zum 4PL-Ansatz auf? Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation zeigt Potenziale für die Branche auf und trägt zum Verständnis einer zukünftigen Entwicklung des 4PL-Ansatzes bei. Zur Zielerreichung wird ein Mixed-Methods-Ansatz verfolgt.

My thesis tries to speculate a building in a scenario where there is a four-dimensional world behind the world we currently inhabit, inspired by the provocative 19th-century romance Flatland. After studying the characters of higher dimensionality, the thesis generalizes a way of perceiving the fourth dimension in three-dimensional building, which has two aspects of space and time. First, expanding the space allow us to perceive each 3D slice of a 4D space. Those slices should be "seen" at the same time if we have four-dimensional senses. This brings up the second aspect, folding time. We travel from one slice to another, spending time that would be no time if we truly experience four dimensionally. The site is a small traffic island in Rosslyn, Virginia, across from Washington DC. Taking the space within the site as a slicer, and applying the method from studying the 4th dimension, we have got series of scenes (represented in box) in different sizes. These scenes are the 3-dimensional sections of the 4-dimensional world that are unseen to all of us, and are only to be "seen" by going into this building on the site. But the nature of going through the 4D in this 3 dimensional way is very personal. And the different sequences create different representations of what the building would be. Thus, I take a journey of our character J as an example to show what a similar building experience would be if we were going into it. The number of 3D sections from 4D is infinite, thus our building is a particular combination of the scenes which are forming one's journey. In our world, visiting this building one enters by arriving at its end (top in this case), and going back down to exit. It is the same in the narrative of J's journey in this building's world. So, reality and imagination merge. Let's find out what it feels like. / Master of Architecture / Architecture is about designing buildings. But studying architecture, sometimes we want to know the things behind the appearance of the building. What happens "inside". Designing a building needs to deal with space. What is inside the space? By going straight in and out of the solidness, we enter the next dimension, the 4th dimension. This is inside and outside the appearance of the building we see every day. Also trying to figure out the meaning of it, the thesis generalizes a way of perceiving the fourth dimension in three-dimensional building, which has two aspects of space and time. First, expanding the 3D space allows us to perceive each 3D slice of a 4D space. Those slices should be "seen" at the same time if we have four-dimensional senses. This brings up the second aspect, folding time. We travel from one slice to another, spending time that would be no time if we truly experience four dimensionally. In the story of our helper J, we found a way, both a solution and a circulation, to visit this "building". Our sequence represents one of the appearances of what the building would be. In our world, visiting this building one enters by arriving at its end (top in this case), going back down and exit. It is the same in the narrative of J's journey in this building's world. So, reality and imagination merge. Let's find out what it feels like.

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