The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and explain the organization of Greek broadcasting, and particularly its relationship to the state and politics. The study begins with the introduction of state-owned radio in 1936 and ends with the abolition of the state monopoly and the introduction of private local radio by a Socialist government in 1987. Through a mainly chronological structure the study examines the development of Greek radio and television set against major developments in the sphere of politics from the inter-war period until the late 1980s. These developments include the establishment of a quasi-fascist dictatorship in 1936, the Right-Left cleavage of the 1940s and the nature of parliamentary regime which was established as a result of the Communist defeat in the civil war (1946-1949). Subsequently, the study deals with the imposition of the dictatorial regime in 1967 and examines the contradictions which led to its eventual downfall in 1974. Finally, the thesis covers the transition of the country to democracy, the nature of the democratic regime, the party system and the major aspects of policy of both the Conservative governments (1974-1981) and the Socialists (1981-1987). Placed within the framework of the debate about the role of broadcasting in liberal democracies, the thesis examines the applicability of two antithetical models, the 'fourth estate' and the 'dominance' models to the Greek broadcasting system from 1936 to 1987. Neither is found to be satisfactory. Our study of government-broadcasting relations since the introduction of radio demonstrates that the broadcast media have always been subordinate to partisan political control and that neither the editorial autonomy nor the political independence of Greek broadcasters, on which the 'fourth estate' model is based, have ever been safeguarded by Greek politicians. The 'dominance' model, on the other hand, to the extent that it considers the mass media as an instrument of the dominant classes fails to describe accurately the role of Greek broadcasting institutions and of the state which controls them within Greek society. Due to the uneven and belated industrial development of the country, the state has acquired a dominant position in social and economic life by distributing resources and safeguarding the vital Interests of various social groups. Political parties have always relied on the mechanisms of the state to consolidate their power. Broadcasting institutions have therefore been used by those holding executive power as a legitimating mechanism of their policies. Preoccupied as they were with the political output of radio and television, Greek politicians never pursued the development of a public service ethos In Greek broadcasting.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2019-03-12T20:46:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas_Souza_2018.pdf: 664469 bytes, checksum: 0951e84c68ffe2bccbf464cb54737e6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-12T20:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas_Souza_2018.pdf: 664469 bytes, checksum: 0951e84c68ffe2bccbf464cb54737e6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The central target of this work is to analyze the epistemological value of mystical experiences through the main work of the Russian philosopher Ouspensky, the Tertium Organum published in 1920, through the interpretation of these experiences as the knowledge of a possible higher dimensional domain, i.e., beyond the third dimension. In considering this possibility, it is also our role to ponder its relevance or validity as an epistemology that considers more than just the three known dimensions, and only a closer analysis of Ouspensky's philosophy could tell us its relevance. For those overly influenced by a non-mystical interpretation, to worry about the hypothetical and perhaps even miraculous possibility of demonstrating the existence of other dimensions is an infertile proposition. However, our effort in this work is precisely to give attention to this practically forgotten possibility. For this, our analysis is divided into three parts: 1) an analysis of the entire historical context that surrounds the outsider philosopher, the artistic, philosophical, scientific and mystical movements of Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as of how Ouspensky was being led by his own experiences to the construction of a multidimensional epistemology; 2) a reconstruction of the Tertium Organum based on its main propositions in the formation of an epistemology based on the fourth dimension, as well as the formation of what he calls "higher logic" referring to the logic of dimensions higher than ours; 3) our considerations about Ouspensky's analysis and his relation to Kant's philosophy, which the philosopher himself and his commentators point to as a continuation. This work may be useful to those who, though incapable of ignoring the possibility of the existence of mystical experience, are equally incapable of fully understanding in what sense such an experience can validly affirm some epistemological value or a knowledge of a reality beyond common experience - these will find in Ouspensky's doctrine a hypothesis by which this statement can be defended. / O objetivo central deste trabalho é analisar o valor epistemológico das experiências místicas através da principal obra do filósofo russo Ouspensky, o Tertium Organum publicado em 1920, através da interpretação destas experiências como o conhecimento de um possível domínio supradimensional, i.e., além da terceira dimensão. Ao considerar esta possibilidade, também é nosso o papel de ponderar sua relevância ou validade como uma epistemologia que considere mais do que somente as três dimensões conhecidas, e somente uma análise mais apurada da filosofia de Ouspensky poderia nos dizer sua relevância. Para aqueles demasiadamente influenciados por uma interpretação não-mística, preocupar-se com a possibilidade hipotética e talvez até mirabolante de demonstrar a existência de outras dimensões seja uma proposta infértil. Porém, nosso esforço neste trabalho é em justamente dar atenção a essa possibilidade praticamente esquecida. Para isso, nossa análise se decompõe em três partes: 1) uma análise de todo o contexto histórico que circunda o filósofo outsider, os movimentos artísticos, filosóficos, científicos e místicos da Rússia do final do século XIX e início do século XX, assim como de como Ouspensky foi sendo levado pelas suas próprias experiências à construção de uma epistemologia multidimensional; 2) uma reconstrução do Tertium Organum com base nas suas principais proposições na formação de uma epistemologia baseada na quarta dimensão, assim como a formação do que ele chama de “lógica superior” se referindo à lógica de dimensões superiores à nossa; 3) nossas ponderações sobre as análises de Ouspensky y sua relação com a filosofia de Kant, que o próprio filósofo e seus comentadores indicam como sendo uma continuação. Este trabalho talvez consiga ser útil para aqueles que, apesar de incapazes de ignorar a possibilidade da existência da experiência mística, sejam igualmente incapazes de entender completamente em que sentido tal experiência pode validamente afirmar algum valor epistemológico ou de um conhecimento de uma realidade além da experiência comum – estes encontrarão na doutrina de Ouspensky uma hipótese pela qual esta afirmação pode ser defendida.

A path on n vertices, denoted by Pn, is a simple graph whose vertices can be ordered so that two vertices are adjacent if and only if they are consecutive in the order. A fourth power path, Pn4, is obtained from Pn by adding edges between any two vertices, u and v, whose distance in Pn, denoted by dPn(u,v), is less than or equal to four. The diameter of a graph G, denoted diam(G) is the greatest distance between any two distinct vertices of G. A radio labeling of a graph G is a function f that assigns to each vertex a label from the set {0,1,2,...} such that |f(u)−f(v)| ≥ diam(G)−d(u,v)+1 holds for any two distinct vertices, u and v in G (i.e., u, v ∈ V (G)). The greatest value assigned to a vertex by f is called the span of the radio labeling f, i.e., spanf =max{f(v) : v ∈ V (G)}. The radio number of G, rn(G), is the minimum span of f over all radio labelings f of G. In this paper, we provide a lower bound for the radio number of the fourth power path.

Ghana's democracy has been hailed by scholars, practitioners, and the international community in recent years as a shining example in the West African subregion as a result of the country's record of organizing successive elections with minimal or no violence. However, the evaluation of Ghana's democracy has predominantly focused on the elections and disproportionately captures the views of the political elite; conspicuously missing is the perspective of the ordinary Ghanaian. This presents an incomplete picture of Ghana's democracy, given the relevance of citizens' participation in democratic societies. To address this gap in knowledge, this qualitative case study explored the practice of democracy in Ghana under the fourth republic from the perspective of the citizenry. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with purposefully sampled ordinary Ghanaian citizens (n = 15), observation, and documents review. The data were then subjected to thematic and content analysis to reveal themes, categories, and patterns. The results revealed that the participating Ghanaians had dichotomous views, opinions, and experiences of democracy. Their experiences and opinions of the electoral system were generally positive, while their experiences and opinions of governance in the intervening years were generally negative. The study's results should inspire a paradigm shift in the responsiveness of government to citizens and how the government engages with citizens on policy formulation and implementation. This study's results can encourage positive social change with respect to the manner in which democratic performance is evaluated in Ghana by scholars, practitioners, and the international community.

Identifying an effective instructional strategy to remediate struggling readers is a goal for educators. Differentiated instruction (DI) has received much attention as a possible strategy to rectify literacy problems, but quantitative research on its effectiveness is limited. This quantitative study used a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent, pretest-posttest design to determine if DI provided a significant difference in reading comprehension scores between struggling readers instructed with DI strategies and students instructed with whole group strategies. Philosophies grounded in cognitive constructivism constituted the theoretical framework for this study which examined the archival STAR reading assessment pre- and posttest instructional reading level scores of 120 regular education 4th graders enrolled in a Title I school during the 2012 - 2014 school years. According to the 1-way analysis of covariance, the difference in post mean scores of the 2 groups was not significant, although the standard deviation for both groups were high, suggesting that students' learning was connected to unexamined intra-individual differences rather than teaching method. Results and recommendations from this study might inform educators and stakeholders on the approaches to remediate struggling readers and the strategies to secure effective tutors for extended school hours and parental workshops. Addressing the needs of diverse learners in today's classrooms will help promote social change by decreasing the achievement gap that persists between struggling and proficient readers and increasing the number of students prepared to compete in a global society.

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The Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition represents a new dimension in intelligence testing from the traditional Binet Scales. Based on a 3 level hierarchical model this represents a significant departure from the age scale format of previous revisions. Several abbreviated batteries are suggested. This study uses the "Quick Screening Battery" consisting of four subtests (Vocabulary, Quantitative, Pattern Analysis, and Bead Memory). Results are presented as Standard Age scores (SAS) for fifteen subtests in four Areas (Verbal Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning, Abstract/Visual Reasoning and Short-term Memory), and the global 'g' Test Composite score. Thirty kindergarten children randomly assigned to two groups took both the Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition and the Stanford-Binet: Form L/M in a counter balanced design. Nine hypotheses and one question are discussed. Statistical calculations for data analysis were arrived at through SPSSX/PC V2.0 (Noursis 1988). Correlations between Form L/M IQ and the Test Composite (r = .72), Verbal Reasoning (r = .71) and Abstract/Visual Reasoning (r = .41) reached significance at 0.05 or better. Other correlations showed similar trends as that found in the literature. The study gives promise for the "Quick Screening Battery" as a tool for screening young children.

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Idag satsar distributörerna i detaljhandeln på differentiering genom att lansera egna märkesvaror till flera olika segment och till högre priser. Detta brukar kallas den fjärde generationens EMV och det är ett relativt nytt koncept i Sverige i jämförelse med andra länder. Detaljhandelskedjan Axfood är en aktör som har inlett en utökning genom lanseringen av Garant som vi anser vara en EMV av fjärde generationen.</p><p><strong>Problem:</strong> Leverantörernas varumärken har under lång tid ansetts vara ”riktiga” märken medan distributörernas egna märkesvaror endast är för priskänsliga konsumenter. Tidigare studier visar att konsumenter är villiga att betala ett högre pris för LMV pga. att de har lyckats bygga starkare varumärken. Byggandet av positiva associationer till EMV anses ha hindrats av att detaljhandlarna inte har skapat något unikt med sina varor. Ur ett brand management perspektiv, måste företagen som ämnar lansera den fjärde generationens EMV skapa en ny image som skiljer sig från de tidigare generationernas egna märkesvaror för att bli av med sin lågprisprofil, och visa att de är likvärdiga de marknadsledande produkterna. Då EMV har visat sig vara framgångsrikt på den brittiska marknaden så kan det vara en bra utgångspunkt för att identifiera framgångsfaktorer.</p><p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av företaget Tesco på den brittiska marknaden identifiera framgångsfaktorer som kan tillämpas på den svenska marknaden för den fjärde generationens egna märkesvaror. Ett underliggande syfte är att undersöka om Garant kan anses vara en fjärde generationens märkesvara och i så fall hur konceptet kan använda sig av de framgångsfaktorer identifierade på den brittiska marknaden, för att lyckas i Sverige.</p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong> Vi bekräftar att Garant är en fjärde generationens EMV. Vi har sett att för att lyckas med den fjärde generationens egna märkesvaror, behöver man bidra med ett mervärde som kunden är beredd att betala ett högre pris för och att detaljisterna mer måste utnyttja den starka position de har på den svenska marknaden för att förbättra imagen runt EMV och mer specifikt för den fjärde generationen.</p> / <p><strong>Background:</strong>Today, retail distributors are investing in differentiation by launching their own brands to various segments and to higher prices. This is known as the fourth generation of own brands and is a relatively new concept in Sweden in comparison with other countries. The retail chain Axfood is an actor who has started an expansion through the launch of the brand Garant that we consider to be a private label of the fourth generation.</p><p><strong>Problem: </strong>The suppliers’ brands have long been considered as the “real brands”, while the distributors' brands are only for price-sensitive consumers. Previous studies show that consumers are willing to pay a higher price due to that the suppliers have managed to build stronger brands. The creation of positive associations with own brands is considered to have been prevented by the fact that retailers have not created something unique with their products. From a brand management perspective, companies that intend to launch the fourth generation own brands need to create a new image different from the previous generations in order to get rid of their low price profile, and show that they are equivalent to the market leaders. Since private labels have proven to be a success on the British market, it is a logical starting point to investigate.</p><p><strong>Aim:</strong> Our aim is to explore the success factors for fourth generation private labels on the British market, with the help of the company Tesco, to apply on the Swedish market. The secondary aim is to see if the Swedish private label Garant could be considered to be a private label of the fourth generation, and if so, if the success factors can be applied.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> We have found that to succeed with the fourth generation of own brands, value that the customer is willing to pay a higher price for, must be created, and that retailers must use their powerful position on the Swedish market in order to improve the image for own brands and more specifically the fourth generation.</p>

Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

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