This study seeks to gain an understanding about the scribal tendencies observed in the Fourth Gospel in Codex Alexandrinus using the method of isolating and classifying singular readings similar to what was first proposed by Colwell, and later modified by Royse and others. In addition to singular readings made before corrections, this study considers singular readings in relation to punctuation markers and line breaks. First, a brief introduction to Codex Alexandrinus is given. Second, the method used to undertake this study is set forth and explained. Third, each singular reading in the Fourth Gospel in Codex Alexandrinus is listed under each respective group in which it is classified, the text of the exemplar is reconstructed if possible and each singular reading is discussed. Finally, the resulting data are analyzed and conclusions are given regarding the tendencies of the scribe responsible for the Fourth Gospel in Codex Alexandrinus. In general, this thesis demonstrates that the strongest tendency of the scribe was that of omission; the scribe was reluctant to add or to harmonize. Harmonizations, when they do occur, are never corrected. Both punctuation and line breaks often afforded the opportunity for the scribe to become distracted and to commit error.

This paper examines and develops matrix methods to approximate the eigenvalues of a fourth order Sturm-Liouville problem subjected to a kind of fixed boundary conditions, furthermore, it extends the matrix methods for a kind of general boundary conditions. The idea of the methods comes from finite difference and Numerov's method as well as boundary value methods for second order regular Sturm-Liouville problems. Moreover, the determination of the correction term formulas of the matrix methods are investigated in order to obtain better approximations of the problem with fixed boundary conditions since the exact eigenvalues for q = 0 are known in this case. Finally, some numerical examples are illustrated.

Syfte:                        Denna studie syftar till att undersöka huruvida avskaffandet av revisionsplikten fick de effekterna som önskades av EU samt Svenska regeringen, vilket var att minska de administrativa bördor och kostnader för mindre bolag. Det har nu gått en tid sen avskaffandet och det är nu möjligt att se vilka effekter som de berörda företagen har märkt av.  Metod:                        Undersökningen ämnade utföras med en kvantitativ metod med hjälp av enkäter. Men på grund av få respondenter och stort bortfall används istället en kvalitativ metod. Uppsatsen har en induktiv metod.  Slutsats:        Studien visar att alla de företag som ingick i undersökningen upplever en minskning av kostnaderna efter att revisionsplikten avskaffades, samt att majoriteten av företagen även anser att den administrativa bördan minskat. En del av företagen har valt att ta hjälp av konsulttjänster efter att de valt bort revison. / Objective:                  The study aims to investigate whether the abolishment of mandatory audit achieved the desired effects by the European Union and the Swedish government, the goals where to reduce administrative costs and bureaucracy for smaller companies. Some time has past since the abolishment and it is now possible to investigate which effects the companies have laid notice to. Methodology:            The study aimed to follow a quantitative method using surveys. Because of the high number of correspondents who did not answer the surveys, the study follows a qvalitativ method instead. The study also follows an inductive method. Conclusion:               We conclude that all companies who took part in the study experience a reduction in cost after the abolishment of mandatory audit, and that the majority of businesses also find that the administrative burden has decreased. Some businesses have chosen to take use consultancy services after they abolished audit.

Populations where three different lethals are segregating as alleles have been analysed for the conditions of equilibrium and for the trends during elimination of one allele. Early and late selection as well as sexdependent and sexindependent selection has been taken into consideration.Cage populations of Drosophila melanogaster with different fourth chromosome lethals have been followed and compared to the theoretical model. When two marker chromosomes (ciDpol and spaCat) and one out of four recessive lethal chromosomes l(4)5, 1(4)8, 1(4)10 or l(4)14 were used, the same marker chromosome (ciDpol) became extinct in all populations. Early and late selective values which were obtained directly from the populations were compared to estimates of fitness components obtained in specially designed experiments of viability, developmental rate, mating ability and fecundity. When two out of the four recessive lethals and the marker chromosome, spaCat , were combined in new populations, all populations attained equilibrium withôut extinction. A correlation was found between the time of death of the lethal homozygotes and the equilibrium genotype frequencies. Overall selective values at equilibrium were estimated. / digitalisering@umu

Bakgrund: Idag satsar distributörerna i detaljhandeln på differentiering genom att lansera egna märkesvaror till flera olika segment och till högre priser. Detta brukar kallas den fjärde generationens EMV och det är ett relativt nytt koncept i Sverige i jämförelse med andra länder. Detaljhandelskedjan Axfood är en aktör som har inlett en utökning genom lanseringen av Garant som vi anser vara en EMV av fjärde generationen. Problem: Leverantörernas varumärken har under lång tid ansetts vara ”riktiga” märken medan distributörernas egna märkesvaror endast är för priskänsliga konsumenter. Tidigare studier visar att konsumenter är villiga att betala ett högre pris för LMV pga. att de har lyckats bygga starkare varumärken. Byggandet av positiva associationer till EMV anses ha hindrats av att detaljhandlarna inte har skapat något unikt med sina varor. Ur ett brand management perspektiv, måste företagen som ämnar lansera den fjärde generationens EMV skapa en ny image som skiljer sig från de tidigare generationernas egna märkesvaror för att bli av med sin lågprisprofil, och visa att de är likvärdiga de marknadsledande produkterna. Då EMV har visat sig vara framgångsrikt på den brittiska marknaden så kan det vara en bra utgångspunkt för att identifiera framgångsfaktorer. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av företaget Tesco på den brittiska marknaden identifiera framgångsfaktorer som kan tillämpas på den svenska marknaden för den fjärde generationens egna märkesvaror. Ett underliggande syfte är att undersöka om Garant kan anses vara en fjärde generationens märkesvara och i så fall hur konceptet kan använda sig av de framgångsfaktorer identifierade på den brittiska marknaden, för att lyckas i Sverige. Resultat: Vi bekräftar att Garant är en fjärde generationens EMV. Vi har sett att för att lyckas med den fjärde generationens egna märkesvaror, behöver man bidra med ett mervärde som kunden är beredd att betala ett högre pris för och att detaljisterna mer måste utnyttja den starka position de har på den svenska marknaden för att förbättra imagen runt EMV och mer specifikt för den fjärde generationen. / Background:Today, retail distributors are investing in differentiation by launching their own brands to various segments and to higher prices. This is known as the fourth generation of own brands and is a relatively new concept in Sweden in comparison with other countries. The retail chain Axfood is an actor who has started an expansion through the launch of the brand Garant that we consider to be a private label of the fourth generation. Problem: The suppliers’ brands have long been considered as the “real brands”, while the distributors' brands are only for price-sensitive consumers. Previous studies show that consumers are willing to pay a higher price due to that the suppliers have managed to build stronger brands. The creation of positive associations with own brands is considered to have been prevented by the fact that retailers have not created something unique with their products. From a brand management perspective, companies that intend to launch the fourth generation own brands need to create a new image different from the previous generations in order to get rid of their low price profile, and show that they are equivalent to the market leaders. Since private labels have proven to be a success on the British market, it is a logical starting point to investigate. Aim: Our aim is to explore the success factors for fourth generation private labels on the British market, with the help of the company Tesco, to apply on the Swedish market. The secondary aim is to see if the Swedish private label Garant could be considered to be a private label of the fourth generation, and if so, if the success factors can be applied. Results: We have found that to succeed with the fourth generation of own brands, value that the customer is willing to pay a higher price for, must be created, and that retailers must use their powerful position on the Swedish market in order to improve the image for own brands and more specifically the fourth generation.

The purpose of this study was to examine teacher perceptions of third and fourth grade African American students who might be selected for the gifted and talented program. It is the first study concerning teachers’ perceptions of African American students in an urban school district with a relatively high representation of African American students and teachers in the gifted and talented program. The results showed the improvement in African American representation in gifted and talented programs that can result from positive teacher perceptions of African American students. Since these positive perceptions may be due, at least in part, to the high proportion of African American teachers in the school district under study, these results suggest a link between an increased proportion of African American teachers, positive teacher perceptions of African American students and an improvement in African American representation in gifted and talented programs. Public educational policy should strive to increase the proportion of African American teachers. This could be achieved by modifying standardized tests used for teacher certification, which researchers have shown to be biased against minority cultures, and also by university recruitment to attract African Americans to education. The results also suggest the need for increased levels of multicultural and urban courses as a standard part of pre-service teacher education. Quality instruction in these areas can contribute toward a greater understanding among teachers of the effect of culture in the classroom and, thereby reduce the tendency to form low expectations of African American and other minority students. This indulgence in deficit thinking needs an aggressive intervention before prospective teachers enter the classroom where some may propagate the detrimental effects of low teacher expectations on another generation of African American students. Increased levels of multicultural and urban education among teachers can also help teachers understand how to interact with African American parents in a constructive manner. This is an important step in creating a school environment, which encourages parental school involvement and, thereby allows African American students readily to enjoy more the academic benefits of parental involvement. When these steps are implemented, this may lead to an increase of African American students to the gifted and talented program.

The thesis is a study of the May Fourth Spirit in Lin Hai-yin¡¦s novel. Her acceptance of the May Fourth literature thoughts and May Fourth women¡¦s novel had affect her writing. The first chapter is the research history of Lin Hai-yin¡¦s novel and theory of this thesis: Aesthetics of reception, narratology and Feminist Literary Criticism. In the second chapter we research Lin Hai-yin¡¦s personal history during the time of May Fourth. The May Fourth Spirit had affect her vision, but because her marginal perspective, which made her novel more objective and unique. The third chapter is the influence of May Fourth women¡¦s novel in Lin¡¦s. On the theme, subject matter, writing strategy, she followed these writer¡¦s strategy, but present more profound thoughts which different from them. In the fourth chapter we discuss the plot and characters of Lin¡¦s novel. The narrator in Lin¡¦s novel is usually a woman. Through these women¡¦s eyes, we saw a women¡¦s world that has solid sisterhood. We also saw the faces of men in her novel which are weak and escape from making decision are not the same with the traditional men¡¦s character kinds. And there also shows her concern of society through these characters. The last chapter is discussing Lin¡¦s novel¡¦s acceptation and influences in Taiwan. In past criticism, her novel¡¦s theme had been seen like homesick. But the writing strategy of women during the anti-commu period is selected themes that considered not important, like love, marriage¡Ketc. to show they concerned society by these characters¡¦ fate. In conclusion we affirmed Lin Hai-yin¡¦s novel has great value, and she is one of the most important novelists in the 1950¡¦s age.

Beam problem is very important for engineering theoretically and practically. In this thesis we study such kind of nonlinear 4-th order ordiniary differential equations with nonlinear boundary conditions. The well-posedness of these boundary value problems will be discussed. Moreover, we will design different schemes to solve them, through differential equation, integral equation or minimization. Each type can further be discretized by finite difference, finite element or spectral method, etc. In the end we will compare all methods and find the best one.

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