The last decade has seen a pronounced increase in feminist activism and sentiment in the public sphere, which scholars, activists, and journalists have dubbed the “fourth wave” of feminism. A key feature of the fourth wave is the use of digital technologies and the internet for feminist activism and discussion. This dissertation aims to broadly understand what is “new” about fourth wave feminism and specifically to understand how social media intersect with everyday feminist practices in the digital era. This project is made up of three case studies –Bumble the “feminist” dating app, private Facebook groups for women professionals, and the #MeToo movement on Twitter— and uses an affordance theory lens, examining the possibilities for (and constraints of) use embedded in the materiality of each digital platform. Through in-depth interviews and focus groups with users, alongside a structural discourse analysis of each platform, the findings show how social media are used strategically as tools for feminist purposes during mundane online activities such as dating and connecting with colleagues. Overall, this research highlights the feminist potential of everyday social media use, while considering the limits of digital technologies for everyday feminism. This work also reasserts the continued need for feminist activism in the fourth wave, by showing that the material realities of gender inequality persist, often obscured by an illusion of empowerment. / Media & Communication

School officials are constantly challenged to perform a myriad of duties in an extremely complex and demanding job with numerous responsibilities. They are expected to work with a variety of students, faculty and parents under difficult circumstances. "Faced with multiple needs, with the necessity of making fast decisions in an atmosphere of fragmented time, administrators are liable for everything they do." School administrators need to understand the rights guaranteed to students by the Fourth Amendment and how it applies to the school setting. This document will provide an overview of student search and seizure in kindergarten to 12th grade (K-12) public schools in a non-traditional dissertation (non-experimental design) format by providing an historical review of the relevant case law. Specifically, based upon legal research, it will review relevant Supreme Court cases, post-New Jersey v. T.L.O. federal, Pennsylvania and other state court cases related to search and seizure in K-12 public schools. The conclusion and summary will provide answers to the guiding questions, provide a conceptual model, outline what is a reasonable search, and provide a short practical school law exercise to test the reader's understanding of search and seizure in public schools. / Ed. D.

By examining the celebration of the Fourth of July during the Civil War, this thesis will highlight the regional distinctiveness of both sides of the war. This work is divided into two main parts, one focusing on the Fourth of July in the Union, the other on the Fourth of July in the Confederacy. Three separate areas of commemoration are analyzed: in newspaper rhetoric, on the home front, and on the battlefield. Rather than stating that the Confederacy abandoned the holiday entirely, this thesis shows that the North and the South celebrated different aspects of the holiday, which reflected unique interpretations of America. Drawing on newspaper and diary accounts, these interpretations are tracked over the course of the war. The Southern perspective could not outlast the Confederacy, the reestablishment of the Union cemented the Northern view, and with emancipation a new vision of America emerged. / Master of Arts

In January, 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear three cases involving student online speech, or cyberspeech. This indicates that the Court is content with lower courts applying First Amendment jurisprudence developed over 40 years ago to a rapidly advancing digital environment where students carry the equivalent of personal computers in their pockets, have an ever-growing telepresence, and rely on cyberspeech as their primary means of communicating with the world around them. Lower courts also are beginning to grapple with challenges to students Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure as it relates to the digital environment described above. Recently, lower courts in Mississippi, Texas, Minnesota, and Kentucky have applied standards set forth decades ago to decide cases involving searches of students mobile devices and Web 2.0 applications. Given the absence of guidance from the Supreme Court, this study aims to: (1) identify and analyze trends in the current application of legal standards related to student cyberspeech and search and seizure in the digital age; (2) synthesize these findings into a set of essential guidelines for school officials to use as they navigate a legal landscape that has yet to be well defined; and (3) make recommendations to further develop the body of law. Findings indicate that school officials have the legal authority to restrict off-campus student cyberspeech when certain conditions are met, and Tinker governs cases in this area. Seriously threatening, slanderous, or obscene cyberspeech is not constitutionally protected and can be restricted prior to an actual disruption. Off-campus student cyberspeech that reaches the school can legally be restricted so long as evidence shows that it caused a material and substantial disruption. In addition, students possess reasonable expectations of privacy in their personal mobile devices and password-protected private Web 2.0 communications. T.L.O governs searches of students personal mobile devices and Vernonia appears to govern cases involving searches of students Web 2.0 applications. Substantive suspicion at the outset, carefully tailored searches, and a clear governmental interest will keep school officials from violating students Fourth Amendment protections. / Ed. D.

The purpose of this study is to discover through the use of the descriptive evaluation technique information about children's reading which may be of value as suggestions for classroom teachers who teach reading in the intermediate level. It is hoped that through the use of this technique the relation of the reading level of the individual children in a fourth and fifth grade group to the reading level of the material the children would read if left to their own choice in its selection may be determined.

Although the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus stands as a foundation for the early Christian sculptural traditional scholars have devoted little serious study to the role it played in its cultural context of350s Rome. For the past four hundred years since its discovery, stylistic and chronological discussion of the Christian intercolumnar scenes has dominated any scholarly interpretations of this monument. The goal of this thesis is to shed light on how the sarcophagus interacted with its audience and patron, rather than to situate the images in a timeline of motifs. The interplay between the Roman elite, both pagan and Christian, the emperor, and the Church influenced the propagandistic goals of the sarcophagus. It is my opinion that the family of Junius Bassus, fixed between their pagan peers and Christian emperor, used the seasonal and calendar-inspired imagery of the ends and the ad sanctos burial of the sarcophagus at St. Peter's Basilica to propagandize Christianity as a religion that offered its members material and eternal wealth.

The purpose of this study is to set up criteria for judging the mechanical features and the content of fourth-grade readers and to determine if the fifteen fourth-grade readers of this study fit these criteria.

The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between the creative thinking ability of one hundred selected Negro fourth grade pupils and their parents' attitudes about rearing children.

<p>Följande uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt ur den rådande situationen i Adenviken som präglas av illegal piratverksamhet. Adenviken med dess särskilda karaktäristik granskas i syfte att undersöka om det av militärteoretiker formulerade begreppet ”Fourth Generation Warfare” i någon mån är applicerbart på situationen. I syfte att svara upp mot uppsatsens frågeställning avhandlas begreppet 4 GW och dess historik, innebörd samt utveckling. Den empiriska delen av uppsatsen behandlar Adenviken och fokuserar på situationen i landet Somalia med dess pirater och deras illegala verksamhet. Problemområdet är intressant då Sverige idag bidrar med enheter (ME02) till den marina multinationella styrkan, EUNAVFOR, som verkar i Adenviken. Det huvudsakliga syftet för de ingående nationerna är att eskortera fartyg tillhörande WFP (World Food Program), men även bidraga till ökad säkerhet för handelssjöfarten. Uppsatsen kommer fram till att begreppet 4 GW till stor del är applicerbart. Dock är Adenviken och dess specifika karaktäristik säregen varvid vidare forskning krävs i syfte att militärteoretiskt definiera situationen i Adenviken.</p> / <p>The following essay is based on the current situation in the Gulf of Aden, which is characterized by illegal piracy activity. The Gulf of Aden with its peculiar characteristic is being examined inpurpose to identify if the conception “Fourth Generation Warfare” (4 GW) in any means is possible to apply on the situation. In purpose to answer the main issue, the essay will discuss the conception 4 GW considering history, meaning and development. The empirical part of the essay deals with the Gulf of Aden and focuses on the situation in Somalia with the pirates and their illegal activities. The problem area is interesting because today Sweden is contributing units (ME02) to the marine multinational force, EUNAVFOR, which operate in the Gulf of Aden. The main purpose of the participating nations is to escort vessels in WFP (World Food Program), but also contribute to greater security for commercial shipping. The essay concludes that the conception 4 GW in many means is able to apply on the situation. However, the Gulf of Aden and its specific characteristics is peculiar and further research is required in order to define the military situation in the Gulf of Aden.</p>

Följande uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt ur den rådande situationen i Adenviken som präglas av illegal piratverksamhet. Adenviken med dess särskilda karaktäristik granskas i syfte att undersöka om det av militärteoretiker formulerade begreppet ”Fourth Generation Warfare” i någon mån är applicerbart på situationen. I syfte att svara upp mot uppsatsens frågeställning avhandlas begreppet 4 GW och dess historik, innebörd samt utveckling. Den empiriska delen av uppsatsen behandlar Adenviken och fokuserar på situationen i landet Somalia med dess pirater och deras illegala verksamhet. Problemområdet är intressant då Sverige idag bidrar med enheter (ME02) till den marina multinationella styrkan, EUNAVFOR, som verkar i Adenviken. Det huvudsakliga syftet för de ingående nationerna är att eskortera fartyg tillhörande WFP (World Food Program), men även bidraga till ökad säkerhet för handelssjöfarten. Uppsatsen kommer fram till att begreppet 4 GW till stor del är applicerbart. Dock är Adenviken och dess specifika karaktäristik säregen varvid vidare forskning krävs i syfte att militärteoretiskt definiera situationen i Adenviken. / The following essay is based on the current situation in the Gulf of Aden, which is characterized by illegal piracy activity. The Gulf of Aden with its peculiar characteristic is being examined inpurpose to identify if the conception “Fourth Generation Warfare” (4 GW) in any means is possible to apply on the situation. In purpose to answer the main issue, the essay will discuss the conception 4 GW considering history, meaning and development. The empirical part of the essay deals with the Gulf of Aden and focuses on the situation in Somalia with the pirates and their illegal activities. The problem area is interesting because today Sweden is contributing units (ME02) to the marine multinational force, EUNAVFOR, which operate in the Gulf of Aden. The main purpose of the participating nations is to escort vessels in WFP (World Food Program), but also contribute to greater security for commercial shipping. The essay concludes that the conception 4 GW in many means is able to apply on the situation. However, the Gulf of Aden and its specific characteristics is peculiar and further research is required in order to define the military situation in the Gulf of Aden.