<p>The aim of this study was to examine how food deprivation effects food-related and other behavioural systems of red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and the domesticated White Leghorn layers. If an animal is denied to perform their natural behaviours, like eating, sleeping or preening, the motivation for the behaviour can increase. Behavioural systems may interact and motivation to perform behaviours may be influenced. After being deprived of a certain need the reaction can become exaggerated or abnormal. Food deprivation is often used in ethology research to motivate animals. The hypothesis in this study was that the chickens would become affected by the food deprivation and reallocate their behaviours. They would get more stressed and frustrated. Domestication effects and sex differences were explored. The birds were tested in four standardized behavioural tests; food consumption test, general behavioural test, open field test and novel object test. The results showed that they foraged and explored more, had less comfort behaviours, and less perching the longer they had been without food. They did not show a higher degree of frustration, stress or aggressive behaviours. There were domestication effects, where the Leghorns seem to have lost some of their ability to respond adaptively to food shortage. Differences between the sexes were found, where the females foraged more and the males were more stressed. The conclusion was that the birds do not get more stressed when food deprived, but they forage and explore more which is a desirable effect of food deprivation used in ethology research.</p>

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 escobar_a_dr_jabo.pdf: 612819 bytes, checksum: 65d9566de830f99434d948b600cd78f8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se, com este estudo, determinar se o butorfanol modifica a concentração anestésica mínima do sevofluorano (CAnMSEV) em função do tempo e avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e eletrolíticos causados por essa associação em galinhas d'angola. Dez galinhas d'angola foram anestesiadas com sevofluorano e mantidas sob ventilação mecânica para determinação da CAnMSEV individual pelo modelo bracketing. A porcentagem de redução da CAnMSEV após a administração intravenosa de 2 ou 4,0 mg/kg de butorfanol em função do tempo foi estimada por regressão logística pelo método up-and-down. Em etapa subsequente, foram avaliados os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios do sevofluorano (1,0 CAnM) e de uma dose equipotente do sevofluorano (0,8 CAnM) associado ao butorfanol (4,0 mg/kg). A CAnMSEV média foi de 2,86 ± 0,09V%. Após 15 minutos da administração de 2,0 mg/kg de butorfanol, a redução da CAnMSEV foi de 8,52 ± 3,11V%. Após 15 e 30 minutos da administração de 4,0 mg/kg de butorfanol, a redução da CAnMSEV foi de 20,78 ± 4,37V% e 11,07 ± 8,2V%, respectivamente. A administração intravenosa de 4,0 mg/kg de butorfanol induziu taquicardia supraventricular e fibrilação ventricular em 62,5% e 25% dos animais, respectivamente. Foi observada diminuição da frequência cardíaca, hipotensão e depressão respiratória severa 1 minuto após a administração de 4,0 mg/kg de butorfanol. O butorfanol diminui de forma dosedependente a CAnMSEV por um curto período, contudo, a dose que proporcionou a maior redução da CAnMSEV não foi considerada segura nas condições deste estudo / The aim of this study was to determine the sevoflurane minimum anesthetic concentration (MACSEV), to measure the dose and temporal sevoflurane MAC sparing effect of butorphanol, and to evaluate the cardiorrespiratory changes of this combination in guinea fowl. Ten guinea fowls were anesthetized with sevoflurane under mechanical ventilation for individual MACSEV determination using the bracketing design. The percent of MACSEV reduction after intravenous administration of 2 or 4,0 mg/kg of butorphanol was estimated by logistic regression using the up-and-down method. Afterward, the cardiorespiratory changes of sevoflurane (1.0 MAC) and of an equipotent dose of sevoflurane (0.8 MAC) combined with butorphanol (4.0 mg/kg) were studied. The mean MACSEV was 2.86 ± 0.09%. After 15 minutes of the 2-mg/kg butorphanol injections, the sevoflurane MAC reduction was 8.52 ± 3.11%. After 15 and 30 minutes of the 4-mg/kg butorphanol injections, the sevoflurane MAC reduction was 20.78 ± 4.37% and 11.07 ± 8.2%, respectively. Intravenous administration of 4.0 mg/kg of butorphanol caused supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in 62.5% and 25% of the animals, respectively. Decrease in heart rate, severe hypotension, and respiratory depression were observed after one minute of butorphanol administration. Butorphanol dose-dependently decreased MACSEV for a short period; however, the dose that caused MAC sparing effect was not considered safe in this experimental conditions

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:05:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 freitasneto_oc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1961940 bytes, checksum: 7291da4800867b31fbd9a7d43c4a44cd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / S. Gallinarum (SG) provoca o tifo aviário, doença sistêmica com alta mortalidade em aves. Esse biovar é imóvel devido à falta de flagelos. Foi sugerido que a ausência de flagelo resultaria na indução de resposta pró-inflamatória de menor intensidade na mucosa intestinal, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da infecção sistêmica. Para investigar essa hipótese, um mutante de SG capaz de produzir flagelos (SG Fla+) foi construído. Analisou-se a capacidade deste mutante de invadir células epiteliais renais (CRGs), sobreviver em macrófagos da linhagem HD 11 e induzir a expressão de genes responsáveis por mediadores da resposta imune nestas células, em conjunto com outras estirpes de Salmonella spp. Aliado a isso, comparou-se a patogenicidade de SG Fla+ e SG para aves de uma linhagem para postura comercial, avaliando-se a mortalidade e as alterações macroscópicas. Os resultados demonstraram que o flagelo aumentou a capacidade de invasão das estirpes para CRGs, mas não alterou a sobrevivência de SG Fla+ no interior dos macrófagos HD 11. SG Fla+ induziu a maior aumento da expressão de CXCLi2, IL-6 e de iNOS em CRGs que as estirpes sem flagelos (p<0,05). A expressão de genes responsáveis por mediadores da resposta imune em macrófagos HD11 não esteve ligada a presença de flagelo. SG Fla+ provocou menores taxas de mortalidade que SG (p<0,05). Após 28 dias do desafio, SG Fla+ foi isolada no conteúdo de alguns cecos com alterações sugestivas de inflamação / S. Gallinarum (SG) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a systemic disease responsible for high mortality rates in birds. This biovar is non-motile due to the lack of flagella. It has been proposed that the absence of flagellum would provoke less pro-inflammatory immune response in the gut, favoring the development of systemic infection. In order to investigate this, a SG mutant strain capable of producing flagella (SG Fla+) was constructed. The capability of this mutant and other Salmonella spp. strains in invading chicken kidney cells (CKCs), surviving in HD 11 macrophages and inducing inflammatory responses in these cells were assessed. In adittion, the pathogenicity of SG Fla+ and SG was comparatively assessed in commercial laying hens. Mortality rates and gross lesions were evaluated. The results shown that flagellum increased the invasiveness of strains to CKCs while its presence did not change the survival of SG Fla+ in HD11 macrophages. SG Fla+ induced higher levels of CXCLi2, IL- 6 and iNOS gene expression than non-flagellated strains did (p<0.05). The expression of genes responsible for mediators of immune responses in infected HD11 macrophages were not related to the presence of flagella. SG Fla+ caused lower mortality rates than SG (p<0.05). SG Fla+ was recovered from the contents of caeca which presented inflammation-like macroscopic alterations not observed in birds infected with SG

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Angelo Berchieri Júnior / Coorientador: Paul Barrow / Banca: Guilherme Correa de Oliveira / Banca: Fabiana Horn / Banca: Raphael Lucio Andreatti Filho / Banca: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Resumo: S. Gallinarum (SG) provoca o tifo aviário, doença sistêmica com alta mortalidade em aves. Esse biovar é imóvel devido à falta de flagelos. Foi sugerido que a ausência de flagelo resultaria na indução de resposta pró-inflamatória de menor intensidade na mucosa intestinal, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da infecção sistêmica. Para investigar essa hipótese, um mutante de SG capaz de produzir flagelos (SG Fla+) foi construído. Analisou-se a capacidade deste mutante de invadir células epiteliais renais (CRGs), sobreviver em macrófagos da linhagem HD 11 e induzir a expressão de genes responsáveis por mediadores da resposta imune nestas células, em conjunto com outras estirpes de Salmonella spp. Aliado a isso, comparou-se a patogenicidade de SG Fla+ e SG para aves de uma linhagem para postura comercial, avaliando-se a mortalidade e as alterações macroscópicas. Os resultados demonstraram que o flagelo aumentou a capacidade de invasão das estirpes para CRGs, mas não alterou a sobrevivência de SG Fla+ no interior dos macrófagos HD 11. SG Fla+ induziu a maior aumento da expressão de CXCLi2, IL-6 e de iNOS em CRGs que as estirpes sem flagelos (p<0,05). A expressão de genes responsáveis por mediadores da resposta imune em macrófagos HD11 não esteve ligada a presença de flagelo. SG Fla+ provocou menores taxas de mortalidade que SG (p<0,05). Após 28 dias do desafio, SG Fla+ foi isolada no conteúdo de alguns cecos com alterações sugestivas de inflamação / Abstract: S. Gallinarum (SG) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a systemic disease responsible for high mortality rates in birds. This biovar is non-motile due to the lack of flagella. It has been proposed that the absence of flagellum would provoke less pro-inflammatory immune response in the gut, favoring the development of systemic infection. In order to investigate this, a SG mutant strain capable of producing flagella (SG Fla+) was constructed. The capability of this mutant and other Salmonella spp. strains in invading chicken kidney cells (CKCs), surviving in HD 11 macrophages and inducing inflammatory responses in these cells were assessed. In adittion, the pathogenicity of SG Fla+ and SG was comparatively assessed in commercial laying hens. Mortality rates and gross lesions were evaluated. The results shown that flagellum increased the invasiveness of strains to CKCs while its presence did not change the survival of SG Fla+ in HD11 macrophages. SG Fla+ induced higher levels of CXCLi2, IL- 6 and iNOS gene expression than non-flagellated strains did (p<0.05). The expression of genes responsible for mediators of immune responses in infected HD11 macrophages were not related to the presence of flagella. SG Fla+ caused lower mortality rates than SG (p<0.05). SG Fla+ was recovered from the contents of caeca which presented inflammation-like macroscopic alterations not observed in birds infected with SG / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A amônia presente em galpões fechados de criação de frangos afeta a saúde tanto dos animais como dos tratadores, além de ser um grave problema ambiental. O processo aqui recomendado faz uso de um material com grande capacidade de retenção tanto da amônia gasosa como na forma de seu hidróxido, NH4OH. Este absorvedor, um trocador catiônico sólido, preparado para a retenção seletiva da amônia, é inodoro, insípido e atóxico. Uma vez saturado com amônia, passa por um tratamento químico para a remoção deste composto, podendo ser reutilizado muitas vezes sem perda de sua capacidade retentora, tornando o processo mais econômico. A remoção deste material pode-se dar na forma de um sal de amônio que poderá ser utilizado como fertilizante. Ressalta-se ainda que a amônia recuperada nestes galpões avícolas, quando submetida a uma decomposição térmica catalítica, gera hidrogênio para uso em células a combustível, podendo fornecer energia elétrica no próprio local do trabalho. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

No description available.

This research was initiated by an outbreak of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) associated inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in South Africa (SA) during 2008. The fowl adenoviruses involved in this outbreak could be identified by restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and sequencing of the PCR amplification products from the FAdV L1 hexon loop. The relationship of these strains to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) reference strains for FAdV could be established by phylogenetic analysis. The SA FAdV isolates showed close relationship (99 %) to the ICTV reference strain T8-A and 764 for FAdV-8b and the reference strain P7-A for FAdV-2. Although a complete epidemiological study was not performed data obtained from the phylogenetic analysis data also suggested that the fowl adenoviruses involved in this outbreak of IBH might have been introduced into the country. A dose of 106.00 EID50 /mℓ virulent FAdV-2 and 105.97 EID50 /mℓ virulent FAdV-8b was sufficient to cause 80-87 % mortality rates for embryos challenged with FAdV-2 and 65-80 % mortality in SPF embryos challenged with FAdV-8b. v Fowl adenovirus type-specific antibodies are masked by group-specific antibodies in ELISA. The L1 hexon loop of the fowl adenoviral capsid contains type-specific epitopes located between group-specific regions which could be used for development of a type-specific ELISA. A novel approach to include additional type-specific FAdV epitopes to select for type-specific antibody binding was followed during the development of the ELISA described in this study. A dimeric protein which targets the type-specific region within the L1 loop region of the FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b hexon was designed to include additional type-specific epitopes. Amino acid alignment of this region showed less than 46 % homology which presented an opportunity to investigate its use as coating antigen to detect type-specific antibodies in an indirect ELISA. The purified expression products of dimeric codon optimised genes encoding the variable regions within the FAdV L1 hexon loop for FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b were used as coating antigen in ELISA. The assay conditions were optimised with the Taguchi method for optimisation of experiments with multiple variables. The diagnostic performances of the ELISA were evaluated using 100 serum samples from vaccinated birds and birds with no previous history of exposure. The assay was able to detect type-specific antibodies with an overall assay accuracy of 85.1 % for FAdV-2 and 92.3 % for FAdV-8b. An embryo challenge model to measure the ability of maternal antibodies to protect against challenge with virulent FAdV was developed in this study. This challenge model was supported by macroscopical, histopathological and PCR data and was sensitive enough to be used for vaccine efficacy studies. A comparative study to evaluate the performance of formalin inactivated autogenous vaccine which contained whole virus to a fiber subunit vaccine which contained insoluble and refolded fiber proteins of both FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b. Synthetic genes encoding the complete fiber proteins of both FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b were cloned and expressed in E. coli. Both the fiber proteins were insoluble but were used as crude extracts in an experimental vaccine for vaccination of SPF birds. Purified refolded fiber protein fractions were also prepared from these insoluble fractions and were used for vaccination of another group of SPF parent birds. The autogenous bivalent formalin inactivated FAdV vaccine completely protected embryos from vaccinated parent birds against in ovo challenge with both FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b. Whilst the insoluble FAdV-8b fiber protein subunit vaccine protected against challenge, the FAdV-2 fiber protein did not. Vaccine prepared from purified refolded fiber proteins of FAdV-2 and FAdV-8b did not protect embryos from vaccinated parents upon in ovo challenge. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / Unrestricted

A amônia presente em galpões fechados de criação de frangos afeta a saúde tanto dos animais como dos tratadores, além de ser um grave problema ambiental. O processo aqui recomendado faz uso de um material com grande capacidade de retenção tanto da amônia gasosa como na forma de seu hidróxido, NH4OH. Este absorvedor, um trocador catiônico sólido, preparado para a retenção seletiva da amônia, é inodoro, insípido e atóxico. Uma vez saturado com amônia, passa por um tratamento químico para a remoção deste composto, podendo ser reutilizado muitas vezes sem perda de sua capacidade retentora, tornando o processo mais econômico. A remoção deste material pode-se dar na forma de um sal de amônio que poderá ser utilizado como fertilizante. Ressalta-se ainda que a amônia recuperada nestes galpões avícolas, quando submetida a uma decomposição térmica catalítica, gera hidrogênio para uso em células a combustível, podendo fornecer energia elétrica no próprio local do trabalho. / The process here stressed uses a cátion exchange material. The aim of the present work has been to prepare a suitable cation exchanger material with excepecinally high selectivity for ammonia, as the cation NH4+ or as aqueous ammonia solution containing NH4OH hyroxide as well. Aliquots of the abovementioned exchangers were set up inside an chiken farm production near São Paulo city. Periodically the exchanger was removed to the laboratory and eluted with a convenient acid to regenerate the exchanger for the new cicle. The ammonia retention was quite high and presents no dificulty for its elution. The selected exchanger is a solid material, non toxic, without smell and have good physical properties. The first results encouraged us and our plants to do large experiments that in progress. This process is a contribution to remediation of the avicola local, removing the ammonia gas and suppressing grettly its smell and bad effect to the animals and even to workers