published_or_final_version / abstract / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

published_or_final_version / abstract / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

This study explores the question of whether repurchasing of service establishments is an inherent characteristic of service franchising. The answer to this question holds substantial consequences for the economy and for public policy toward franchising.

La presente investigación, es de naturaleza exploratoria no experimental, de enfoque mixto; así mismo, está basada en un tema de percepción y el objetivo es validar que la marca posicionada en el país de origen, calidad del producto y servicio, ubicación estratégica y realizar una eficiente transferencia del know how, son percibidos por los franquiciados como factores de éxito para el ingreso de las franquicias peruanas de sector gastronómico al mercado de Chile, en las ciudades de Santiago de Chile y Antofagasta, al 2018. Para lograr el objetivo, se recurrió a la revisión de la literatura existente. Así mismo, se realizó una entrevista a David Edery Muñoz como experto; quien viene trabajando, hace varios años, con empresas peruanas que buscan internacionalizarse bajo el modelo de franquicias, actualmente se desempeña como Gerente de Exportación de Servicios en PROMPERU; los alcances brindados por el experto se adicionaron a las respuestas obtenidas en las entrevistas a los franquiciadores peruanos del sector gastronomía, como lo son: China Wok, Pardo´s Chicken y Hanzo, el filtro de validación fue realizar encuestas estructuradas vía internet (Google Foms) a los franquiciados en el país de Chile en las ciudades de Santiago de Chile y Antofagasta. Finalmente, se validó que calidad del producto y servicio, ubicación estratégica y realizar una eficiente transferencia del know how, son percibidos por los franquiciados como factores de éxito para el ingreso de las franquicias peruanas de sector gastronómico al mercado de Chile, en las ciudades de Santiago de Chile y Antofagasta, al 2018. Además, mediante el análisis factorial se logró identificar tres perfiles de franquiciados en el mercado de Chile; el primer perfil, corresponde a un franquiciado operativo, el segundo a un franquiciado marketero y finalmente a un franquiciado estratega. / The franchise is a business development strategy, both nationally and internationally, which has become more relevant in recent years. Many of the entrepreneurs are taking this business model as a reference as one of the first options to expand to international markets. The present investigation is based on a theme the perception and the objective is to validate that the brand positioned in the country of origin, the quality of the product and the service, the location and an efficient transfer of know-how is made, are perceived by the franchisees as success factors for the entrance to the Peruvian franchises of the gastronomic sector in the Chilean market, in the cities of Santiago de Chile and Antofagasta, to 2018. To achieve the objective of this research, existing literature was reviewed. Likewise, David Edery Muñoz was interviewed, as an expert; who has been working for several years with Peruvian companies seeking to internationalize under the franchise model, currently serving as service export managers in PROMPERU, the scope of the experts was added to the answers in the interviews with the Peruvian franchisors of the gastronomy sector, such as: China Wok, Pardo's Chicken and Hanzo, the validation filter was made in the franchisees in Chile, in the city of Santiago de Chile and Antofagasta. Through a factorial analysis, 3 profiles of franchisees are identified in the Chilean market. The first profile is a franchisee oriented to the operational and functional part of the franchise, the second profile shows a franchisee oriented to the concept of the franchised brand, the objectives of the franchisor and finally the third profile is a franchisee oriented to strategy and sustainability of the franchise in the long term. / Tesis

What explains variation in fiscal capacity over time and across sub-national units within the same country? In this dissertation, I argue that incumbent political elites, anticipating the redistributive consequences of democratization, can hollow out fiscal capacity. Places where such a phenomenon is likely to occur are those characterized by high levels of social-status inequality arising from historical inter-group segregation. I examine fiscal capacity in colonial Indian provinces and demonstrate that an exogenous episode of limited franchise expansion to lower-status groups was followed by a period of declining fiscal institutions. I use a novel historical dataset spanning 43 districts in the provinces of Madras and Bombay between 1914--1925 and qualitative evidence from legislative proceedings in the two provinces, and find that tax institutions declined in the districts with higher levels of status inequality, as opposed to inequality in wealth. This decline was more pronounced in the reform years, as upper-status groups anticipating the ascendance of lower-status groups into politics hollowed out tax institutions. Next, I examine a case of political mobilization in contemporary India and demonstrate that an announcement by the Government of India in 1990 to implement affirmative action for lower-status groups was followed by a rise in the right-wing vote share for the Bharatiya Janata Party after 1990. Using survey data and electoral data, I finds that both wealthy and poor upper-status Indians voted for the right-wing after 1990 in places where there was greater status inequality in 1931 -- a pattern that did not exist in previous elections. These findings provide evidence for the claim that when upper-status groups face threats to their social standing, cross-class solidarities emerge in support of anti-redistribution parties.

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2018-05-23T19:52:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 WILLIAM RONALDO DOS SANTOS LIMA.pdf: 459342 bytes, checksum: 398e92e4cde7d41fa70cd0da43166118 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T19:52:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 WILLIAM RONALDO DOS SANTOS LIMA.pdf: 459342 bytes, checksum: 398e92e4cde7d41fa70cd0da43166118 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Studies that have been done about franchising have been receiving singular academic relevance. In addition to this, there has been extensive literature that points to the predictive power of the individual with regards to human behaviour. The present article diagnoses the relationship between the values of franchisees and the financial performance of the franchise that they manage. A survey, which was done by the Schwartz inventory (1992), was undertaken in order to collect the axiological priorities from a sample of franchisees, 33 to be exact, from a franchising company in Brazil. Financial performance was measured using the median percentage growth in annual franchise revenue. After correlation and regression analyses, the results revealed that the Traditional and Security Motivational Types of behaviours had a significant positive relation with the performance of the franchise. Such classes of human values as these tend to preserve social arrangements. This result indicates that the franchises whose entrepreneurs have a more conservative profile present a better financial performance. A positive and statistically significant relationship was also discovered between collectivist values and financial performance. In this respect, the results corroborate the aforementioned literature, which indicates that the franchisor / franchisee relationship has a positive impact on franchise performance. Conservatism and collectivism, therefore, should be privileged values if the purpose of the franchise is financial performance. In this way, the article contributes to the theory by linking two little conceptual frameworks, individual values and management of franchises, in the literature. The article also collaborates with business practice by pointing out concrete empirical elements that increase performance. / Estudos sobre franquias t??m recebido singular relev??ncia acad??mica. Concomitantemente, h?? extensa literatura que aponta o poder preditivo dos valores individuais no comportamento humano. O presente artigo diagnostica a rela????o entre os valores de franqueados e o desempenho financeiro de suas franquias. Utilizou-se um survey com o invent??rio de valores de Schwartz (1992) para coletar as prioridades axiol??gicas de uma amostra de franqueados (n=33) de uma empresa franqueadora no Brasil. O desempenho financeiro foi medido atrav??s da mediana do percentual de crescimento da receita anual das franquias. Ap??s an??lises correlacionais e de regress??o, os resultados revelaram que os Tipos Motivacionais Tradi????o e Seguran??a t??m rela????o positiva significante com o desempenho das franquias. Tais classes de valores humanos tendem ?? preserva????o dos arranjos sociais. Esse resultado aponta que franquias cujos empreendedores t??m perfil mais conservador apresentam melhor desempenho financeiro. Encontrou-se rela????o positiva e estatisticamente significante tamb??m entre valores coletivistas e desempenho financeiro. Nesse aspecto, os resultados corroboram a literatura recente, segundo a qual o relacionamento franqueador/franqueado tem impacto positivo no desempenho da franquia. O conservadorismo e o coletivismo, portanto, devem ser valores privilegiados, caso o objetivo da franquia seja o desempenho financeiro. Deste modo, o artigo contribui para a teoria, ao relacionar dois arcabou??os conceituais pouco associados na literatura ??? valores individuais e gest??o de franquias ??? e colabora tamb??m para a pr??tica empresarial, ao apontar elementos emp??ricos concretos que aumentam o desempenho.

The use of leitmotifs in films has often been critiqued. Theodor Adorno and Hanns Eisler went as far as to claim in 1947 that "The whole form language of current cinema music derives from advertising" and that leitmotifs were in part to blame. While I take a more neutral stance, I argue that Eisler and Adorno's critique is partly correct, especially in regards to film series produced from the 1960s onwards. The analytical work undertaken for this research suggests that multiple franchises use elements of their scores as branding tools. I argue that these melodies, which have often been referred to as leitmotifs in film music scholarship, should be described as something else: title tunes. It seems that over time, they come to represent not just one or two movies, but entire franchises. They also appear to possess a marketing value not necessarily present in leitmotifs. As such, I would argue these title tunes resemble much more sonic logos as described in the sonic branding world than leitmotifs. This thesis is an exploration of title tunes. My thesis focuses primarily on mainstream Hollywood film franchises from the 1960s onwards. Various case studies from different time periods and different movie genres are analysed to describe and understand this new category of promotional film music. This thesis first takes a historical look at the concept of title tunes, explaining how other sonic branding practices used in radio, television and cinema appear to have influenced the creation of title tunes. From the sample of films analysed for this thesis, I argue that title tunes share commonalities, yet the commonalities seem to vary slightly across movie genres. The analyses undertaken also suggest that title tunes are dynamic entities, that some title tunes are more complex than others (featuring multiple components), and that some franchises can feature more than one title tune. My interpretation of the data also suggests that these title tunes are used as emotional and nostalgic tools and that specific orchestrations and arrangements might carry additional emotional power. While the majority of this thesis explores the use of title tunes in films, their use in trailers and other commodities is discussed. Finally, I suggest how title tunes might change in the future and why certain franchises have omitted using such recurring motifs.

Cable Franchise Fees and PEG Fees function as key resources to the longevity of local media. Critics of the fees suggest that revenue earned from them is misplaced, and/or misused. This research examines the budgets of twenty US cities to determine how much money cities are collecting from these fees and where these funds are spent in an attempt to determine if the actual usages of Franchise and PEG Fee revenue corresponds to their theoretical benefits.

This dissertation examines whether the regulation of the franchise sector is effective in achieving two of the stated goals of the Franchising Code of Conduct. These two goals are redressing the imbalance of power in the relationship and increasing levels of certainty for participants in the sector. Based on the ‘new learning’ in regulation, this dissertation takes an expansive approach to the concept of regulation. It considers how, in a ‘multi-layered system of governance’, the layers of regulation of the franchising sector contribute to these goals. The results of the analysis suggest that private, self-regulation through the layers of market and contract sets up a relationship where there is an imbalance of power in favour of a franchisor and uncertainty for a franchisee. The market interaction between the parties establishes these conditions, which are reinforced by the contract, in particular by the interaction of the standard form and relational qualities of the contract. A public layer of governance, direct intervention in the form of the Franchising Code of Conduct, relies largely on selfregulatory tools such as disclosure and is also ineffective in addressing the imbalance of power in the relationship and in increasing levels of certainty for franchisees. Because neither self-regulatory mechanisms nor legislative intervention achieves the stated goals of redressing imbalance of power and uncertainty in the franchise relationship, the analysis concludes that a reframing of regulation is necessary. The recommended revised regulatory program features collaborative, participative, democratic process to gather and assess good measurements that inform the identification of problems and the selection of tools appropriate to address those problems.

This paper examines franchising regulation in Australia as a case study for the analysis of regulation based on established regulatory theory. A literature review is conducted to establish and critique the theory of regulation based on the four main areas of established theory; regulatory purpose, regulatory strategies, rulemaking and enforcement. Case study data is drawn from primary source material and academic commentary on franchising regulation and presented according to the eras of franchising regulation in Australia, moving from the first proposals for legislation in the 1970s to the prescribed mandatory Franchising Code of Conduct model adopted in 1998 and refinements made to that scheme up to 2006. An analysis is then conducted on each major aspect of Australian franchising regulation using the established theoretical principles and analytical constructs available in the literature. The study concludes that the Franchising Code of Conduct regime, as a culmination of the experience gained and study undertaken in the preceding eras, is characterised by the availability of a broad range of enforcement options from harsh deterrence-oriented measures to more gentle and cooperative compliance-oriented options constituting an effective regulatory pyramid. The effectiveness of the regime is further bolstered by the presence of a credible regulatory strategy pyramid which emphasises the real possibility of escalated intervention, coupled with skilful deployment by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission as enforcement agency. The principal weakness of the scheme is identified as unnecessarily ambiguous drafting in some areas, which compromises the quality of the otherwise highly transparent ruleset. It is suggested that the choice of regulatory strategy, often a focus of superficial examinations of regulation, is largely irrelevant to the nature of the regulation, with other features such as enforcement strategy, legitimacy, and availability of credible sanctions proving much more important. A proposal for an analytical framework based on the established theory is developed based on the experience of applying that theory to the case study. While this outlined framework assists in broadening focus across the entire regulatory regime to encourage assessment of the component parts, a lack of cohesion and linkage amongst the components highlights a shortcoming in the development of regulatory theory and an opportunity for further research.