This study investigated the effect of cold, heat, or osmotic shock treatment on the resistance of L. lactis subsp. cremoris MM160 and MM310 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MM210 and FG2 cheese starter bacteria to freezing and freeze-drying. The ability to withstand freezing at -60°C for 24 h was variable among lactococci, but resistance to this treatment was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in most strains by a 2-h cold shock at l0°C or a 25-min heat shock at 39°C (L. lactis subsp. cremoris) or 42°C (L. lactis subsp. lactis). Stress treatments that improved lactococcal freeze resistance were also found to significantly (P < 0.05) enhance the resistance of most strains to lyophilization. Increased resistance to freezing or lyophilization was not detected when stress treatments were performed in broth that contained erythromycin, which indicated stress-inducible proteins were involved in cell protection. Membrane fatty acid analysis of stress-treated cells suggested that enhanced resistance to freezing and lyophilization may be related to heat or cold shock-induced changes in cell membrane composition. Heat-shocked cells had a higher 19:0 cyclopropane fatty acid content than did control cells, and cold-shocked cells contained a lower ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Other factors must also be involved in cell protection, however, because similar changes in membrane composition were also detected in strains whose resistance to freezing and lyophilization was not improved by heat or cold shock.

The major purpose of this study is to analyze the economic feasibility of bloom delay by sprinkling as a means of protecting delicious apples from frost. The framework of this study is based on decision making theory under uncertainty. It demonstrates the usefulness of the Bayesian approach to determine optimum action to take in face of uncertain climatic conditions. The economic analysis was conducted for Farmington, Utah, where significant relationships were found between the end of winter rest (end of chill-unit accumulation) and time of full bloom of red delicious apples. A posteriori probabilities for the state of nature were determined using accumulated data of end of winter rest of the apple trees. Applying the Bayesian approach, optimal strategies were determined by use of a posteriori probabilities and knowledge of time of end of winter rest. It was concluded from the analysis that the installation of solid set sprinklers and use of sprinkling to delay bloom is an effective means of frost protection. Sprinkling provides two methods of freeze protection. Bud development can be delayed increasing the hardiness of the bud to colder temperatures. Sprinkling can also be used during periods of freezing temperatures to protect the buds from freezing. It was found that a combination of protection by delay and by sprinkling for freeze protection would result in increased net returns over any other alternative. An important finding of this study is that with the dual protection afforded by sprinkling, extended amounts of delay are not necessary to obtain the desired results.

Syftet med föreliggande kvalitativa studie var att undersöka terapeuters erfarenheter av läkningsprocessen av trauma under psykosomatisk behandling för att öka förståelsen för varför kroppen bör inkluderas i traumabehandlingen. De sex semistrukturerade intervjuer analyserades genom tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultatet genererade i fem teman: Den terapeutiska relationen, Intuitiv kommunikation, Kroppens budskap, Att låsa upp låsningar och Att smälta det som varit fryst. Resultatet visade vikten av att inkludera hela den mänskliga upplevelsen i behandlingen, vilken psykosomatisk behandling möjliggör. Vidare visade resultatet att traumat har satt spår i kroppen som förmedlar dessa spår genom låsningar och spänningar. I syfte för att nå dessa spårs ursprung får klienten under läkningsprocessen varsamt komma ur det frysta tillståndet genom rörelser, beröring och ett fysiskt lyssnade. Studien visade även på att det är när klienten börjar lyssna till sina kroppssensationer som man kan nå dess ursprung och smälta det som har varit fryst och vidare återgå till ett grundläggande tillstånd av avspänning och trygghet.

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Previous studies have shown that soil erodibility and critical shear stress are highly influenced by weathering processes such as freeze-thaw cycling and wet-dry cycling. Despite over forty years of research attributing changes in soil properties over time to climate-dependent variables, little quantitative information is available on the relationships between streambank erodibility and critical shear stress and environmental conditions and processes that enhance streambank erosion potential. The goal of this study was to investigate temporal changes in streambank erodibility and critical shear stress due to surface weathering. Soil erodibility and critical shear stress were measured monthly in situ using a multi-angle submerged jet test device. Environmental and soil data were also collected directly at the streambank surface to determine freeze-thaw cycles, soil moisture, soil temperature, bulk density, soil erodibility, critical shear stress, and other atmospheric conditions that could impact bank erosion potential. Statistical tests, including a nonparametric alternative to ANOVA and multiple comparison tests, were used to determine if temporal changes in soil erosion potential were greater than spatial differences. Regression analyses were also utilized to identify the factors contributing to possible changes in soil erodibility, critical shear stress, and bulk density. The nonparametric alternative to ANOVA in combination with Dunn's nonparametric multiple comparison test showed soil erodibility was significantly higher (p=0.024) during the winter (November - March) and the spring/fall (April - May, September - October). Regression analyses showed 70 percent of soil erodibility variance was attributed to freeze-thaw cycling alone. Study results also indicated that bulk density is highly influenced by climate changes since gravimetric water content and freeze-thaw cycles combined explain as much as 86 percent of the variance in bulk density measurements. Results of this study show significant amounts of variation in the resistance of streambank soils to fluvial erosion can be attributed to subaerial processes, specifically changes in soil moisture and temperature. These results have potential implications for streambank modeling and restoration projects that assume constant values for soil erodibility. Watershed models and restoration designs should consider the implications of changing soil erodibility during the year in model development and stream restoration designs. / Master of Science

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