The two principles of ¡§secret investigation¡¨ and ¡§freedom of the press¡¨ are respectively the foundations of ¡§presumption of innocence,¡¨ a basic human right, and ¡§the right to know,¡¨ one of the basic citizen rights. The former principle guards against any sentence of suspects unreivewed by the juridical system and protects the reputation, privacy and other legal rights of all the related parties in the case. The latter are the fourth power apart from the executive, legislative and judicial branches. It allows for strict monitoring of the governmental performance and, therefore, prevents the government from abusing its powers. In practice, these two principles are rather complicatedly connected. This study begins by exploring the definition of investigation and, discussing the role and function of the police in the investigation process, and then introducing the basic ideas of the secret investigation principle. As for the freedom of the press, the study starts by explaining its meaning and introduces related theories, legal definition, protection and limitation. The study then continues with a discussion of press autonomy and information source of the press. At the end, the study provides analysis of the interviews to find out conflict and/or cooperation between the police and the media. The question raised in this study is ¡§How do the police respond to the requirements of the press freedom and protect the right to know without violating any legal regulation?¡¨ The methodology of this study is literature review of official documents and in-depth interview. The data collected from the literature review were compiled and rewritten into sixteen situation analysis tools, which were then reorganized into ten simulation cases. The cases were used as issue analysis tools in the in-depth interviews with the selected journalists and investigation squad chiefs. In the interview, the squad chiefs were asked what considerations or reactions they would have in each simulation case. The journalists were also asked what strategies or perspectives they would adopt in reporting each case. Comparisons were made to find out the differences and similarities between the squad chiefs and journalists in considering the same case so as to achieve maximum agreement between both sides under the premise of not breach any of the existing legal requirements. The study reached the following four conclusions: (1) the police should be educated about which action would violate the principle of secret investigation and what legal or administrative liability would ensue; (2) the police should understand the needs of the media and provide journalists with information within reasonable scope for media coverage; (3) the police should use assistance of devices and skills of related technologies; (4) finally, the government should cooperate with the media to make laws that can effectively regulate related issues.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

The Republican period in Chinese history (1911-1949) is generally seen as a series of anti-imperialist and anti-foreign movements that coincide with the development of Chinese nationalism. The continual ties between Chinese nationalists and Japanese intellectuals are often overlooked. In the midst of the Sino-Japanese war, Uchiyama Kanzō, a Christian pacifist who was the owner of the bookstore, acted as a cultural liaison between May Fourth Chinese revolutionaries who were returned students from Japan, and Japanese left-wing activists working for the Communist cause, or visiting Japanese writers eager to meet their Chinese counterparts. I explore the relationship between Japanese and Chinese cultural literati in Shanghai, using Uchiyama Bookstore as the focal point. The ongoing Sino-Japanese tensions surrounding the "history problem" overemphasize the views of the right-wing nationalists and the Japanese state, dismissing the crucial role of left-wing groups. Uchiyama is a key link to understanding the ideological connection between Pan Asian anti-war activists in the pre-war period with peace activists in post-war Japan who were often accused of being "China's hand." Uchiyama, valued for his prewar connections with prominent Chinese intellectuals, becomes one of the founding members of Sino-Japan organizations upon his return to Japan after the war. I situate non-governmental Sino-Japanese organizations within the larger peace movement in Japan, which are transnational, in contrast with intergovernmental organizations that operate on the basis of nation-states. This work will contribute towards a growing recognition of histories that transcend nations, by focusing on both Chinese and Japanese cosmopolitan individuals who continued to form ties with each other, even as their respective nation-states were either at war, or did not have normalized diplomatic relations. I hope to also shed new light on histories of Republican China and post-war Japan, as well as explore issues related to empire and globalization in East Asia. / text

The present report applies Pierre Bourdieu’s social theory to the study of ancient Judaean apocalypticism in its historical, socioeconomic, and political contexts. Its central thesis is that each Judaean apocalyptic discourse is waged against the dominant ideology of its society and its perceived sustainers and beneficiaries. The particular focus in this report is Flavian ideology—the dominant ideology of the Roman Empire in the last three decades of the first century CE—and its subversion by the apocalyptic discourse of the late-first century CE text Fourth Ezra. After the Romans quashed a revolt in the province of Judaea and sacked the Jerusalem temple in 70 CE, the soon-to-be Roman emperor Vespasian, and his sons Titus and Domitian, initiated and maintained an empire-wide discourse proclaiming Iudaea capta (‘Judaea captured’). By means of coins, monuments, statues, literary propaganda, and the institution of a new Judaean tax, the Flavian emperors magnified their successful suppression of this provincial revolt in order to legitimate their dynasty. This discourse, which quickly became misrecognized in society and persisted long after the tenure of the Flavian dynasty, marked all Judaeans throughout the empire as foreign rebels and barbarians. The author of Fourth Ezra challenged Flavian ideology, and the Iudaea capta discourse in particular, by “revealing”—that is, persuading his audience to believe—that Rome’s victory over Judaea is part of the divine plan, the glory of Rome is fleeting, and the righteous ones who keep God’s Law will still have an opportunity for redemption. A focus of the present analysis is the figure of a lamenting woman employed by both discourses. Whereas the Flavian discourse used a dejected Judaean woman to represent Judaea after the Roman victory, Fourth Ezra’s apocalyptic discourse reveals a similar figure of a lamenting Judaean woman to be Mother Zion, and has her transform into the new, eschatological Jerusalem. When these two discourses are viewed together, regardless of direct influence or dependence, it is clear that the apocalyptic discourse subverts Flavian ideology. In the process, the author of Fourth Ezra recycles power by simultaneously delegitimating the Flavian emperors and legitimating his own social circle of sage-leaders. / text

In recent years, there has been an upsurge in interest in three-dimensional theories of gravity. In particular, two theories of massive gravity in three dimensions hold strong promise in the search for fully consistent theories of quantum gravity, an understanding of which will shed light on the problems of quantum gravity in four dimensions. One of these theories is the “old” third-order theory of topologically massive gravity (TMG) and the other one is a “new” fourth-order theory of massive gravity (NMG). Despite this increase in research activity, the problem of finding and classifying solutions of TMG and NMG remains a wide open area of research. In this thesis, we provide explicit new solutions of massive gravity in three dimensions and suggest future directions of research. These solutions belong to the Kundt class of spacetimes. A systematic analysis of the Kundt solutions with constant scalar polynomial curvature invariants provides a glimpse of the structure of the spaces of solutions of the two theories of massive gravity. We also find explicit solutions of topologically massive gravity whose scalar polynomial curvature invariants are not all constant, and these are the first such solutions. A number of properties of Kundt solutions of TMG and NMG, such as an identification of solutions which lie at the intersection of the full nonlinear and linearized theories, are also derived. / text

This dissertation is a study of four ancient stories about the creation and transmission of all or part of the Hebrew Bible: Moses and the stone tablets (Exodus 32-34), Josiah and the discovery of the law-book (2 Kings 22-23), the scroll of Jeremiah and Baruch (Jeremiah 36), and Ezra's legendary restoration of the entire Bible (4 Ezra 14). Each story is a variation on the common narrative pattern of textual loss and recovery, a fact that is noteworthy because this narrative theme stands in tension with one of the cardinal aspirations of scribal culture in antiquity, as it is known from colophons: the fixity, permanence, and inviolability of writing. When the scribal creators of biblical literature told stories about the texts they produced, they represented the text in its early history as vulnerable and threatened. The purpose of this dissertation is to account for that counter-intuitive choice. My central argument is that in each of the three biblical stories, the common narrative pattern of textual loss and recovery serves as the vehicle for a particular argument related to the textualization of divine revelation, and that the stories function in ways that a plotline of uninterrupted textual transmission would not. Stories of textual loss and recovery can be viewed as strategic transactions in which the ideal of the pristine text is sacrificed in order to express other arguments about divine written revelation. After discussing three texts from the Hebrew Bible, I discuss the legend of Ezra's miraculous restoration of the entire Bible after the exile, reconstructing the biblical-exegetical background of 4 Ezra 14 and tracing the meanings of the story in later Jewish, Christian, and Islamic literature. / Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations

Η παρούσα εργασία ασχολείται με τη διερεύνηση των τεχνικών παραμέτρων των δικτύων 4ης γενιάς, των αυτοοργανούμενων ad-hoc δικτύων, και με τα RF μοντέλα εσωτερικού χώρου μικρής αλλά και μεγάλης τοπολογίας. Σκοπός της είναι η κατανόηση βασικών εννοιών ασύρματων δικτύων 4ης γενιάς και η εξοικείωση του αναγνώστη με αυτά. Παράλληλα η παρουσίαση διαφόρων μοντέλων εσωτερικών χώρων τον εισάγει σε θέματα κατανόησης της λειτουργίας του ασύρματου καναλιού και των φαινομένων που το διέπουν. / This work has a subject concerning the technical parameters of a 4th generation network,a self organised ad-hoc network and about RF modelling for small and wide indoor network topologies. It's purpose is the understanding of basic meanings for 4th generation wireless networks and the familarization of the reader with these networks.Alongside the presentation of various indoor models introduces him on understanding the operation of wireless channel and the underlying phenomena.

Η παρούσα εργασία επιχειρεί να μελετήσει και να αναδείξει τα ιδιαίτερα γνωρίσματα του χαρακτήρα και της συμπεριφοράς τριών, από τους πλέον εμβληματικούς πολεμιστές της αρχαιότητας, όπως ο Γιάννης Ρίτσος, σύμφωνα με την κοσμοαντίληψή του τα έχει διαμορφώσει και να εντοπίσει τις όποιες ομοιότητες ή διαφορές, με τα αρχαία πρότυπά τους. Πρόκειται, συγκεκριμένα, για τον Αγαμέμνονα, βασιλιά του Άργους και αρχιστράτηγο της Τρωικής εκστρατείας, τον Φιλοκτήτη, κάτοχο του τόξου του Ηρακλή και περίφημο τοξότη και τον Αίαντα, τον δεύτερο μετά τον Αχιλλέα σε δύναμη πολεμιστή των Αχαιών, που πρωταγωνιστούν σε τρεις από τους αρχαιόθεμους μονολόγους της Τέταρτης Διάστασης του Γιάννη Ρίτσου. Οι αρχαίες ελληνικές τραγωδίες που αποτελούν τα πρότυπα για την διερεύνηση των ανωτέρω στοιχείων είναι: ο Αγαμέμνων του Αισχύλου από την τριλογία του Ορέστεια, και ο Φιλοκτήτης και ο Αίας του Σοφοκλή. Το βασικό συμπέρασμα που προκύπτει είναι ότι, ο Ρίτσος έχοντας ως βάση αφ΄ενός όσα η μυθική παράδοση αναφέρει γι΄ αυτούς και αφ’ ετέρου όσα η δραματική ποίηση διαμορφώνει, παρουσιάζει τους συγκεκριμένους πολεμιστές χτίζοντας το χαρακτήρα τους κάτω από ένα διαφορετικό και ουσιαστικά ανατρεπτικό πρίσμα. Οι ήρωες- πολεμιστές των συγκεκριμένων μονολόγων είναι ταυτόχρονα, και τα πρόσωπα των γνωστών μας από την μυθολογία καταστάσεων, αλλά και σύγχρονοί μας, καθημερινοί άνθρωποι. Σε σημαντικό, μάλιστα, βαθμό, μόνο τα σχόλια του ίδιου του συγγραφέα αποτελούν για μας τα ορόσημα που τοποθετούν χρονικά τη δράση τους μέσα στο ποίημα. Όμως ακόμα και αν ο μύθος αναποδογυρίζεται εντελώς, οι όποιες αλλαγές προκύπτουν, γίνονται πάντα στο εσωτερικό του δοσμένου καμβά. Ουσιαστικά δηλαδή παρουσιάζονται σαν διαφορετικές ερμηνείες των ίδιων προσώπων με εκείνα της δραματικής ποίησης. Εντέλει, ο μύθος εξακολουθεί να υπάρχει και εκείνο που αλλάζει δεν είναι παρά η οπτική γωνία από την οποία ο Ρίτσος φωτίζει τη συμπεριφορά των πολεμιστών ηρώων του. Μια οπτική γωνία τέτοια, που εκφράζει τις φιλοσοφικές και ιδεολογικές του αντιλήψεις, τα προσωπικά του βιώματα, τις απόψεις του γενικά γύρω από τα σοβαρά προβλήματα της σύγχρονης ιστορικής πραγματικότητας. / The present paper attempts to study and to highlight the particular character traits and behaviors of three warriors of antiquity who are considered to be the most emblematical according to Yannis Ritsos’ theory and to find out any resemblances and differences in relation to their ancient patterns. It is about Agamemnon, the king of Argos and general of the Trojan Crusade, Philoctetes a Hercules’ arc holder and eminent archer and Ajax, the second in force warrior of Achaean people, afterwards Achilles that play a key role in three of Yannis’ Ritsos Fourth Dimension mythological monologues. The ancient Greek tragedies that constitute the patterns for the research of the above components are: Aeschylus’ Agamemnon from the Oresteia, Sophocles’ Philoctetes and Ajax. The basic conclusion is that Ritsos depending on both what the mythical tradition reports about those heroes and what the dramatic poetry models, portrays the certain warriors building their characters in an different and substantially subversive prism. The heroes – warriors of the certain monologues are the heroes of our already known mythology as well as modern, every day people. In such extend that only the writers’ comments can constitute us the landmarks that chronologically place the heroes’ actions into the poem. However, even in the myth is totally reversed, whatever changes that might occur, are always done in the interior of the given canvas. That is to say they are presented as different interpretations of the same persons in connection to those of the dramatic poetry. In the end, the myth continues existing and what changes is the angle truth which Ritsos illumine the behavior of his warrior-heroes. Such an angle that expresses his philosophical and ideological perceptions,his personal experience and his opinions in general about the serious problems of the modern historical reality.

Les statistiques des fluctuations de courant dans un ??chantillon m??soscopique sous irradiation n'ont jamais ??t?? explor??es au-del?? de la variance et du troisi??me moment. Nous rapportons la premi??re mesure du quatri??me cumulant de bruit dans une jonction tunnel dans le r??gime classique (c'est-??-dire k [indice inf??rieur B]T >> h f) en pr??sence d'un courant continu et d'une excitation micro-onde en utilisant deux m??thodes. Tout d'abord, nous avons ??tudi?? la corr??lation entre les fluctuations de puissance ?? deux fr??quences, f [indice inf??rieur 1] = 4,5 GHz et f [indice inf??rieur 2] = 7,15 GHz. Cette corr??lation existe seulement pour certaines fr??quences d'excitation. Nous avons ??galement effectu?? une mesure directe des statistiques en num??risant le bruit ?? grande vitesse apr??s conversion vers les basses fr??quences. Les r??sultats obtenus ?? partir de ces exp??riences sont en tr??s bon accord avec les pr??dictions th??oriques de la dynamique de bruit. En terme de photons, le quatri??me cumulant correspond ?? une corr??lation entre les photons de diff??rentes fr??quences. -- The statistics of current fluctuations in a mesoscopic sample under irradiation has never been explored beyond the variance and third moment. We report the first measurement of the fourth cumulant of noise in a tunnel junction in the classical regime (i.e. k[subscript B] T >> hf) in the presence of a d.c and microwave excitation, using two methods. First, we have investigated the correlation between the power fluctuations at two frequencies, f[subscript 1] = 4.5 GHz and f[subscript 2] = 7.15 GHz. This correlation exists only for certain excitation frequencies. We have also performed a direct measurement of the statistics by digitizing the noise at high speed after down conversion. The results obtained from these experiments are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions of noise dynamics. In terms of photons, the fourth cumulant corresponds to a correlation between photons of different frequencies.