本文所謂「五四意識在台灣」係指三方面而言。其一、在思想觀念上，台灣這一政治社會實體所蘊生的文化思想體係，對五四思想文化觀念的接受、批判、轉化和變遷；其二、從人物與台灣的關聯淵源上著手，考量其深淺遠近，以及出版著作在台灣的傳播影響；其三、在資料性質上，以呈現出台灣五四特質的出版論著、對話回憶、成果回顧；包括中國大陸及海外之資料，也以對於台灣五四思想研究和闡述為主。在此三者的界定下加以運用說明，並且從「五四意識在台灣」，逐漸產生「台灣的五四意識」的發展趨向，形成與其他五四觀點相通但也有區別的五四立論，表現出台灣特殊時空環境下對五四的認知和變遷的理路。 五四意識在台灣，隨著不同政治文化形勢的轉變，分別呈現橫向移植與縱向傳承的特色，亦是無可否認的客觀事實。以台灣史的分期而論，五四曾以不同姿態，經過三次主要的起落，分別在不同時期展現其不同的歷史角色。首先在1920年代開始至30年代初期，五四主要以台灣新文學及新文化啟蒙的形態，以《台灣民報》等報章雜誌為途徑，傳播、影響了台灣思想文化運動。初始是以黃呈聰、陳端明、黃朝琴等人扮演重要的推手；1924年以後，張我軍（1902–1955）鼓吹的白話新文學更掀起了全面的論戰與風潮。直到隨著中、日關係的緊張及日本軍國主義的肆虐，30年代中葉遂步入衰退期；況且台灣新文學及新文化，也於此之前就產生了本土化及左翼化的現象。張我軍、許乃昌、賴和、黃呈聰、黃得時、陳端明、蘇薌雨等曾經留（遊）學中國的台人，其努力未竟全功，可說只有橫向的移植，難以形成有效、廣泛且影響持續的縱向傳承。除了掀起新舊文學、白話文及台灣話文的論爭外，對新文化的思想啟蒙雖有一定的成效，但都為擁有強勢政經實力的日本文化壓制，終而在戰爭後期成為以日文為主導的文化主流，加上日本的現代化本較中國成功，因而除了民族主義的號召——「對抗同化」與彌補認同「文化的缺口」等心理層面的需求之外，台灣實質現代化的動力，不應忽視日本帶來的影響。有人認為日治時期五四在台灣的移植，是一個「失敗的移植」。 但即算是失敗，也仍有其影響，並成為後來五四意識在台灣延續的火苗。從思想文化史的角度來說，五四意識實未曾在台灣完全斷絕過。 其二、在1945年戰後，由於大陸籍各式立場文人的來台，加上五四有著濃厚的中國民族主義色彩，再度於台灣引起討論，也可謂是「再中國化」的文宣教材之一。其中，魯迅是相當具有代表性的五四人物，此時期對於他的紀念與研究，象徵著1949年之前，兩岸無分省籍的推崇。經過二二八至白色恐怖的鎮壓，五四左翼風潮瞬間殞落，因此一段左翼風潮持續時間短暫，故可以一漣漪視之。然即在稍後，跟隨國民黨遷台，1950年代初期，五四以來的自由主義知識份子，亦期盼在台灣獲得一片新天地，冀盼一方面以五四自由傳統作為反共的利器，另一方面則能以此思想價值作為鞭策國民政府實現民主憲政、自由理想的指標。五四自由主義傳統影響的文人、學者，甚至政治人物移居台灣後，五四自由主義的思想觀念，在當時反共的需求下，反而得到在台灣落地生根的機會，戰後台灣民主自由觀的形成，與反對運動精神形塑的第一階段，頗受胡適、雷震與殷海光等五四自由傳統人物的影響。 余英時認為《自由中國》陣營可說是「五四」主流的新發展，他們結合本土勢力與一黨專政的對抗，終於使得民主、自由的種子流傳下來，因而雷震、殷海光在後來的反對黨方面仍享有很高的聲望， 甚至造成後來五四思想觀念在台灣縱向傳承的可能，其影響幾延續至今。五四口號——「民主」、「科學」一時之間又頗受強調，《自由中國》陣營的胡適、雷震、殷海光是主要代表，特別殷海光是此時宣揚五四精神的首屈建筆，此一趨向在《自由中國》與國民黨日趨緊張後，五四更成為批判國民黨的符號象徵。1960年9月《自由中國》停刊，特別是在1962年2月胡適去世之後，除了《文星》、《大學雜誌》的局部火花之外，五四意識在台灣的延續，又告中落，政治霸權又再一次壓抑了思想文化、自由民主的發展進程。 其三、此種情況，直到五四60週年（1979年）前後，由於中國大陸民主運動的勃興，及國民黨當局希望藉由相對中國的民主開放，而以繼承五四理想正統自居的地位，批判中共的專制政體。被壓抑許久的五四紀念風潮，瞬時大舉復甦，幾乎延續至1989年中國八九民運之時，五四成為中國民主自由燈塔的形象更為鞏固。不過，或許極盛而衰，也大約在此時，台灣民主政治的發展，已逐步邁向新的階段，本土化趨向勢不可擋，五四80週年紀念的氣氛已不如60、70週年時熾烈，但台灣主體的五四觀，卻在此期間趁勢而起，更彰顯了台灣歷史多元的文化特色，五四在台灣又進入了新的階段，未來的演變仍值得持續觀察。但是，政治力量——無論台灣本身或是中國大陸的情勢，都深深影響了台灣歷史文化的演變，五四意識即是其中突出的事例。 在這三起三落一漣漪中，五四意識在台灣並非突然興起，或突然完全斷裂已至消失終止，而是在退潮時，以隱而未顯的方式，繼續存在台灣社會的角落，以不同的型態延續存在。如以文學形式、或在批判五四、學術思想等方面，都仍有五四的遺緒和影響。特別是從思想史的角度而論，浪漫主義、唯理主義的探討與批判一直是貫穿台灣五四意識史的重要部份。五四是台灣政治、社會、思想文化史的極具意義的大熱點的原因，除了兩岸關係對立複雜又難以逃避之外，台灣國家認同的問題亦是凸顯五四意識在台灣變遷重要性的一大關鍵。無論統獨的立場如何，雙方多能夠肯定五四對於提倡自由民主的理想價值，也都肯定胡適、雷震、殷海光等五四自由思想人物；若不以成敗論英雄的話，他們對台灣、中國的努力，實是具有歷史前瞻性的貢獻，也是兩岸雙方應共同珍視的文化資源。此外，通過長期的五四探究與批判，產生了五四以降，政治、社會、思想文化建設的諸多觀點，其中林毓生「傳統的創造性轉化」的思考，可說是其針對五四意識型態化的思想困局，所提出的解決方案。 / May Fourth Consciousness in Taiwan are very important for our.The May Fourth Movement was part cultural revolution, part social movement. On the cultural side, the students had been inspired in the preceding two decades by Western thought, creating a feeling of frustration and dissatisfaction with Chinese tradition. In the intellectual ferment that resulted from this, answers were sought for the questions why and how China had lagged behind the West. Taiwan intellectual user May Fourth Consciousness look for Taiwan and China's modern world.

This study attempted to determine the relationship between self concept and participation in extra-curricular activity: specifically, whether self concept differentiates between participants and nonparticipants and whether self concept scores differed between male and female participants. Sixty fourth graders were assessed on self concept by the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. Participation or non-participation was determined by written parental response. Analysis of variance was used, with level of significance at .05. There was no evidence that participants can be distinguished from non-participants on measures of self concept. Scores on self concept did not differ for males and females.

本文分為〈緒論〉、〈結論〉及正文四章。第一章〈禮教與反禮教〉。「禮教」一詞住住因為使用者不同而帶有不同的意涵，有時指的是三綱制度，有時是指禮法制度，有時又可以說是生活中的禮俗。本章試圖從文獻中釐清禮的層次，並從禮的層次來說明禮教的涵意。在說明禮教的定義之後，我們所想了解的是清末的反禮教思潮之演進，及其發生的社會歷史背景。第二章〈周作人之生平與思想淵源〉。由於政治因素的封殺，所以周作人一生的事蹟就顯得暗淡模糊。本章第一節〈周作人的生平〉的目地即在於利用周作人與當時幾個重要刊物的關係做為經線來貫穿周作人在五四時期的事蹟。第二節〈周作人思想的淵源〉及第三節〈周作人之文學觀〉的主旨是闡明周作人反禮教思想之由來及其反禮教思想在文學活動中的表現。周作人常稱自己是雜定，因為他的興趣廣泛，對於許多的知識都有非常濃厚的興味，是以他的思想外貌就顯得紛亂，使人有眼花撩亂的感覺。然而在紛亂的外表之下，卻是秩序井然，層次分明。第二、三節的主旨即在於撥開紛亂的思路，呈現周作人的思想理路。並且做為本文繼續研究周作人反禮教思想之基礎。第三章〈周作人對禮教內容之剖析〉。本章旨在說明周作人在五四時期反三綱制度、反薩滿教的禮教、反性迷信及其相關問題的言論。在本章中也說明周作人在攻擊禮教之後，是否有建設性的想法。在五四時期，知識份子破壞太多，建設太少，因而整個社會呈現出無所適從的亂像。周作人一方面破壞禮教，一方面也提出他的新「禮」做為新行為規範的參考，希望能為中國盡自己的一分心力。第四章〈新道德觀與人的「發現」〉。本章的主旨在延續上一章最後一節的討論，即周作人對於新「禮」的討論的深化。對於婦女問題、兒童問題、新村運動及當時正在迅速發展的民間文學及民俗學問題，他都曾積極參與討論，並提出新的見解。他希望藉著他從西方引進的新知識能夠推動建立新的道德觀。並且希望新的道德觀─「禮」是中國新文化的基石。

Relationship between animal signalization and environmental conditions, where these species are living, is one of crucial topics of ecology. Using two complementary statistical approaches (fourth-corner and RLQ analyzes) I investigated geographical variation in parameters of bird vocalization in South Africa (RSA) and Lesotho. Altogether, I used nine quantitative and five qualitative acoustic traits for 472 bird species and nine environmental variables which could significantly influence parameters of their vocalization. My results supported findings of previous studies about the important effect of body size on species-specific vocal characteristics. In passerines, analyzes corrected for body size showed that the number of elements and element types were increasing with variability of natural conditions and were highest in very arid and climatically unpredictable areas. Element and element type rate were positively associated with altitude. Minimal song frequency in passerines and frequency range of vocalization in other birds were negatively correlated with average temperature of warmest and coldest month of the year, respectively. Similarly, environmental variables significantly influenced distribution of several qualitative song traits in passerines. Passerines, where female song and...

This study is an attempt to define more clearly the Sabbath institution as it is presented in Exodus 20:8-11. It begins by describing the big-picture contours of the Sabbath institution as it has been depicted by various scholars during the last century. Many of these studies focus on delineating what proper Sabbath observance entails or describing how Sabbath rest mirrors God’s rest on the seventh day of creation. However, little investigation has been conducted into the relationship between the fourth commandment in Exodus 20 and the shape of humanity’s task and relationship with God on the seventh day. The study then examines the nature of God’s rest in the first creation account, describing what “rest” entailed for God, and the work from which he rested. It suggests that this “rest” is from the creational activity of the first six days and that it continues on into the present. It also discusses the relationship between the concept of rest offered by the first creation account and the concept of rest in the understanding of the Ancient Near East and Israel. Humanity’s role in the created order is also examined. While humans share some qualities with other creatures, such as an embodied existence, they are also distinct from the rest of creation. Only humans are created in the image of God. As such, they are given tasks unique to their status: subduing the earth, exercising dominion over the creatures of the earth, and expanding the borders of the garden as they multiply and fill the earth. These form the heart of their God-given task that they will carry out as God enjoys his seventh-day rest. Next, the study investigates the particulars of Exodus 20:8-11 and suggests a reading of these particulars against the backdrop of the seventh day as it is described in chapters 3-4. While the rationale for the Sabbath commandment is grounded in the events of the first creation account, the commandment itself also needs to be understood in the context of the Decalogue and, in turn, in the context of the law’s reception at Sinai. The law, and hence the fourth commandment, are central to the calling and purpose of Israel. As Israel fulfils its mandate to be a light to the nations, it will reflect the ideals of the seventh day as they are encapsulated in the law. Far from simply mirroring God’s rest, the fourth commandment reflects the relationship between God and humanity and humanity’s role on the seventh day of creation. The study concludes by drawing together various pieces of the argument and makes suggestions for further research. / MTh (Old Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This study is an attempt to define more clearly the Sabbath institution as it is presented in Exodus 20:8-11. It begins by describing the big-picture contours of the Sabbath institution as it has been depicted by various scholars during the last century. Many of these studies focus on delineating what proper Sabbath observance entails or describing how Sabbath rest mirrors God’s rest on the seventh day of creation. However, little investigation has been conducted into the relationship between the fourth commandment in Exodus 20 and the shape of humanity’s task and relationship with God on the seventh day. The study then examines the nature of God’s rest in the first creation account, describing what “rest” entailed for God, and the work from which he rested. It suggests that this “rest” is from the creational activity of the first six days and that it continues on into the present. It also discusses the relationship between the concept of rest offered by the first creation account and the concept of rest in the understanding of the Ancient Near East and Israel. Humanity’s role in the created order is also examined. While humans share some qualities with other creatures, such as an embodied existence, they are also distinct from the rest of creation. Only humans are created in the image of God. As such, they are given tasks unique to their status: subduing the earth, exercising dominion over the creatures of the earth, and expanding the borders of the garden as they multiply and fill the earth. These form the heart of their God-given task that they will carry out as God enjoys his seventh-day rest. Next, the study investigates the particulars of Exodus 20:8-11 and suggests a reading of these particulars against the backdrop of the seventh day as it is described in chapters 3-4. While the rationale for the Sabbath commandment is grounded in the events of the first creation account, the commandment itself also needs to be understood in the context of the Decalogue and, in turn, in the context of the law’s reception at Sinai. The law, and hence the fourth commandment, are central to the calling and purpose of Israel. As Israel fulfils its mandate to be a light to the nations, it will reflect the ideals of the seventh day as they are encapsulated in the law. Far from simply mirroring God’s rest, the fourth commandment reflects the relationship between God and humanity and humanity’s role on the seventh day of creation. The study concludes by drawing together various pieces of the argument and makes suggestions for further research. / MTh (Old Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This thesis tackles a conspicuous absence in current scholarship on ancient theatre. Amid the recent scholarly interest in the rapid expansion of the theatre industry from the late fifth-century BC onwards, no study has been made of a central, defining even, element of ancient Greek drama at that time – the chorus. Instead, what we find is a widespread assumption concerning the fourth-century dramatic chorus, particularly with regard to the comic chorus, still prevalent in today’s scholarship: ‘The history of the dramatic chorus is one of decline both quantitatively and qualitatively’, states one of the more detailed recent reviews of the evidence for dramatic choral culture in the ancient world (Csapo and Slater 1995:349). The thesis focuses on the literary sources available to us concerning fourth-century dramatic choruses in Athens. The material is divided into three sections. The first section addresses the important testimony of Aristotle concerning the choruses of his day, particularly in the Poetics (chapter one). The second section analyses the choral text in the (probably fourth-century) Rhesus (chapter two), the interpolated choral passages in the Iphigenia at Aulis and Seven Against Thebes (chapter three), and the choruses of Aristophanes’ Assemblywomen and Wealth, as well as extant fragments of fourth-century comedy (chapter four). The third section is a survey of how the chorus is used in a wide range of fourth-century texts (chapter five), and gives special attention to Plato’s somewhat idiosyncratic presentation of the chorus in his works (chapter six). These analyses show 1) that ‘decline’ is an inappropriate term to describe the development of the chorus and 2) the creativity with which the chorus is used and thought about in fourth-century drama and society. The thesis aims to provide an elucidation of dramatic choral activity in the fourth century and to provoke further interrogation of the assumptions commonly held about the development of both the ancient chorus and ancient drama as a whole.

This thesis examines the intersection of math and art by focusing on three specific branches of math: the fourth dimension, non-Euclidean geometry, and chaos and fractals. Different genres of art interact with each of these branches of math. The influence of the fourth dimension can easily be seen in Cubism and Russian Constructivism. Non-Euclidean geometry guided some of M.C. Escher’s work, and it inspired the Crochet Coral Reef project. Chaos and fractals can be found in art and architecture throughout history, but Vincent van Gogh and Jackson Pollock are notable examples of artists who used chaos in their work. Some artists incorporate math into their work in a rigorous, exacting manner, while others take inspiration from a general concept and provide a more abstract interpretation. Regardless of mathematical accuracy, mathematically inspired art can provide a greater understanding of mathematical concepts.

The United States Constitution provides its citizens protection from unreasonable searches and seizures from government officials, including police officers, through the Fourth Amendment. This Amendment applies to searches that violate a reasonable expectation of privacy. However, the Fourth Amendment does not protect citizens when they consent to a search voluntarily. It is necessary to determine whether or not a search is voluntary by looking at a variety of factors. Although an infinite number of factors can be considered to make this determination, race of both the police officer and of the person being searched should be considered, due to societal factors and racial stereotypes leading to intimidation factors. Participants (N=575) read a vignette about a situation in which a bus passenger was asked to consent to a search. The races of the police officer and the passenger were manipulated in a vignette (White, Latino, Black). Participants then answered a series of questions about privacy expectations and consenting to the search. The results suggested that race of police officers and recipients of search requests affects how search requests perceive the search, indicating that voluntariness of consenting to a search may also have some basis in race.

Outsourcing of logistical operations is becoming more and more frequent in order to address the needs of a company's supply chain as well as improving customer service and reducing operating costs. The main objective of this study was to provide a guideline to Logistics and Supply Chain Managers on how to successfully implement an outsourcing (3PL/4PL) partnership, as well as identify the pitfalls that should be avoided during the implementation process. To realise this objective an extensive review of the current literature was undertaken on the concept of logistics and the supply chain and how the concept of outsourcing has influenced this concept. The literature presented the following results: ~ Logistics is often perceived as non-core business function to a company and hence suitable as an outsourcing option. ~ Outsourcing of the logistics function should be a strategic decision that offers both a reduction in costs as well as improvements in sales revenue and customer service. ~ Outsourcing is able to contribute value for a company through reduced cost and increased revenue as well as improved service levels due to the specialist nature of the outsourcing partner. ~ Some competitive advantage is possible when choosing a 3PLl4PL to operate your logistics function. ~ The 3PL industry is currently in a state of transition, with many smaller 3PL's consolidating their business efforts to form Lead Logistics Provider companies. An empirical research on the South African perception of the 3PLl4PL industry was then conducted using a structured questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire providing an answer on the state of the 3PLl4PL industry in South Africa along with comments on how successful implementation differed from the failures. From the literature review and the empirical research it was possible to establish recommendation on how to establish a successful outsourcing partnership with a 3PLl4PL, as well as a tool was developed to aid those companies that currently experience problems with their outsourcing partnership. While the outsourcing process is unique to every situation the guidelines offer a generic approach that prevents the prospective outsourcing company from falling into common pitfalls that often lead to failure of the partnership. / Outsourcing of logistical operations is becoming more and more frequent in order to address the needs of a company's supply chain as well as improving customer service and reducing operating costs. The main objective of this study was to provide a guideline to Logistics and Supply Chain Managers on how to successfully implement an outsourcing (3PL/4PL) partnership, as well as identify the pitfalls that should be avoided during the implementation process. To realise this objective an extensive review of the current literature was undertaken on the concept of logistics and the supply chain and how the concept of outsourcing has influenced this concept. The literature presented the following results: ~ Logistics is often perceived as non-core business function to a company and hence suitable as an outsourcing option. ~ Outsourcing of the logistics function should be a strategic decision that offers both a reduction in costs as well as improvements in sales revenue and customer service. ~ Outsourcing is able to contribute value for a company through reduced cost and increased revenues as well as improved service levels due to the specialist nature of the outsourcing partner. ~ Some competitive advantage is possible when choosing a 3PLl4PL to operate your logistics function. ~ The 3PL industry is currently in a state of transition, with many small 3PL's consolidating their business efforts to form Lead Logistics Provider companies. An empirical research on the South African perception of the 3PLl4PL industry was then conducted using a structured questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire providing an answer on the state of the 3PLl4PL industry in South Africa along with comments on how successful implementation differed from the failures. From the literature review and the empirical research it was possible to establish recommendation on how to establish a successful outsourcing partnership with a 3PLl4PL, as well as a tool was developed to aid those companies that currently experience problems with their outsourcing partnership. While the outsourcing process is unique to every situation the guidelines offer a generic approach that prevents the prospective outsourcing company from falling into common pitfalls that often lead to failure of the partnership. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.