Background: Patients with left ventricular ejection fractions between 40% and 49% either discovered de novo, having declined from ≥50%, or improved from <40% have been described as heart failure (HF) with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF). Though clinical signs and symptoms are similar to other phenotypes, possible prognostic differences and therapeutic responses reinforce the need for further understanding of patients’ characteristics especially in a rural community based population. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical characteristics, comorbidities and prognosis of a rural patient population with HFmrEF. Materials and Methods: We queried the electronic medical record from a community based university practice for all patients with a HF diagnosis. We included only those patients with >3 months follow-up and interpretable Doppler echocardiograms. We recorded demographic, Doppler-echo, and outcome variables (up to 2,083 days). Results: There were 633 HF patients: 42.4% with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, EF ≥50%), 36.4% with HFmrEF, and 21.0% with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, EF <40%). HFmrEF patients were older, had greater coronary disease prevalence, lower systolic blood pressure, elevated brain natriuretic peptide, lower hemoglobin, and higher creatinine than HFpEF. All-cause mortality was intermediate between HFrEF and HFpEF but was not significantly different. Landmark analysis revealed a trend toward greater second readmission in HFmrEF as compared to HFpEF (hazard ratio: 1.43 [0.96-2.14],P = 0.0767). Conclusions: Rural patients with HFmrEF without an ambulatory HF clinic represent a higher percentage of HF patients than previously reported with greater coronary disease prevalence with comparable readmission rates and nonsignificantly different all-cause mortality.

This study examined the use of the set, area, and linear models of fraction representation to enhance elementary students' conceptual understanding of fractions. Students' preferences regarding the set, area, and linear models of fractions during independent work was also investigated. This study took place in a 5th grade class consisting of 21 students in a suburban public elementary school. Students participated in classroom activities which required them to use manipulatives to represent fractions using the set, area, and linear models. Students also had experiences using the models to investigate equivalent fractions, compare fractions, and perform operations. Students maintained journals throughout the study, completed a pre and post assessment, participated in class discussions, and participated in individual interviews concerning their fraction model preference. Analysis of the data revealed an increase in conceptual understanding. The data concerning student preferences were inconsistent, as students' choices during independent work did not always reflect the preferences indicated in the interviews.

No description available.

There are limited methods of assessing pulmonary function in horses at rest. In this study, we developed clinical techniques to measure gas exchange efficiency in horses. These techniques were then used to evaluate horses with varying degrees of lower respiratory disease. Three groups of horses (Group 1: asymptomatic, n=6; Group 2: symptomatic only with rebreathing, n=11; Group 3: symptomatic at rest, n=9) were selected based on physical exam, transtracheal aspirate, and thoracic radiographs. Blood samples were obtained from the transverse facial artery and jugular vein. Maximal end-tidal CO₂ tension (E_TCO₂) was measured by an infrared capnograph through a facemask. Alveolar O, tension, alveolar dead space fraction (V_DB/V_T), and physiologic shunt fraction (Q_S/Q_T) were calculated using standard formulas. Horses with both mild and severe signs of lower respiratory disease had significant (p<0.05) differences in gas exchange indices at rest compared to asymptomatic horses. Albuterol was administered to seven of the Group 2 horses from a metered-dose inhaler through an equine facemask at a dose of 90 μg per 100 kg. Blood samples and tidal gas samples were obtained 15 minutes post-treatment, and Q_S/Q_T and (V_DB/V_T) were calculated. Albuterol caused significant (p<0.05) hypoxemia 15 minutes following inhaled administration. This was accompanied by a significant increase in Q_S/Q_T, suggesting that the hypoxemia was due to increases in which the ratios of ventilation to perfusion were decreased. / Master of Science

Numa área experimental de 25,2 ha formada com o capim-braquiarão (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf.) cv. Marandu e localizada no Campus da USP em Pirassununga/SP, durante o período de janeiro a julho de 2004, conduziu-se a presente pesquisa pela Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP) com os seguintes objetivos: 1) Determinar as frações de carboidratos (A - açúcares solúveis com rápida degradação ruminal; B1- amido e pectina; B2 - parede celular com taxa de degradação mais lenta; C - fração não digerida) e as frações protéicas (A - NNP; B1 - peptídeos e oligopeptídeos; B2 - proteína verdadeira; B3 - NFDN; C - NIDA) na forragem da gramínea, baseados nas equações utilizadas pelo método de Cornell; 2) Relacionar outras variáveis com as medições em campo de experimentos paralelos e dados de elementos de clima com as frações protéicas e de carboidratos com o auxílio de um modelo computacional baseado em redes neurais artificiais (RNA). O delineamento foi em blocos completos e casualizados, com quatro tratamentos (ofertas de forragem de 5, 10, 15 e 20% - kg de massa seca por 100 kg de peso animal.dia) e quatro repetições. Cada bloco era dividido em quatro unidades experimentais de 1,575 ha, com cinco piquetes de 0,315 ha cada. Os animais eram manejados em cada unidade experimental em lotação rotacionada, com períodos de descanso de 28 dias no verão e 56 dias no inverno e período de ocupação de 7 dias, respectivamente. As amostras eram colhidas 2 dias antes da entrada dos animais à altura do resíduo do pastejo anterior. Foram determinados produção de massa seca (MS), alturas de pré e pós pastejo, fibras em detergente ácido (FDA) e neutro (FDN), sacarose, amido, lignina, extrato etéro (EE), carboidrato totais (CHO), carboidratos não estruturais (CNE), frações A, B1, B2 e C de carboidratos, proteína bruta (PB), frações A, B1, B2, B3 e C de proteínas e análise de uma rede neural artificial para uma predição dos teores de FDA, fibra em detergente neutro, PB e as frações protéicas. A produção de massa seca (MS) foi significativa, quando se estudou os efeitos da oferta de forragem (p<0,05), ciclo de pastejo (p<0,05) e da interação oferta de forragem x ciclo de pastejo (p<0,05). A maior produção foi no mês de março, quando se alcançou a média de 16140 kg MS/há para o oferta de 20%. Os teores de FDA foram significativos, quando se estudou a oferta de forragem (p<0,05) e seus maiores. Os teores médios da fibra em detergente neutro foram de 66,3 e 64,7% no verão e inverno respectivamente. Houve diferenças significativas para PB, quando se estudou a oferta de forragem (p<0,05), sendo seus teores médios de maior valor na OF a 5%. Observa aumento dos CNE em função de lâminas e colmos ao longo das estações do ano com interação no CP x OF (p<0,05) e seus maiores valores foram encontrados no ciclo de pastejo 3 na oferta de forragem 5%. Os teores de CHO totais apresentaram diferenças (p<0,10) em função da oferta de forragem, sendo os maiores teores médios encontrados na oferta de forragem de 20%. As frações A e B2 de CHO foram significativas em função da oferta de forragem (p<0,05), enquanto que os maiores teores médios da fração A foram encontrados nos ciclos de pastejo 3 e 4 e das frações B2 (%CHO) no ciclo de pastejo 1. As frações B2 e C de CHO apresentaram-se diferentes (p<0,05) nos ciclos de pastejo, sendo decrescentes para a fração B1 e crescentes para a fração C. As frações A (47%), B1 (11%) e B3 (10%) de proteínas foram significativas nos ciclos de pastejos. Os teores médios da fração B2 de proteínas apresentaram-se semelhantes (p>0,05) e os da fração C de proteínas foram diferentes (p<0,05) nas ofertas de forragem e ciclos de pastejo. Conclui-se que os ciclos de pastejos interferiram em todas as variáveis estudadas e que os teores das frações de proteínas e carboidratos estão dentro da variação (%) encontrada na literatura. A rede neural artificial conseguiu vincular as interações existentes de dados de campo e estimar os valores laboratoriais dentro de erros esperados, permitindo com isso desvincular análises laboratoriais, de qualidade de planta forrageira, à pesquisa agropecuária e com isso obter além de resultados mais rápidos, menor custo de pesquisa. / In a experimental área of 25.2 há formed with capim-braquiarão (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf ) cv. Marandu located in University of São Paulo Campus of Pirassununga/SP, during the period of january to july of 2004 was lead the present recherché for Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP) to appetent the following objectives: 1) Determine protein fractions (the NNP; B1 - peptides and oligopepitides; B2 - true protein; B3 - NDF, C - AND) and carbohydrates fractions (soluble sugars with fast rumem degradation); B1(starch and pectin); B2 (cell wall alower degradation rate; C (indigested fraction rate) in the fodder plant of the grass, as it\'s respetive dregadability rate, based on equations using Cornell model. 2) To relate other variables measurements in field to parallel experiments and climate elements to the protein and carbohydrate fractions was used a computacional model based in nets of artificial neural. The randomized complete block design with four treatments (herbage allowance of 5, 10, 15 and 20% - kg of dry mass for 100 kg of animal.dia weight) and four repetitions. Each block was divided in four experimental units of 1,575 ha, with five 0,315 poles of ha each. The animals were management in each experimental unit in rotational grazing capacity, with periods of rest of 28 days in the summer and 56 days in the winter and period of occupation of 7 days, respectively. The samples were harvested 2 days before the entrance of the animals to the height of the residue of pasture previous. Were conducted analysis of production of dry mass (DM), heights daily pay and after grazing, staple fibers in acid detergent (ADF) and neutral (NDF), sacarose, starch, lignina, extract etereo (EE), carbohydrate (CHO), not structural carbohydrate (NSC), fractions A, B1, B2 and C of carbohydrate, crude protein (CP), fractions protein A, B1, B2, B3 and C and analysis of artificial neural network for a prediction of levels of ADF, NDF, CP and protéicas fractions. The dry matter (DM) production was significant for herbage allowance (p<0,05), grazing periods (p<0,05) and interaction between allowances x grazing periods (p<0,05). The righ production was in February 13,352 kg MS/ha. The ADF was significant for allowance and grazing periods (p<0,05), with 34.8%, on summer and 35.9% on winter. The average measured of NDF on summer and winter was 66.3 and 64.7%, respectively. It showed significant differences of PC when studied the allowance (p<0,05) and its average measured on summer and winter was 8,3 and 8,1%, respectively. It observes increase of the CNE in function of blades and stem to the long one of the stations of the year with interaction in grazing periods x herbage allowance and its bigger values had been found in the grazing periods 3 with herbage allowance 5%. The total texts of CHO had presented differences (p<0,10) in function of herbage allowance, being biggest found average texts in herbage allowance of 20%. The fractions and the B2 of CHO had been significant, when studied in function of the herbage allowance (p<0,05) for the fraction A and for fraction B2 (p<0,05); the biggest average texts in % of CHO of the fraction had been found It in the cycles of grazing 3 and 4 and the B2 fractions (%CHO) in the grazing periods 1. Fractions B2 (p<0,05) and C (p<0,05) of CHO had presented significant differences, when studied the factor grazing periods, where the B1 fraction the texts had been diminishing the measure that increased the grazing periods and fraction C the texts had increased the measure that had increased the grazing periods. The A, B1 and B3 protein fraction was significant when was studied the grazing periods and the results were 0,47; 0,11; 0,10 respectively. The B2 fraction was not significant. C fraction was significant when studied the allowance (p<0,05) and grazing periods (p<0,05). It was concluded that the grazing periods had intervened with all the studied 0 variable and that the texts of the protein fractions and carbohydrates are inside of the variation (%) found in literature. The results from lab was used to train and test neural network. With a program developed by neural network in a mult layer perceptron with capacity to predict the parameters of nutrition and nourishing value from parameters of forage plant intrinsic and extrinsic, where it was allowed to disentail lab analysis of forage plant quality on the farm research, to get beyond faster and have less research costs.

Numa área experimental de 25,2 ha formada com o capim-braquiarão (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf.) cv. Marandu e localizada no Campus da USP em Pirassununga/SP, durante o período de janeiro a julho de 2004, conduziu-se a presente pesquisa pela Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP) com os seguintes objetivos: 1) Determinar as frações de carboidratos (A - açúcares solúveis com rápida degradação ruminal; B1- amido e pectina; B2 - parede celular com taxa de degradação mais lenta; C - fração não digerida) e as frações protéicas (A - NNP; B1 - peptídeos e oligopeptídeos; B2 - proteína verdadeira; B3 - NFDN; C - NIDA) na forragem da gramínea, baseados nas equações utilizadas pelo método de Cornell; 2) Relacionar outras variáveis com as medições em campo de experimentos paralelos e dados de elementos de clima com as frações protéicas e de carboidratos com o auxílio de um modelo computacional baseado em redes neurais artificiais (RNA). O delineamento foi em blocos completos e casualizados, com quatro tratamentos (ofertas de forragem de 5, 10, 15 e 20% - kg de massa seca por 100 kg de peso animal.dia) e quatro repetições. Cada bloco era dividido em quatro unidades experimentais de 1,575 ha, com cinco piquetes de 0,315 ha cada. Os animais eram manejados em cada unidade experimental em lotação rotacionada, com períodos de descanso de 28 dias no verão e 56 dias no inverno e período de ocupação de 7 dias, respectivamente. As amostras eram colhidas 2 dias antes da entrada dos animais à altura do resíduo do pastejo anterior. Foram determinados produção de massa seca (MS), alturas de pré e pós pastejo, fibras em detergente ácido (FDA) e neutro (FDN), sacarose, amido, lignina, extrato etéro (EE), carboidrato totais (CHO), carboidratos não estruturais (CNE), frações A, B1, B2 e C de carboidratos, proteína bruta (PB), frações A, B1, B2, B3 e C de proteínas e análise de uma rede neural artificial para uma predição dos teores de FDA, fibra em detergente neutro, PB e as frações protéicas. A produção de massa seca (MS) foi significativa, quando se estudou os efeitos da oferta de forragem (p<0,05), ciclo de pastejo (p<0,05) e da interação oferta de forragem x ciclo de pastejo (p<0,05). A maior produção foi no mês de março, quando se alcançou a média de 16140 kg MS/há para o oferta de 20%. Os teores de FDA foram significativos, quando se estudou a oferta de forragem (p<0,05) e seus maiores. Os teores médios da fibra em detergente neutro foram de 66,3 e 64,7% no verão e inverno respectivamente. Houve diferenças significativas para PB, quando se estudou a oferta de forragem (p<0,05), sendo seus teores médios de maior valor na OF a 5%. Observa aumento dos CNE em função de lâminas e colmos ao longo das estações do ano com interação no CP x OF (p<0,05) e seus maiores valores foram encontrados no ciclo de pastejo 3 na oferta de forragem 5%. Os teores de CHO totais apresentaram diferenças (p<0,10) em função da oferta de forragem, sendo os maiores teores médios encontrados na oferta de forragem de 20%. As frações A e B2 de CHO foram significativas em função da oferta de forragem (p<0,05), enquanto que os maiores teores médios da fração A foram encontrados nos ciclos de pastejo 3 e 4 e das frações B2 (%CHO) no ciclo de pastejo 1. As frações B2 e C de CHO apresentaram-se diferentes (p<0,05) nos ciclos de pastejo, sendo decrescentes para a fração B1 e crescentes para a fração C. As frações A (47%), B1 (11%) e B3 (10%) de proteínas foram significativas nos ciclos de pastejos. Os teores médios da fração B2 de proteínas apresentaram-se semelhantes (p>0,05) e os da fração C de proteínas foram diferentes (p<0,05) nas ofertas de forragem e ciclos de pastejo. Conclui-se que os ciclos de pastejos interferiram em todas as variáveis estudadas e que os teores das frações de proteínas e carboidratos estão dentro da variação (%) encontrada na literatura. A rede neural artificial conseguiu vincular as interações existentes de dados de campo e estimar os valores laboratoriais dentro de erros esperados, permitindo com isso desvincular análises laboratoriais, de qualidade de planta forrageira, à pesquisa agropecuária e com isso obter além de resultados mais rápidos, menor custo de pesquisa. / In a experimental área of 25.2 há formed with capim-braquiarão (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf ) cv. Marandu located in University of São Paulo Campus of Pirassununga/SP, during the period of january to july of 2004 was lead the present recherché for Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP) to appetent the following objectives: 1) Determine protein fractions (the NNP; B1 - peptides and oligopepitides; B2 - true protein; B3 - NDF, C - AND) and carbohydrates fractions (soluble sugars with fast rumem degradation); B1(starch and pectin); B2 (cell wall alower degradation rate; C (indigested fraction rate) in the fodder plant of the grass, as it\'s respetive dregadability rate, based on equations using Cornell model. 2) To relate other variables measurements in field to parallel experiments and climate elements to the protein and carbohydrate fractions was used a computacional model based in nets of artificial neural. The randomized complete block design with four treatments (herbage allowance of 5, 10, 15 and 20% - kg of dry mass for 100 kg of animal.dia weight) and four repetitions. Each block was divided in four experimental units of 1,575 ha, with five 0,315 poles of ha each. The animals were management in each experimental unit in rotational grazing capacity, with periods of rest of 28 days in the summer and 56 days in the winter and period of occupation of 7 days, respectively. The samples were harvested 2 days before the entrance of the animals to the height of the residue of pasture previous. Were conducted analysis of production of dry mass (DM), heights daily pay and after grazing, staple fibers in acid detergent (ADF) and neutral (NDF), sacarose, starch, lignina, extract etereo (EE), carbohydrate (CHO), not structural carbohydrate (NSC), fractions A, B1, B2 and C of carbohydrate, crude protein (CP), fractions protein A, B1, B2, B3 and C and analysis of artificial neural network for a prediction of levels of ADF, NDF, CP and protéicas fractions. The dry matter (DM) production was significant for herbage allowance (p<0,05), grazing periods (p<0,05) and interaction between allowances x grazing periods (p<0,05). The righ production was in February 13,352 kg MS/ha. The ADF was significant for allowance and grazing periods (p<0,05), with 34.8%, on summer and 35.9% on winter. The average measured of NDF on summer and winter was 66.3 and 64.7%, respectively. It showed significant differences of PC when studied the allowance (p<0,05) and its average measured on summer and winter was 8,3 and 8,1%, respectively. It observes increase of the CNE in function of blades and stem to the long one of the stations of the year with interaction in grazing periods x herbage allowance and its bigger values had been found in the grazing periods 3 with herbage allowance 5%. The total texts of CHO had presented differences (p<0,10) in function of herbage allowance, being biggest found average texts in herbage allowance of 20%. The fractions and the B2 of CHO had been significant, when studied in function of the herbage allowance (p<0,05) for the fraction A and for fraction B2 (p<0,05); the biggest average texts in % of CHO of the fraction had been found It in the cycles of grazing 3 and 4 and the B2 fractions (%CHO) in the grazing periods 1. Fractions B2 (p<0,05) and C (p<0,05) of CHO had presented significant differences, when studied the factor grazing periods, where the B1 fraction the texts had been diminishing the measure that increased the grazing periods and fraction C the texts had increased the measure that had increased the grazing periods. The A, B1 and B3 protein fraction was significant when was studied the grazing periods and the results were 0,47; 0,11; 0,10 respectively. The B2 fraction was not significant. C fraction was significant when studied the allowance (p<0,05) and grazing periods (p<0,05). It was concluded that the grazing periods had intervened with all the studied 0 variable and that the texts of the protein fractions and carbohydrates are inside of the variation (%) found in literature. The results from lab was used to train and test neural network. With a program developed by neural network in a mult layer perceptron with capacity to predict the parameters of nutrition and nourishing value from parameters of forage plant intrinsic and extrinsic, where it was allowed to disentail lab analysis of forage plant quality on the farm research, to get beyond faster and have less research costs.

Les forêts boréales nordiques sont peu habitées et le réseau de transport dans ces régions est peu étendu, ce qui rend difficile l'accès en forêt pour sonder l'état de la ressource forestière. Ces milieux nordiques représentent néanmoins un très grand potentiel au niveau des ressources et de leur biodiversité. Leur homogénéité en terme de composition d'essences d'arbres favorisent l'utilisation des outils de télédétection pour leur cartographie ou monitoring sur de grands territoires. Le présent projet de recherche vise d'abord à développer une méthode de cartographie des attributs forestiers à échelle locale à partir d'images à très haute résolution spatiale (QuickBird ou WorldView) et de photographies aériennes acquises à une résolution spatiale de 30 cm. Une carte matricielle d'attributs forestiers (hauteur de peuplement, densité, surface terrière et volume marchand) à échelle locale est calculée à partir d'images à très haute résolution spatiale et basée sur une méthode de fraction d'ombre. Ensuite, la méthode de fraction d'ombre est étendue pour s'appliquer à des photographies aériennes dans le but de calculer des cartes d'attributs forestiers. Ces cartes locales d'attributs forestiers servent à enrichir la base de données des placettes d'inventaire. Enfin ces données locales sont spatialement généralisées à l'aide des méthodes de kNN (k Nearest Neighbor) et KMSN (k Most Similar Neighbors) pour cartographier les attributs forestiers à une échelle régionale. Les résultats obtenus de la cartographie locale et régionale démontrent le fort potentiel de l'approche développée avec des coefficients de régressions de 36 à 92% pour le modèle (local) de fraction d'ombre ainsi que des erreurs quadratiques moyennes de 18 à 58% pour la carte régionale d'attributs forestiers. Le couplage de ces méthodes permet donc de cartographier de grandes superficies du paysage forestier québécois avec très peu de ressources financière, humaine et technique.

The disintegration of a liquid jet emerging from a nozzle has been under investigation for several decades. A direct consequence of the liquid jet disintegration process is droplet formation. The breakup of a liquid jet into discrete droplets can be brought about by the use of a diverse forcing mechanism. Cavitation has been thought to assist the atomization process. Previous experimental studies, however, have dealt with cavitation as a secondary phenomenon assisting the primary atomization mechanism. In this dissertation, the role of the energy created by the collapse of cavitation bubbles, together with the liquid pressure perturbation is explicitly configured as a principal mechanism for the disintegration of the liquid jet. A prototype of an atomizer that uses this concept as a primary atomization mechanism was developed and experimentally tested using water as working fluid. The atomizer fabrication process and the experimental characterization results are presented. The parameters tested include liquid injection pressure, ultrasonic horn tip frequency, and the liquid flow rate. The experimental results obtained demonstrate improvement in the atomization of water. To fully characterize the new atomizer, a novel infrared thermography-based technique for the characterization and visualization of liquid sprays was developed. The technique was tested on the new atomizer and two automotive paint applicators. The technique uses an infrared thermography-based measurement in which a uniformly heated background acts as a thermal radiation source, and an infrared camera as the receiver. The infrared energy emitted by the source in traveling through the spray is attenuated by the presence of the droplets. The infrared intensity is captured by the receiver showing the attenuation in the image as a result of the presence of the spray. The captured thermal image is used to study detailed macroscopic features of the spray flow field and the evolution of the droplets as they are transferred from the applicator to the target surface. In addition, the thermal image is post-processed using theoretical and empirical equations to extract information from which the liquid volume fraction and number density within the spray are estimated.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Master of Science / Department of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design / Jooyoun Kim / Seong-O Choi / Superhydrophobicity (water contact angle, WCA >150˚) can be achieved by introducing surface roughness and decreasing surface energy. Polystyrene (PS) electrospun web can be used as an excellent substrate for superhydrophobic surface due to its low surface energy (~33 mN/m) and processibility to form various roughness. As the Cassie-Baxter model explains, the presence of roughness amplifies anti-wettability of materials whose surface energy is low (hydrophobic, WCA >90˚). This study aims to fabricate superhydrophobic PS nonwoven webs by electrospinning process and vapor deposition of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFDTS) and to investigate the influence of fiber morphology and surface energy on wettability. To this end, PS webs with various fiber morphologies were electrospun under different polymer concentrations and solvent mixtures. PS substrates were treated by air plasma to attach –OH groups before the vapor deposition of PFDTS. Air plasma treatment itself increased the surface energy of PS; however, with PFDTS coating, the surface energy was decreased. The wettability was characterized by WCA and sliding angle measurement. WCAs on the electrospun webs were greater than that of flat PS film (WCA=95˚) due to the increased roughness of the web. The web with beads or grooved fibers achieved superhydrophobicity (WCA>150˚). PFDTS deposition lowered the surface energy of PS surface to about 15.8 mN/m. PS web with PFDTS deposition presented high water contact angle up to 169˚ and low sliding angle about 3˚. Also it was attempted to characterize the interfacial area between water and a solid surface on irregular fibrous webs. The fraction of solid surface area wet by the liquid (solid fraction) was observed by staining the rough electrospun web with a hydrophobic fluorescent dye, coumarin. The actual solid fraction corresponded fairly well with the theoretical solid fraction calculated by the Cassie-Baxter equation, demonstrating that the treated superhydrophobic surface follows the Cassie-Baxter wetting state.