Les statistiques des fluctuations de courant dans un échantillon mésoscopique sous irradiation n'ont jamais été explorées au-delà de la variance et du troisième moment. Nous rapportons la première mesure du quatrième cumulant de bruit dans une jonction tunnel dans le régime classique (c'est-à-dire k [indice inférieur B]T >> h f) en présence d'un courant continu et d'une excitation micro-onde en utilisant deux méthodes. Tout d'abord, nous avons étudié la corrélation entre les fluctuations de puissance à deux fréquences, f [indice inférieur 1] = 4,5 GHz et f [indice inférieur 2] = 7,15 GHz. Cette corrélation existe seulement pour certaines fréquences d'excitation. Nous avons également effectué une mesure directe des statistiques en numérisant le bruit à grande vitesse après conversion vers les basses fréquences. Les résultats obtenus à partir de ces expériences sont en très bon accord avec les prédictions théoriques de la dynamique de bruit. En terme de photons, le quatrième cumulant correspond à une corrélation entre les photons de différentes fréquences. -- The statistics of current fluctuations in a mesoscopic sample under irradiation has never been explored beyond the variance and third moment. We report the first measurement of the fourth cumulant of noise in a tunnel junction in the classical regime (i.e. k[subscript B] T >> hf) in the presence of a d.c and microwave excitation, using two methods. First, we have investigated the correlation between the power fluctuations at two frequencies, f[subscript 1] = 4.5 GHz and f[subscript 2] = 7.15 GHz. This correlation exists only for certain excitation frequencies. We have also performed a direct measurement of the statistics by digitizing the noise at high speed after down conversion. The results obtained from these experiments are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions of noise dynamics. In terms of photons, the fourth cumulant corresponds to a correlation between photons of different frequencies.

The problem of this study was to determine what effect purpose, background and distractions have on the effectiveness of the listening act.

Li Baojiu = 宇宙学和新物理学的交叉领域 / 李宝九. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-99). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Li Baojiu = Yu zhou xue he xin wu li xue de jiao cha ling yu / Li Baojiu. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Some Basic Conceptions in Cosmology --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- "The Big Bang, Hubble's Law" --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Cosmological Principle and Robertson-Walker Metric --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- The Cosmological Redshift --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- The Friedmann Equations --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Dark Energy --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- "Branes, Varying Constants and BBN" --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- A Brief Introduction to Theories Involving Extra Dimensions --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Kaluza-Klein Theory --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Large Extra Dimensions --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Warped Extra Dimensions --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Universal Extra Dimensions --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Cosmology in a Brane World --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- BBN and Varying Constants in Brane Models --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Low Energy Effective Action in Brane Models --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- BBN with a Varying Higgs VEV --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Numerical Results --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion and Conclusions --- p.47 / Chapter 3 --- "Universal Extra Dimensions, Varying Constants and BBN" --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Low Energy 4-Dimensional Effective Actions --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- Radion Dependence of Fundamental Constants --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Variations of Quantities Relevant For BBN Calculation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Neutron-proton Mass Difference --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Weak Interaction Rates --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Expansion Rate of the Universe --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Nuclear Reaction Rates --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Numerical Results --- p.64 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion and Conclusions --- p.70 / Chapter 4 --- Dark Energy as a Signature of Extra Dimensions --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Underlying Higher Dimensional Theory --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Cosmic Evolution in Different Eras --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The Blazing Era --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Radiation Dominated Era --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The Matter Dominated Era --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- A Realistic Cosmology --- p.85 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussions and Conclusions --- p.92 / Bibliography --- p.93

As propostas de reurbanização de áreas desindustrializadas através do fomento à implantação de atividades da chamada economia criativa destacam-se atualmente nas discussões sobre planejamento urbano e políticas públicas. Aos setores econômicos criativos, passou a ser atribuída a capacidade de atuação enquanto vetores de desenvolvimento econômico e socioespacial, através do estabelecimento de novas espacialidades ao território. Na convergência entre a nova taxonomia da economia e as dinâmicas da produção capitalista do espaço urbano, o território reurbanizado adquire um valor que é potencializado por sentidos simbólicos a ele atribuídos, operados desde elaborações discursivas articuladas pela narratividade. Nesta direção, este estudo procurou analisar a narrativa da imprensa jornalística tendo como objetivo compreender, desde os elementos de composição das narrativas, as estratégias de comunicação que contribuem para a instauração de uma espacialidade criativa e para a conformação de novos valores e práticas sociais, assim como para a demarcação dos rumos da História. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que a prescrição da espacialidade criativa do IV Distrito de Porto Alegre|RS pode ser entendida como um mecanismo de (re)produção do espaço e de reinserção de territórios às dinâmicas do mercado de terras. A narrativa jornalística analisada tem desempenhado papel relevante ao ser operada de forma a induzir a instauração não apenas do espaço físico, mas também do espaço social, fomentando tanto seu consumo quanto sua produção. / The proposals for redevelopment of desindustrialized areas through the promotion and development of the so-called creative economy activities are currently highlighted in the discussions on urban planning and public policies. To the creative economy sectors, the capacity to act as vectors of economic and socio-spatial development has been attributed through the establishment of new spatialities in the territory. In the convergence between the new economy’s taxonomy and the dynamics of capitalist production of urban space, the redeveloped territory acquires a value that is enhanced by symbolic meanings attributed to it, operated from discursive expressions articulated by its narrativity. In this sense, this study sought to analyze the narrative of the press in order to understand, from the elements of composition of the narratives, the communication strategies that contributes to the establishment of a creative spatiality and to the conformation of new values and social practices, as well as for the demarcation for the course of history. The results of the research demonstrate that the prescription of the creative spatiality of the IV District of Porto Alegre|RS can be understood as a mechanism for (re) production of space and reinsertion of territories in the dynamics of the real state market. The analyzed press’ narrative has played a relevant role in by operation not only as to induce the instauration of the physical space, but also of the social space, fomenting both its consumption and its production.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether teaching materials designed around fourth graders' preconceptions effectively produced conceptual change about light propagation. Four Taiwanese fourth-grade intact classes (194 subjects), taught by two teachers, participated in this study. The experimental group was exposed to the conceptual change materials (CCM), and the control group was exposed to the current traditional materials (non-CCM). A 10-item paper-and-pencil instrument for assessing conceptual change was developed, which included three categories: Category I, a window image, a phenomenon children observe in life experiences; Category II, a pinhole image, a classroom demonstration of how light travels; and Category III, shadows, an advanced application of light propagation. T tests were employed to assess differences between the pretest and posttest in each group. ANCOVA with the General Linear Model procedure was used to assess differences between the control and experimental groups. No teacher effect and no interaction between pretest and treatment were found in the procedure; therefore, pretest scores were used as the covariate and posttest scores were used as the response in the analysis. Results revealed that, both in the overall test and in Category I, significant differences existed between the experimental group and the control group after the teaching interventions. However, no significant differences existed between the groups in either Category II or Category III after teaching interventions. Children in the experimental group performed significantly better than did children in the control group in Category I (t=-2.44, p<.05 posttest; t=-2.57, p<.05 delayed posttest), but there was no significant difference between the groups in Categories II and III. CCM appears to work better in life application than in classroom activities and advanced application. The study suggested that the CCM teaching approach was effective, but the low percentage (55%) of the scientifically accepted concepts retained after teaching intervention needs to be improved. The test-retest stability between posttest and delayed posttest indicated that the CCM teaching approach had a lasting effect after two weeks. / Graduation date: 1996

Thesis (M.A. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This analysis is about the fourth basic competence and how you can define it, what it includes and if it is possible to find it in the new curriculum for the Swedish high school; Gymnasiereformen -07. The analysis was focused on the following subjects; Mathematics, Social science and Swedish. The aim with this analysis has been to create a summary in the field of information literacy and to define the fourth basic competence. The analysis were focused on and delimited by the following conceptions; information literacy, digital competence and the information search process. The sources of information has primarily been taken from the field of information literacy and statements from professionals in the fields of information literacy and education. The analysis concludes that you can find the fourth basic competence in the new curriculum for the subjects, Mathematics, Social science and Swedish.

In Drosophila melanogaster, two chromosome-specific targeting and regulatory systems have been described. The male-specific lethal (MSL) complex supports dosage compensation by stimulating gene expression from the male X-chromosome and the protein Painting of fourth (POF) specifically targets and stimulates expression from the heterochromatic 4(th) chromosome. The targeting sites of both systems are well characterized, but the principles underlying the targeting mechanisms have remained elusive. Here we present an original observation, namely that POF specifically targets two loci on the X-chromosome, PoX1 and PoX2 (POF-on-X). PoX1 and PoX2 are located close to the roX1 and roX2 genes, which encode ncRNAs important for the correct targeting and spreading of the MSL-complex. We also found that the targeting of POF to PoX1 and PoX2 is largely dependent on roX expression and identified a high-affinity target region which ectopically recruits POF. The results presented support a model linking the MSL-complex to POF and dosage compensation to regulation of heterochromatin.

May Fourth society encouraged the female writers to progress and requested them to play the role of "an understanding wife and loving mother". This conflicting expectation made "the love and marriage" a major trial for the educated female at that time. The May Fourth women's liberation movement had this characteristic: women were utilized as a tool rather than liberated human beings. Sharing a common background, the May Fourth female writers tried to find a family of ¡¨her¡¨ own besides the father's family and the husband's family. This dissertation tries to study and compare ¡§the love and marriage issue¡¨ in the novels of the May Fourth female writers such as Chen Hengzhe¡]³¯¿Å­õ¡^¡BLu Yin¡]ÃfÁô¡^¡BSu Xue-Lin¡]Ĭ³·ªL¡^¡BBing Xing¡]¦B¤ß¡^¡BLin Shu-hua¡]­â¨ûµØ¡^¡BFeng Yuan-Jun¡]¶¾¨J§g¡^Shi Ping-Mei¡]¥Ûµû±ö¡^.It is this author¡¦s hope that through this study we can understand more what these female writers thought on the issue of gender subjectivity.

This thesis explores the ways in which suspension of disbelief works in digital games. Primarily concerned with how players relate imaginatively to the often major dissonance between gameplay and narrative in digital games, this thesis questions how the literate players of games reconcile these complex texts imaginatively. Proposing that Samuel Taylor Coleridge's concept of suspension of disbelief is a complicated process often cited rhetorically rather than given its theoretical due, this thesis aims to rehabilitate the term and turn it into a useful, sharpened tool for games studies. Digital games themselves are also seen to be an intense new realm of possibilities for the suspension of disbelief, and textual analysis of games which approach the fourth wall or the suspension of disbelief on their own terms helps to make this clear. Beginning by defining the differences of games compared to other media, the thesis goes on to define suspension of disbelief in both its historical and modern contexts and see how it fits with games, isolating three key problems with uniting the concept with the medium. The three chapters which follow looked in more depth at the problems of the skilled reader, fundamental activity and dissonance through investigations into games’ textual construction, the mindsets they engender in players and their reformulation of the fourth wall. The final section looks at the conclusions working together to achieve the dual aims of proposing a new model for game reading which centres around a willed disavowal of presence on the part of the gamer combined with the gamer's taking up of a role offered by the game-text, and rehabilitating both the term and the concept of suspension of disbelief.