Glypican-3 (GPC3) belongs to a family of cell surface proteoglycans. GPC3 regulates the activity of several morphogens and growth factors that play critical roles during development. Disrupting the function of GPC3 leads to disease, including the overgrowth disease Simpson Golabi Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) and Cancer. Previous work has shown that GPC3 is over expressed in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), and that HCC proliferation is stimulated through GPC3 mediated activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Glypicans are known to regulate Wnt signaling in a variety of model organisms including Drosophila and mouse. This work investigates the hypothesis that GPC3 stimulates Wnt signaling by facilitating/stabilizing the interaction between Wnt and its receptor Frizzled (Fzd). Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that GPC3 is able to bind both Wnt and Fzd. The binding of GPC3 to Fzd is mediated by the GPC3 glycosaminoglycan chains and by the cysteine rich domain of Fzd.

No description available.

La formation de la jonction neuromusculaire des vertébrés (JNM), une synapse cholinergique périphérique entre les motoneurones et les fibres musculaires squelettiques repose sur la reconnaissance et l’apposition précise des motoneurones présynaptiques sur leurs cibles musculaires postsynaptiques. Les données de la littérature montrent que les morphogènes Wnt agissent comme des régulateurs clés de la formation de la JNM. Cependant, l'identité précise des Wnts, leur collaboration et les mécanismes moléculaires de la signalisation Wnt régissant la formation de la JNM restent encore incompris. A la JNM, la transduction du signal Wnt s’effectue par l'intermédiaire de l’interaction des Wnt soit avec le complexe formé par le récepteur tyrosine kinase MuSK et la lipoprotéine Lrp4 ou les récepteurs classiques Frizzled (Fzd). Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les mécanismes moléculaires de la formation de la JNM médiés par les Wnts. Nous avons montré que Wnt4 et Wn11 sont nécessaires pour l’étape indépendante du nerf de prepatterning musculaire, caractérisée par l’agrégation des récepteurs de l’acétylcholine (RACh) dans des domaines discrets de la surface du muscle où la future synapse va se former, via l'activation différentielle des voies canonique et polarité cellulaire planaire (PCP). De plus, Fzd3 et Vangl2, deux composantes essentielles de la voie PCP, sont accumulées à la JNM et sont impliquées distinctement dans la formation de la JNM, Fzd3 étant nécessaire à la croissance des axones moteurs alors que Vangl2 joue un rôle dans l’agrégation du RACh et la restriction de la croissance des axones moteurs une fois leur cible musculaire atteinte. Pour étudier le rôle fonctionnel de l'interaction Wnt/MuSK, nous avons généré une souris transgénique délétée du domaine de liaison de MuSK aux Wnts (CRD, domaine riche en cystéines). Nous avons démontré que l'absence du CRD de MuSK affecte la formation de la JNM dès l’étape deprepatterning jusqu’à la maintenance de la JNM chez l’adulte, aboutissant à un phénotype pathogène. De plus, nous avons montré que le lithium, un inhibiteur réversible de la glycogène synthase kinase-3 restaure les défauts de formation de la JNM chez les embryons mutants et pourrait constituer un nouveau réactif thérapeutique pour le traitement des maladies neuromusculaires liées à une déficience de la voie de signalisation Wnt/MuSK. / Formation of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a peripheral cholinergic synapse between motoneurons and skeletal muscle fibers relies on the accurate recognition and apposition of presynaptic motoneurons on postsynaptic muscle target. Recently, a growing body of evidence indicates that Wnt morphogens act as key regulators of NMJ formation. Yet, the specific Wnts identity, their collaborative function and the downstream molecular mechanisms of Wnt signaling regulating NMJ formation still remain elusive. At the NMJ, Wnt ligands transduce their signal through interaction of either the receptor complex formed by the muscle specific tyrosine kinase MuSK and the low density lipoprotein (Lrp) Lrp4 or the classical frizzled receptors. In this thesis, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms of Wnt-induced NMJ formation. We found that both Wnt4 and Wn11 are required for the nerve-independent muscle prepatterning step, characterized by acetylcholine receptor (AChR) aggregation in discrete domains of the muscle surface where the synapse will form, via differential activation of either canonical and/or planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways. Moreover, Fzd3 and Vangl2, two core components of the PCP pathway, are accumulated at the developing NMJ and play distinct roles in NMJ formation, with Fz3 required for motor axon growth and Vangl2 involved in AChR clustering and motor axon growth restriction within the target field. To further study the functional role of Wnt/MuSK interaction, we generated a transgenic mice deleted from MuSK Wnt binding domain (CRD, cysteine rich domain). We demonstrated that the absence of MuSK CRD affected NMJ formation from the prepatterning step to NMJ maintenance in adult leading to a pathogenic phenotype. Moreover, we found that lithium, a reversible inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 fully rescued NMJ defects in mutant embryos and therefore may constitutes a novel therapeutic reagent for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders linked to Wnt/MuSK signaling pathway deficiency.

Les protéases Tolloïdes constituent un groupe de métalloprotéases extracellulaires comptant quatre membres chez les mammifères (BMP-1, mTLD, mTLL-1 et mTLL-2). Ces protéases jouent un rôle majeur dans le développement et la réparation tissulaire, ainsi que dans certaines pathologies comme les fibroses. En 2006, le premier inhibiteur endogène des protéases Tolloïdes a été identifié chez le xénope et le poisson zèbre. Il s'agit de la protéine Sizzled, qui appartient à la famille des secreted Frizzled-Related proteins (sFRPs). Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit suggère que ce mécanisme d'inhibition des protéases Tolloïdes par les sFRPs n'est pas conservé chez les mammifères. En effet, trois des cinq sFRPs de mammifères ont été testées (sFRP1, sFRP2 et sFRP4), et aucune d'entre elles ne s'est avérée capable d'inhiber l'activité de la protéase BMP-1 humaine in vitro. Ce travail montre toutefois que les protéases BMP-1, mTLD et mTLL-1 humaines peuvent être inhibées de façon puissante et spécifique par la protéine Sizzled de xénope. Cette inhibition repose sur l'interaction du domaine Frizzled de Sizzled avec le domaine catalytique des protéases Tolloïdes. Plus particulièrement, les résidus Asp-92, Phe-94, Ser-43 et Glu-44 de Sizzled (dont certains ne sont pas présents chez les sFRPs de mammifères) jouent un rôle crucial dans cette inhibition. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés au variant long du collagène XVIII, qui comporte également un domaine Frizzled. Nous avons pu montrer que BMP-1 clive le collagène XVIII in vitro, libérant un fragment contenant le domaine Frizzled. Des expériences sont en cours pour déterminer si ce fragment est capable d'inhiber les protéases Tolloïdes / Tolloid proteinases constitute a group of extracellular metalloproteinases which includes four members in mammals (BMP-1, mTLD, mTLL-1, mTLL-2). These proteinases play major roles in development, tissue repair and related pathological conditions such as fibrosis. In 2006, the first endogenous inhibitor of Tolloid proteinases was identified in Xenopus and zebrafish. This inhibitor, called Sizzled, is a member of the secreted Frizzled- related proteins (sFRPs). The present study strongly suggests that inhibition of Tolloid proteinases activity by sFRPs is not conserved in mammals. Indeed, three of the five mammalian sFRPs were tested (sFRP1, sFRP2 and sFRP4) and none of them was found to inhibit human BMP-1 activity in vitro. In contrast, this study demonstrates that Xenopus Sizzled is a potent and specific inhibitor of human BMP-1, mTLD and mTLL-1. This inhibition involves an interaction between the Frizzled domain of Sizzled and the catalytic domain of Tolloid proteinases. More precisely, residues Asp-92, Phe-94, Ser-43 and Glu-44 of Sizzled (among which only Asp-92 is conserved in mammalian sFRPs) play a crucial role in Tolloid proteinase inhibition. Finally, we studied the longest isoform of collagen XVIII, which also contains a Frizzled domain. We found that BMP-1 can cleave collagen XVIII in vitro, resulting in a Frizzled domain-Containing fragment. Experiments are in progress to determine if this fragment can also inhibit Tolloid proteinase activity

Parmi les récepteurs Frizzled, Frizzled 4 est le seul à avoir un phénotype vasculaire fort. Parcriblage, nous avons identifié l’ubiquitine ligase PDZRN3 en tant que nouveau partenaire de la protéineadaptatrice Dvl3 qui agit en aval de Fzd4. En utilisant des modèles murins inductibles, nous montronsque la délétion de PDZRN3 induit une létalité embryonnaire suite à des défauts de vascularisation dusac amniotique ; et que PDZRN3 est requis pour une vascularisation normale de la rétine. De par sonactivité d’ubiquitine ligase, PDZRN3 induit la prise en charge du complexe Fzd4/ Dvl3 par les vésiculesd’endocytose ce qui permet la transduction du signal après fixation du ligand Wnt5a sur le récepteurFzd4. PDZRN3 régule également le maintien des jonctions des cellules endothéliales et l’intégrité de labarrière hémato-encéphalique. La délétion de PDZRN3 stabilise les microvaisseaux après ischémiecérébrale. PDZRN3 induit la disruption des jonctions serrées et la rupture de la barrièrehématoencéphalique en ubiquitinant la protéine d’échafaudage MUPP1. / Fzd4 is the only Frizzled receptor that is essential for angiogenesis. By using a yeast twohybrid screening, we have identified the ubiquitin ligase PDZRN3 as a potential partner of the adaptorprotein Dvl3 that acts downstream of Fzd4. By using inducible mouse models, we have shown that lossof PDZRN3 leads to early embryo lethality due to vascular defects in the yolk sac when deleted inutero, and is then required during post natal retinal vascularization. PDZRN3 would target the Fzd4/Dvl3 complex to endosome, leading to signal transduction upon binding of Wnt5a to Fzd4. PDZRN3also regulates integrity of the blood brain barrier by acting on tight junctions stability. Loss of PDZRN3stabilizes microvessels after cerebral ischemia. PDZRN3 would induce tight junction disruption andblood brain barrier leakage by ubiquitinylating the scaffolding protein MUPP1.

La thérapie cellulaire suscite de grands espoirs dans le domaine cardiovasculaire. Cependant les premières études humaines sont décevantes. Parmi les explications avancées, citons un mauvais choix de cellules, une méthode de délivrance inadéquate, une préparation des cellules et des tissus hôtes insuffisante ou une trop grande mortalité cellulaire après injection.Durant ce travail nous avons voulu explorer 3 pistes d’optimisation de la thérapie cellulaire à visée pro-angiogénique utilisant les cellules souches mésenchymateuses (MSC) et contribué à l’exploration des mécanismes mis en jeu, en particulier en explorant le rôle du système Wnt/Frizzled.Nous avons tout d’abord étudié un système original de délivrance de cellules utilisant un « patch » musculaire cousu en regard d’un myocarde infarci de souris. Puis nous avons étudié l’effet d’une surexpression de sFRP1, inhibiteur de la voie Wnt, sur un modèle de matrice sous cutanée. Enfin, nous avons testé l’hypothèse qu’un préconditionnement hypoxique des cellules permettrait une meilleure survie cellulaire et améliorerait la réparation vasculaire et tissulaire après ischémie de patte chez la souris.Nos résultats permettent notamment de montrer que les MSC ont des capacités d’invasion des tissus ischémiques et qu’elles se différencient en péricytes en formant un réseau tridimensionnel de soutien aux cellules endothéliales. Par ailleurs, via sFRP1, nous mettons en évidence un rôle du système Wnt/Fzd dans l’effet pro-angiogénique. Enfin, nous montrons l’intérêt du préconditionnement hypoxique dont les effets sont médiés par Wnt4.L’ensemble de ces données permet d’envisager des voies d’optimisation de la thérapie cellulaire. / Some of the challenges facing stem-cell therapy for cardiac disease are which type of stem cell or progenitor cell is the best candidate for therapy, how to survive in the low oxygen environment of ischemic myocardium. Here we studied the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as vascular progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo, and we studied the effects of sFRP-1/Wnt signaling modulation or hypoxia on MSC properties. First, we demonstrated the beneficial effect of MSC application on ischemic heart repair using an original surgical model (patch) to deliver stem cells. This study showed that the contribution of the MSCs in the mouse infarcted myocardium was beneficial either on the scar (increase in angiogenesis, in cell proliferation, reduction in ventricular remodeling) or on the trophicity of the patch.Then we characterized the angiogenic properties of MSC in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrate that MSCs could be recruited and formed vascular structures around endothelial tubes. We showed in vivo that the surexpression of sFRP-1 (regulating factor of the Wnt system) in MSCs increased their potential of pericyte-like cells correlated with an increased maturation of the vessels via an intracellular GSK-3 dependent pathway in MSCs. Our next objective was to investigate the effects of hypoxia exposure on MSC before implantation for vascular and tissue regeneration in mice with hind limb ischemia. Our data suggest that hypoxic preconditioning has a critical role on MSC dynamic functions, shifting MSC location in situ to enhance ischemic tissue recovery, facilitating vascular cell mobilization and skeletal myoblast regeneration via a paracrine Wnt dependent mechanism.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF43 (RING finger protein 43) is an important negative modulator of the WNT signalling pathway that acts at the plasma membrane by targeting Frizzled and its co-receptor LRP for degradation. In the small intestine, this prevents uncontrolled expansion of the stem cell compartment and so it is essential to the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis. However, despite its crucial role in fine-tuning the WNT pathway and its role as a tumour suppressor, it is unclear whether RNF43 has further binding partners and what their functional relevance is to the modulation of WNT signalling. Here, I describe the development of a new screening strategy which combines CRISPR/Cas9 technology with 3D-intestinal organoid culture for the identification of novel molecular interactors of RNF43. Overall, this study and the technology developed provide a tool to enable the detailed description of the mechanism of action of RNF43, which is important not only in order to increase our understanding of WNT pathway regulation but also to gain potential new insights into RNF43 paralogs, by analogy. The investigation of paralogs is crucial as RNF43 belongs to a newly identified family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, named the PA-RING family, whose members are still poorly characterised. The majority of PA-RING family members have not been linked to any signalling pathway, most of their targets are still unknown and in many cases their in vivo function has not been addressed. In this context, my work has specifically focused on the investigation of the potential involvement of additional PA-RING family members in WNT pathway modulation and also on target identification for selected members. The results summarised in this dissertation show that no other PA-RING family member plays a prominent role in WNT pathway modulation aside from Rnf43 and its homologue Znrf3, however, different classes of adhesion molecules are likely to be regulated by certain of these E3 ligases. In conclusion, my work has contributed to unravelling previously unexplored aspects of this protein family, with particular regard to RNF43 and its mechanism of action. Thanks to this original approach, it was possible to identify potential new players involved either in membrane clearance of Frizzled or in RNF43 maturation. In particular, my thesis focuses on the characterisation of the role of DAAM in RNF43-mediated Frizzled internalisation.

Signaling pathways are complex and function to transmit signals from the extracellular environment into the cell. Analysis of results obtained from a high throughput siRNA screen led to the identification of Membrane protein palmitoylated 3 (MPP3) and Leukocyte Tyrosine Kinase (LTK) as novel negative regulators of the Wnt pathway. MPP3 is a MAGUK family protein and domain mapping studies indicated that the Guk domain plays a role in the negative regulation of the pathway. LTK, a receptor tyrosine kinase, has several transcript variants one of which lacks the entire kinase domain (LTK∆KD). While LTK∆KD interacted with the Wnt receptor Frizzled7, the full length LTK did not, suggesting distinct modes of pathway regulation. Analysis of neuronal cells, NIE115 and Neuro2a, demonstrated LTK is expressed and that cells are Wnt3a responsive, thereby providing a neuronal model system appropriate for further studies on the mechanism and biological role of LTK as a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway

Signaling pathways are complex and function to transmit signals from the extracellular environment into the cell. Analysis of results obtained from a high throughput siRNA screen led to the identification of Membrane protein palmitoylated 3 (MPP3) and Leukocyte Tyrosine Kinase (LTK) as novel negative regulators of the Wnt pathway. MPP3 is a MAGUK family protein and domain mapping studies indicated that the Guk domain plays a role in the negative regulation of the pathway. LTK, a receptor tyrosine kinase, has several transcript variants one of which lacks the entire kinase domain (LTK∆KD). While LTK∆KD interacted with the Wnt receptor Frizzled7, the full length LTK did not, suggesting distinct modes of pathway regulation. Analysis of neuronal cells, NIE115 and Neuro2a, demonstrated LTK is expressed and that cells are Wnt3a responsive, thereby providing a neuronal model system appropriate for further studies on the mechanism and biological role of LTK as a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway

Wnt11 is a key signalling molecule that regulates cell polarity/migration during vertebrate development and also promotes the invasive behaviour of adult cancer cells. It is therefore essential to understand the mechanisms by which Wnt11 signalling regulates cell behaviour. The process of vertebrate gastrulation provides an excellent developmental system to study Wnt11 function in vivo. It is known that Wnt11 mediates coordinated cell migration during gastrulation via the non-canonical Wnt pathway that shares several components with a the planar cell polarity pathway (PCP) in Drosophila. However, the mechanisms by which these PCP components facilitate Wnt11 function in vertebrates is still unclear. While in Drosophila, the asymmetric localization of PCP components is crucial for the establishment of cell polarity, no asymmetric localization of Wnt11 pathway components have so far been observed in vertebrates. To shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Wnt11 signalling, I developed an assay to visualize Wnt11 activity in vivo using live imaging of Wnt11 pathway components tagged to fluorescent proteins. This allowed me to determine the sub-cellular distribution of these components and to correlate the effect of Wnt11 activity with the behaviour of living embryonic cells. I found that Wnt11 locally accumulates together with its receptor Frizzled7 (Fz7) at sites of cell-cell contacts and locally recruits the intra-cellular signalling mediator Dishevelled (Dsh) to those sites. Monitoring these apparent Wnt11 signalling centres through time-lapse confocal microscopy revealed, that Wnt11 activity locally increases the persistency of cell-cell contacts. In addition, I found that the atypical cadherin Flamingo (Fmi) is required for this process. Fmi accumulates together with Wnt11/Fz7 at sites of cell-cell contact and locally increased cell adhesion, via a mechanism that appears to be independent of known downstream effectors of Wnt11 signalling such as RhoA and Rok2. This study indicates that Wnt11 locally interacts with Fmi and Fz7 to control cell-contact persistency and to facilitate coherent and coordinated cell migration. This provides a novel mechanism of non-canonical Wnt signalling in mediating cell behaviour, which is likely relevant to other developmental systems. (Die Druckexemplare enthalten jeweils eine CD-ROM als Anlagenteil: 50 MB: Movies - Nutzung: Referat Informationsvermittlung der SLUB)