Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-08-28T16:47:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) AMANDA CRISTINA SCHOEFFEL.pdf: 4035430 bytes, checksum: bde474af9062ac8ad8712538a8e5b92f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T16:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) AMANDA CRISTINA SCHOEFFEL.pdf: 4035430 bytes, checksum: bde474af9062ac8ad8712538a8e5b92f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetivo: A proposta deste estudo foi elaborar complexos de inclusão (CI) entre clorexidina (Clx) e β-ciclodextrina (βCD) para a posterior incorporação em material condicionador de tecido, visando promover a liberação controlada e permitir um efeito antifúngico prolongado. Material e métodos: Suspensões de Clx:βCD em proporções molares de 1:0,125, 1:0,25, 1:0,5, 1:0,625, 1:1, 1:2 e 1:4 foram preparadas em triplicata em água destilada, agitadas por 24 h e avaliadas com relação à solubilidade de fases. As proporções 1:1 e 1:2 foram selecionadas para obtenção de CI a partir dos seguintes métodos: mistura física (MF), liofilização (Lio) e spray drying (Spray). A MF foi homogeneizada por 15 min com almofariz e pistilo. Os demais CI foram dissolvidos em solução de água/etanol (50:50 v/v), agitados por 24 h e, então, submetidos a um dos processos de secagem Lio ou Spray. Clx, βCD e CI foram submetidos às seguintes caracterizações físico-químicas: microscopia eletrônica de varredura por emissão de efeito de campo (FEG), espectroscopia infravermelha por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), análise térmica diferencial (DSC) e termogravimétrica (TGA), difração de raios X (DRX) e ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN). Para o estudo de dissolução in vitro, foram selecionados os CI 1:2 MF, Lio e Spray. A dissolução foi realizada em triplicata utilizando o aparato pá do dissolutor de cubas a 37ºC e 75 rpm durante 7 h para a Clx e os CI. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados com relação ao perfil, eficiência (ANOVA-1 fator/Tukey, α=0,05) e cinética de dissolução. Resultados: Os métodos de complexação alteraram a morfologia das partículas não complexadas após a inclusão. A MF e o CI Lio apresentaram partículas irregulares e o CI Spray apresentou os menores tamanhos de partículas, com formato regular toroidal, a partir da análise em FEG. A análise em DRX mostrou que a MF 1:2 e o CI Lio 1:2 apresentaram perfil semi- cristalino e o CI Lio 1:1 e o CI Spray, em ambas proporções molares, apresentaram perfil amorfo. Pôde ser observado que as bandas relacionadas à βCD deslocaram para frequências maiores ou menores nos espectros FT-IR dos CI devido à interação Clx:βCD. As bandas características da Clx não apareceram nos espectros FT-IR dos CI, sugerindo a presença de Clx no interior da cavidade da βCD. Pelas análises térmicas em DSC e TGA, foi possível confirmar a formação de um novo composto após a inclusão devido às alterações observadas no comportamento térmico da Clx e da βCD nos CI. A complexação foi então comprovada pela análise do 1H RMN que mostrou grandes alterações nas regiões da guanidina e do anel aromático da Clx e nos hidrogênios da cavidade da βCD, confirmando que o fármaco foi incluído na βCD. O estudo de dissolução in vitro, por fim, mostrou uma mecânica de liberação imediata do fármaco a partir dos CI Lio e Spray 1:2. O CI Lio 1:2 apresentou o melhor perfil de dissolução e a maior (p=0,0105) eficiência de dissolução (40,06±0,97%) em relação ao fármaco não complexado e demais CI em 7 h de avaliação. O perfil de liberação da Clx revelou melhor ajuste cinético para o modelo 9 de Weibull, enquanto os perfis dos CI ajustaram-se melhor para o modelo biexponencial. Assim, a complexação alterou a cinética de liberação do fármaco, resultando em duas etapas de liberação, rápida inicial e prolongada final. Conclusão: A partir dos resultados obtidos pelas técnicas de caracterização, pôde ser concluído que a clorexidina apresentou melhor complexação com a β- ciclodextrina na proporção molar 1:2 em todos os métodos testados. O complexo de inclusão clorexidina:β-ciclodextrina 1:2 obtido por liofilização apresentou melhor eficiência de dissolução e cinética biexponencial, o que pode resultar em estratégias interessantes para o desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas que possibilitem uma liberação controlada quando incorporadas ao material condicionador de tecido. / Purpose: This study prepared inclusion complexes (IC) between chlorhexidine (Chx) and β-cyclodextrin (βCD) for posterior incorporation into tissue conditioner material, aiming to promote controlled release and a prolonged antifungal effect. Material and methods: Suspensions of Chx:βCD in molar ratios of 1:0.125, 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:0.625, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 were prepared in triplicate in distilled water, stirred for 24 h, and evaluated regarding phase solubility. The 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios were selected to obtain IC using the following methods: physical mixture (PM), freeze-drying (FD), and spray-drying (Spray). PM was homogeneous blended in a mortar for 15 min. The other IC were dissolved in water/ethanol solution (50:50 v/v), stirred for 24 h, and then submitted to one of the drying methods FD or Spray. Chx, βCD, and IC were submitted to the following physicochemical characterization: field emission electron gun microscopy (FEG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), X ray diffraction (DXR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). For the in vitro dissolution study, 1:2 PM, FD and Spray IC were selected. The dissolution was made in triplicate using paddle device at 37ºC and 75 rpm during 24 h for Chx and IC. The results were evaluated in relation to profile, efficiency (ANOVA-1 way/Tukey, α=0.05) and dissolution kinetics. Results: Methods of IC preparation changed the non-complexed particle morphology after inclusion. PM and FD IC presented irregular-shaped particles and Spray IC showed the lowest particle sizes, with regular toroidal shape, by FEG analysis. DXR analysis showed that 1:2 PM and FD IC presented semi-crystalline and 1:1 FD IC and Spray IC, in both molar ratios, presented amorphous characteristics. Peaks related to βCD shifted to higher or lower frequency in FT-IR spectra upon inclusion due to the interaction Chx:βCD. Peaks of Chx did not appear in FT-IR spectra after inclusion, suggesting the presence of Chx within βCD cavity. DSC and TGA analyses indicated the formation of a new compound due to the changes observed in thermal characteristics of Chx and βCD upon inclusion. Complexation was then proved by 1H NMR analysis that showed several changes in guanidine and aromatic moiety of Chx and in hidrogens of βCD cavity, confirming that the drug was included into βCD. Finally, in vitro dissolution study showed an immediate release mechanics of the drug from 1:2 FD and Spray IC. FD IC also presented the better dissolution profile and the higher (p=0.0105) dissolution efficiency (40.06±0.97%) in comparison to the non- complexed Chx and the other IC during 7 h. The Chx release profile revealed the better kinetic adjustment for Weibull model, while the IC release profiles best set to the biexponential model. Thus, the complexation changes the drug release kinetics, resulting in two stages, initial fast and final prolonged. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained by the characterization techniques, it was concluded that chlorhexidine better complexed with β-cyclodextrin in 1:2 molar ratio in all tested methods. Freeze-drying inclusion complex 1:2 chlorhexidine:β-cyclodextrin presented the better dissolution efficiency and biexponential kinetics, and this may result in interesting strategy to the development of pharmaceutical compounds that enable a controlled release when they are incorporated to the tissue conditioner material.

Ce travail est basé sur l’étude expérimentale, étape par étape, du procédé de lyophilisation, afin de comprendre les impacts des différents paramètres du procédé sur la viabilité d’une souche modèle probiotique de type lactobacillus casei. Nous avons tout d’abord étudié les propriétés thermodynamiques des formulations considérées à base de lactose et de polyvinylpyrrolidone, (PVP) en commençant dans un premier temps par l’obtention du diagramme d’état du système amorphe constitué du binaire eau-PVP, puis le diagramme de fusion du ternaire eau-PVP-lactose afin d’en déduire les paramètres clefs pour l’optimisation des cycles de lyophilisation de ces suspensions bactériennes. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons caractérisé par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) la localisation des bactéries au sein de la phase solide amorphe des lyophilisats poreux. Ensuite, les différentes formulations ont été soumises à différents protocoles de congélation (vitesse de refroidissement ; recuit) afin d’obtenir les meilleurs résultats en termes de taux de survie des bactéries. Avec la formulation sélectionnée précédemment nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence des paramètres opératoires de sublimation (température étagère et pression totale de sublimation) conduisant aux meilleurs taux de survie des bactéries. Nous avons observé que nos cellules probiotiques, avec ces formulations, pouvaient être lyophilisées, au-dessus de la température limite de collapse, sans impacter la viabilité des cellules présentes ou insérées au sein de la phase matrice poreuse du lyophilisat final, ce dernier présentant de plus, de bonnes propriétés d’usage en termes de stabilité en vue d’une mise en forme galénique ou d’un stockage ultérieur / This work is based on the experimental study, step by step, of the freeze-drying process of a model probiotic strain of lactobacillus caseï type to understand the impact of the numerous factors (formulation; freezing protocol; operating conditions) on the survival rates of these bacteria in the final lyophilisate. Firstly, we investigated the thermo-dynamical and physical properties (vitreous transition and melting temperatures) of formulations based on lactose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) protectants and their mixture. Thus, we have determined the phase diagrams and the melting diagram of the water+PVP binary system and of the ternary water-PVP-lactose system. Next, we determined the optimal freezing protocol (freezing rates; annealing treatment) with different formulations which led to the best survival rates. Next, in a preliminary study we have characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) the location of the cells inserted inside the solid amorphous phase of the porous matrix of the different lyophilisates. Secondly, with the pre-selected formulation, we experienced the influence of the main operating sublimation parameters (shelf temperature and total gas pressure), leading to highest product quality in terms of bacteria survival ratios of the final lyophilisates. We observed that these probiotics cells, with this formulation, could be freeze-dried above the limit collapse temperature without impacting significantly the viability of the freeze-dried cells and with lyophilisates of high stability attributes

It is well established that methadone maintenance (MM) reduces but does not eliminate the self-administration of other illicit drugs. For those on MM, there is considerable variation in consumption patterns, route of heroin administration, additional non-opioid substances routinely administered and the clinical disorders associated with these patterns of use. While there is a large literature base documenting these phenomena, studies have been almost exclusively descriptive in nature, with little attempt to develop a theoretical model in which to understand such use. In the following thesis, a model proposed by Gray was tested, the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). This biopsychosocial model broadly describes two action tendencies; approach (Behavioural Activation System) and avoidance or withdrawal (Flight Fight Freeze System and the Behavioural Inhibition System). The model proposes that a heightened sensitivity to punishment underlies anxiety disorders. Conversely, a heightened sensitivity to rewarding stimuli may predispose some individuals to engage in highly rewarding behaviour and is associated with conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder. According to the Joint Subsystems Hypothesis, these personality styles are mutually dependent, whereby BIS and BAS interact to influence reward mediated and punishment mediated behaviours. Based on Gray's model, this thesis tests whether opiate dependent individuals with heightened sensitivity to punishment are more likely to use anxiolytic drugs (such as benzodiazepines), and individuals with heightened reward sensitivity will show a preference for substances that have high reward potential (such as stimulants). At time one, the participant sample (N= 120) comprised 71 males (59%) and 49 females who were opioid dependent and recruitment took place over an eight-month period in two city opioid replacement clinics. A range of measures was administered to assess substance use, mood, anxiety and the personality dimensions of reward sensitivity and punishment sensitivity, with substance use again measured at three months. Results of the first study suggested that a large proportion of the variance was accounted for by personality within the models. A total of 98 participants (81%) participated in the 12-week follow-up study. Sensitivity to punishment and reward significantly predicted drug preference. Although psychopathology symptoms were not able to moderate the relationship between personality and drug use, anxiety symptoms negatively mediated the relationship between punishment sensitivity and anxiolytic use, whereby the relationship became non-significant. In contrast, sensitivity to reward remained the strongest predictor of amphetamine use over antisocial characteristics. Individual differences were not able to predict treatment retention nor susceptibility to relapse during a 12-week initiation to a MM programme.

It is estimated that 90% of new chemical entities in development pipelines exhibit poor aqueous solubility. For compounds not limited by biological membrane permeability, this poor aqueous solubility is the limiting factor in bioavailability. Therefore, the formulation of such drugs has primarily been centered on improving dissolution properties. Traditional approaches for overcoming poor aqueous solubility include salt formation of the active ingredient, complexation, the use of surface active agents, formulation into oil based systems, particle size reduction, or a combination of these methods. More recently amorphous solid dispersions have been explored. Currently, the drug loading within solid dispersions is limited resulting in large quantities of the formulation being required for a therapeutically relevant dose. In the frame of the work herein, Thin Film Freezing was utilized to generate high drug loaded amorphous solid dispersions of the poorly water soluble drug phenytoin utilizing a hydrophilic polymer or an amphiphilic graft copolymer for system stabilization. Additionally a new solvent removal technique, atmospheric freeze drying, was investigated for removal of the solvents used during Thin Film Freezing. The Thin Film Freezing materials were subsequently incorporated into a polymeric carrier for solid dispersion formulation by a novel fusion production technique termed Kinetisol® dispersing. Studies of the solid dispersions produced by Thin Film Freezing revealed an amorphous system had been obtained for both stabilizing polymers. The formulation containing a hydrophilic carrier was capable of achieving supersaturation. Conversely, the amphiphilic graft copolymer demonstrated a phenytoin-polymer interaction resulting in poor dissolution. Atmospheric freeze drying of the Thin Film Freezing product demonstrated that the alternative drying technique generated powders with significantly improved handling properties as a result of reduced electrostatic interactions due to the increased pore size, reduced surface area, larger particle size, and higher, though acceptable, residual solvent levels. The use of Thin Film Freezing powders during Kinetisol Dispersing resulted in a single phase amorphous system while solid dispersions produced from physical mixtures of bulk materials were amorphous two-phase systems. This indicates that the use of amorphous drug compositions during solid dispersion production may increase drug loading in the final system while remaining single phase in nature. / text

Agriculture is one of the main sources of phosphorous and nitrogen (P and N) contributing to cultural eutrophication of freshwater lakes and estuaries. In cold regions, the effects of agricultural management practices used to mitigate the runoff loss of these nutrients remain uncertain. In particular, the use of forage crops and minimum tillage, have not reduced some forms of P and N in runoff to streams, in part, as a result of freeze-thaw induced losses of mobile P and N from forages and crop residues. The purpose of this research is to improve the current understanding of the controls on P and N loss from Canadian Prairie fields to ultimately aid in the development and evaluation of beneficial agricultural management practices that perform predictably in cold regions. This study aims to provide new insights into the effects of cold regions hydrological processes on runoff quality through the development and application of a novel inductive - deductive modelling approach. Runoff flowpaths resulting from the three infiltration regimes identified for frozen soils (Granger et al., 1984) are hypothesized to impact the chemistry of field scale meltwater runoff by varying meltwater interaction with agricultural soils and vegetation. Hydrochemistry data from six intensively monitored minimum tillage and forage cropped fields in South Tobacco Creek, Manitoba were used to develop a nutrient model to integrate with a physics-based hydrological modelling platform that can represent the frozen soil infiltration regimes, in addition to other important cold region hydrological processes. The inductive development of a nutrient model, integrated with a deductive physics-based hydrological platform, enabled the modelling of meltwater flowpaths and freeze-thaw induced losses from vegetation. Further testing of the developed model and field experimentation are required to test the hypothesis that runoff generated over a basal ice layer eliminates the transfer of soil nutrients to runoff. Comparison of predicted and observed field scale runoff concentrations and masses suggest that this method of inductive-deductive model development has potential to predict the performance of agricultural management practices in cold regions.

No description available.

Mature fine tailings (MFT), as a mixture of residual bitumen, sand, silt, fine clay particles and water, are a byproduct of oil sands extraction. The large volume, and poor consolidation and water release ability of MFT have been causing significant economic and environmental concerns. Therefore, several studies have been implemented on finding innovative dewatering/disposal techniques. As a result, different methods have been introduced and tested at a laboratory or a field scale, yet very few of these are commercially used in the oil sands industries. Despite the extensive research, an optimal solution has not been found due to the lack of technical or economic feasibility. In the present study, a novel approach that consists of the rapid dewatering of MFT by using a super absorbent polymer (SAP) to produce dense MFT is proposed. A comprehensive laboratory investigation on the geotechnical characteristics and behavior before and after treatment of MFT is conducted. The effects of SAP based dewatering and freeze/thaw cycles on the undrained shear strength of dewatered MFT by using a vane shear apparatus are studied. Furthermore, the ability of recycled SAP to dewater and densify MFT is assessed. Finally, this study provides the results of consolidation and hydraulic conductivity testing to evaluate the void ratio versus effective stress and hydraulic conductivity of MFT. The effects on the behavior and characteristics of MFT after amendment with usage of recycled SAP are also investigated. The results indicate that SAP has the ability to significantly dewater, densify and increase the undrained shear strength of MFT. Furthermore, when subjected to freeze/thaw cycles, the MFT dewatered with SAP shows an additional increase in strength and solid content. It is also found to be possible to regenerate the polymer (still within sachets) through light thermal drying, and the regenerated SAP can still significantly dewater and thus increase the shear strength and solid content of the MFT. In addition, the obtained high solid content affects and improves the compressibility of the material, thus resulting in low initial void ratios. On the other hand, low hydraulic permeability that is derived from low initial void ratios and consolidation is improved by the freeze/thaw process due to the interconnected voids created during the freezing process.

This study is part of a three year project aimed to assess the effects of industrial water withdrawals on the ice regime of the Athabasca River. A 2-D numerical model was used to provide quantitative data for this effort. Freeze-up monitoring was carried out over two years along 80-km of the river from Fort McMurray to Bitumount. Summer bathymetric and winter ice surveys were conducted along with discharge measurements on a 5-km long detailed study reach that exhibited the full range of ice cover initiation processes. The data collected was used to build a CRISSP2D river ice process model for the simulation of freeze-up processes. An extensive parametric assessment was carried out to evaluate the capabilities of the model. Although it was not possible to simulate bridging, the simulated border ice agreed very well with field observations. Limitations of the model are addressed and future research recommendations are included. / Water Resources Engineering

Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-146). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Spray-drying and freeze-drying are dehydration techniques which serve as alternative to increase the stability of formulations which are in aqueous medium. Therefore, this study objectived the development of redispersible dried products prepared from suspensions of polymeric nanocapsules and nanoemulsions using tioconazole, an antifungal. The suspension of nanocapsules, prepared using poli(-caprolactona) - PCL and Eudragit® RS100 polymers, and nanoemulsions containing tioconazole (1.0 mg/ml) were evaluated in relation to mean particles size, drug content, pH and encapsulation efficiency, and after preparation, showed physicochemical characteristics suitable: mean particles size in the nanometer range (110 210 nm), polydispersity index below 0.20, drug content near to theoretical and encapsulation efficiency of approximately 100 % and 86 % for the PCL and Eudragit® RS100 nanocapsules, respectively. Furthermore, the formulations have been stable for 30 days. After, the liquid formulations were subjected to spray-drying and/or freeze-drying using lactose and trehalose as adjuvants in a proportion of 10 % (w/v). The dried products were characterized in relation to yield, index resuspension in water, drug content, moisture and morphology. Regardless of the method of dehydration and adjuvant, the dried products presented satisfactory physicochemical characteristics: yield 50 100 % (depending on the technique of dehydration), drug content near to theoretical, percentage of moisture of less than 4.2 %, good redispersion in water, is possible to verify the presence of nanometric and micrometric particles (by laser diffraction), and the recovery of nanometer size similar to the original liquid formulation, after filtration (photon correlation spectroscopy). Morphological analysis showed the presence of rounded particles for the powders obtained by spray-drying and irregular to those obtained by freeze-drying. Dried products were stable for 30 days, however, the powders obtained from nanoemulsions and nanocapsules of Eudragit® RS100, by spray-drying and lactose as adjuvant showed a decrease in tioconazole content. The suspensions of nanocapsules and nanoemulsions and their respective dried products containing tioconazole showed antifungal activity against the yeast C. albicans, demonstrating that the dehydration process did not affect the action of the drug. Evaluation of in vitro release of the drug by the technique of dialysis bags showed that dried products prepared from nanocapsules were able to promote the control release of the drug, especially the dried products obtained from nanocapsules of PCL by spray-drying, which showed more tioconazole control release at time of 48 hours. / A secagem por aspersão (spray-drying) e a liofilização são técnicas de desidratação que servem como alternativa para aumentar a estabilidade de formulações que se encontram em meio aquoso. Neste sentido, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de produtos secos redispersíveis preparados a partir de suspensões de nanocápsulas poliméricas e nanoemulsões utilizando o tioconazol, um fármaco antifúngico. As suspensões de nanocápsulas, preparadas com os polímeros poli(-caprolactona) PCL e Eudragit® RS100, e nanoemulsões contendo tioconazol (1,0 mg/mL) foram avaliadas quanto ao diâmetro médio de partículas, teor de fármaco, pH e eficiência de encapsulamento, as quais, após a preparação, apresentaram características físico-químicas adequadas: diâmetro médio de partículas na faixa nanométrica (110 210 nm), índice de polidispersão abaixo de 0,20, teor de fármaco próximo ao teórico e eficiência de encapsulamentro de, aproximadamente, 100 % e 86 % para as nanocápsulas de PCL e Eudragit® RS100, respectivamente. Além disso, as formulações foram estáveis por 30 dias. Após, as formulações líquidas foram submetidas à secagem por aspersão e/ou a liofilização, utilizando a lactose e a trealose como adjuvantes, na proporção de 10 % (m/v). Os produtos secos foram caracterizados em relação ao rendimento, índice de ressuspensão em água, teor de fármaco, umidade e morfologia. Independente do método de desidratação e do adjuvante, os produtos secos apresentaram características físico-químicas satisfatórias: rendimento de 50 100 % (dependendo da técnica de desidratação), teor de fármaco próximo ao teórico, percentual de umidade inferior a 4,2 %, boa redispersão em água, sendo possível verificar a presença de partículas nanométricas e micrométricas (por difração a laser), e a retomada do tamanho nanométrico semelhante à formulação líquida original, após filtração (espectroscopia de correlação de fótons). Na análise morfológica foi observada a presença de partículas arredondadas para os pós obtidos por spray-drying e irregulares para os obtidos por liofilização. Os produtos secos foram estáveis por 30 dias; todavia, os pós obtidos a partir de nanoemulsões e nanocápsulas de Eudragit® RS100, por spray-drying e lactose como adjuvante, apresentaram um decaimento no teor de tioconazol. As suspensões de nanocápsulas e nanoemulsões e seus respectivos produtos secos contendo tioconazol apresentaram atividade antifúngica frente à levedura de C. albicans, demonstrando que os processos de desidratação não afetaram a ação do fármaco. A avaliação de liberação in vitro do fármaco pela técnica de sacos de diálise demonstrou que os produtos secos preparados a partir de nanocápsulas foram capazes de promover o controle de liberação do fármaco, destacando-se os produtos secos obtidos a partir de nanocápsulas de PCL por spray-drying que apresentaram maior controle na liberação do tioconazol no tempo de 48 horas.