Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 2008

This diploma thesis deals with the current legal regulation and the issues related to the land intended to fulfill the functions of a forest. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the legal regulations and to provide proposals how to solve the deficiencies. The legal framework of this topic - the basis of this thesis is represented mainly by the individual act in this area - the so called Forest Law. In addition, other legal regulations are also presented. Particular terms are gradually introduced and forests are characterized from the point of categorization. The most extensive part of this thesis is the third chapter which focuses on the protection of the land intended to fulfill the functions of a forest and related institutions. The forest is defined as a significant landscape element and a part of natural protected areas. Furthermore, the principle of sustainable development is mentioned and the instruments used for forest's protection are also defined. Moreover, the principles of land revocation and restriction, the institution of public use of forest so as forest guard and other authorities are presented. The last chapter addresses the issue of property and lease relations of the land intended to fulfill the functions of a forest. Also the re-established institution of tenancy is interpreted....

Com o propósito de conceituar a natureza da relação jurídica entre o administrador e as sociedades anônimas, expõem-se, inicialmente, os centros institucionalizados de poder, suas formas de estruturação e funções desenvolvidas na companhia. Delimita-se, então, a quais desses núcleos de poder as atividades de direção, execução e supervisão ordinárias da atividade corporativa foram atribuídas pela Lei. Caracterizado o administrador, aprecia-se a qualidade na qual este age e produz determinados efeitos com seu comportamento. Para a definição dessa posição ocupada na companhia, afere-se a natureza da atribuição da personalidade jurídica ao ente coletivo e sua independência em face dos membros subjacentes. O vínculo criador dessa posição jurídica, entretanto, não possui fundamento teórico uníssono da doutrina estrangeira, tampouco é consenso entre os doutrinadores brasileiros. Aprecia-se, assim, a adequação dos principais argumentos de cada teoria frente ao ordenamento jurídico pátrio mediante a abordagem dos elementos estruturais do ato de preenchimento de órgão. A modalidade do referido ato é definida pela análise da natureza da eleição, mediante a apreciação da deliberação dos órgãos legitimados, da possibilidade de manifestar a vontade social diretamente a terceiros e de produzir efeitos determinados com autonomia, bem como da função integradora da aceitação, como condição de existência de um negócio jurídico bilateral ou de eficácia de um negócio jurídico unilateral. Por fim, confrontam-se as principais características dessa relação jurídica aos contratos de mandato, de prestação de serviço e de trabalho para possibilitar a verificação de sua adequação típica e a definição de um conceito ao ato de preenchimento de órgão de administração das sociedades anônimas. / Aiming to create the concepts for the nature of the juridical relation between the officer and the joint-stock companies, this work initially exposes the institutionalized power centers, their structures composition and roles developed in the company. In the sequence, the essay outlines to which of those power nuclei the Law has ascribed the ordinary activities of direction, performance and supervision of the corporate activity. After the officer is characterized, the work analyzes the quality under which such officer acts and produces certain effects on his/her behavior. To define such position held with the company, it is verified the nature of the assigning the legal personality to the collective entity and its independence towards the underlying members. The bond creating such legal position, however, does not have unified theoretical ground in the foreign doctrine and neither is it a consensus among the Brazilian teachers. Hence, adequacy of each theorys main arguments is assessed against the countrys legal system by addressing the structural elements in the act of fulfilling the body. Modality of such act is defined by analysing the nature of the election, assessing deliberation of the empowered bodies, the possibility of manifesting the social will directly to third parties and to produce certain effects in autonomous manner, as well as the integration roles of the acceptance as a condition for existence of a bilateral juristic act or condition for efficacy of an unilateral juristic act. Finally the main characteristics of such legal relation are confronted with the power-ofattorney, service rendering and employment agreements to enable verification of their typical adequacy and definition of a concept to the act of fulfilling the administration body of the joint-stock companies.

Along this dissertation I propose to walk the reader through several macroeconomic implications of information asymmetries, with a special focus on financial issues. This exercise is mainly theoretical: I develop stylized models that aim at capturing macroeconomic phenomena such as self-fulfilling liquidity dry-ups, the rise and the fall of securitization markets, and the creation of systemic risk. The dissertation consists of three chapters. The first one proposes an explanation to self-fulfilling liquidity dry-ups. The second chapters proposes a formalization of the concept of market discipline and an application to securitization markets as risk-sharing mechanisms. The third one offers a complementary analysis to the second as the rise of securitization is presented as banker optimal response to strict capital constraints. Two concepts that do not have unique acceptations in economics play a central role in these models: liquidity and market discipline. The liquidity of an asset refers to the ability for his owner to transform it into current consumption goods. Secondary markets for long-term assets play thus an important role with that respect. However, such markets might be illiquid due to adverse selection. In the first chapter, I show that: (1) when agents expect a liquidity dry-up on such markets, they optimally choose to self-insure through the hoarding of non-productive but liquid assets; (2) this hoarding behavior worsens adverse selection and dries up market liquidity; (3) such liquidity dry-ups are Pareto inefficient equilibria; (4) the government can rule them out. Additionally, I show that idiosyncratic liquidity shocks à la Diamond and Dybvig have stabilizing effects, which is at odds with the banking literature. The main contribution of the chapter is to show that market breakdowns due to adverse selection are highly endogenous to past balance-sheet decisions. I consider that agents are under market discipline when their current behavior is influenced by future market outcomes. A key ingredient for market discipline to be at play is that the market outcome depends on information that is observable but not verifiable (that is, information that cannot be proved in court, and consequently, upon which enforceable contracts cannot be based). In the second chapter, after introducing this novel formalization of market discipline, I ask whether securitization really contributes to better risk-sharing: I compare it with other mechanisms that differ on the timing of risk-transfer. I find that for securitization to be an efficient risk-sharing mechanism, it requires market discipline to be strong and adverse selection not to be severe. This seems to seriously restrict the set of assets that should be securitized for risk-sharing motive. Additionally, I show how ex-ante leverage may mitigate interim adverse selection in securitization markets and therefore enhance ex-post risk-sharing. This is interesting because high leverage is usually associated with “excessive” risktaking. In the third chapter, I consider risk-neutral bankers facing strict capital constraints; their capital is indeed required to cover the worst-case-scenario losses. In such a set-up, I find that: 1) banker optimal autarky response is to diversify lower-tail risk and maximize leverage; 2) securitization helps to free up capital and to increase leverage, but distorts incentives to screen loan applicants properly; 3) market discipline mitigates this problem, but if it is overestimated by the supervisor, it leads to excess leverage, which creates systemic risk. Finally, I consider opaque securitization and I show that the supervisor: 4) faces uncertainty about the trade-off between the size of the economy and the probability and the severity of a systemic crisis; 5) can generally not set capital constraints at the socially efficient level.

Com o propósito de conceituar a natureza da relação jurídica entre o administrador e as sociedades anônimas, expõem-se, inicialmente, os centros institucionalizados de poder, suas formas de estruturação e funções desenvolvidas na companhia. Delimita-se, então, a quais desses núcleos de poder as atividades de direção, execução e supervisão ordinárias da atividade corporativa foram atribuídas pela Lei. Caracterizado o administrador, aprecia-se a qualidade na qual este age e produz determinados efeitos com seu comportamento. Para a definição dessa posição ocupada na companhia, afere-se a natureza da atribuição da personalidade jurídica ao ente coletivo e sua independência em face dos membros subjacentes. O vínculo criador dessa posição jurídica, entretanto, não possui fundamento teórico uníssono da doutrina estrangeira, tampouco é consenso entre os doutrinadores brasileiros. Aprecia-se, assim, a adequação dos principais argumentos de cada teoria frente ao ordenamento jurídico pátrio mediante a abordagem dos elementos estruturais do ato de preenchimento de órgão. A modalidade do referido ato é definida pela análise da natureza da eleição, mediante a apreciação da deliberação dos órgãos legitimados, da possibilidade de manifestar a vontade social diretamente a terceiros e de produzir efeitos determinados com autonomia, bem como da função integradora da aceitação, como condição de existência de um negócio jurídico bilateral ou de eficácia de um negócio jurídico unilateral. Por fim, confrontam-se as principais características dessa relação jurídica aos contratos de mandato, de prestação de serviço e de trabalho para possibilitar a verificação de sua adequação típica e a definição de um conceito ao ato de preenchimento de órgão de administração das sociedades anônimas. / Aiming to create the concepts for the nature of the juridical relation between the officer and the joint-stock companies, this work initially exposes the institutionalized power centers, their structures composition and roles developed in the company. In the sequence, the essay outlines to which of those power nuclei the Law has ascribed the ordinary activities of direction, performance and supervision of the corporate activity. After the officer is characterized, the work analyzes the quality under which such officer acts and produces certain effects on his/her behavior. To define such position held with the company, it is verified the nature of the assigning the legal personality to the collective entity and its independence towards the underlying members. The bond creating such legal position, however, does not have unified theoretical ground in the foreign doctrine and neither is it a consensus among the Brazilian teachers. Hence, adequacy of each theorys main arguments is assessed against the countrys legal system by addressing the structural elements in the act of fulfilling the body. Modality of such act is defined by analysing the nature of the election, assessing deliberation of the empowered bodies, the possibility of manifesting the social will directly to third parties and to produce certain effects in autonomous manner, as well as the integration roles of the acceptance as a condition for existence of a bilateral juristic act or condition for efficacy of an unilateral juristic act. Finally the main characteristics of such legal relation are confronted with the power-ofattorney, service rendering and employment agreements to enable verification of their typical adequacy and definition of a concept to the act of fulfilling the administration body of the joint-stock companies.

Face à un constat de déconnexion entre la valorisation de trois types d’actifs (deux actifs financiers et un actif immobilier) et les fondamentaux économiques dans la période récente, marquée par l’occurrence de crises économiques et financières sévères, cette thèse vise à mettre en évidence le rôle des anticipations des agents économiques.Premièrement, cette thèse souligne que le rôle des anticipations dans la récente crise de dette en zone euro est lié à l’existence de complémentarités stratégiques dans les décisions des agents économiques. Dans cette perspective, l’apport de cette thèse est de s’intéresser à un fait central et pourtant passé relativement inaperçu : la hausse de la part de dette détenue par les résidents dans les économies les plus fragiles de la zone euro à partir de la fin 2008. Nous montrons que si les chocs d’endettement public ont bien un effet positifs ur le biais domestique dans la détention de dette publique, les chocs d’anticipations pessimistes peuvent également jouer un rôle significatif pour expliquer les variations du biais domestique. Deuxièmement, cette thèse montre que la volatilité excessive du prix de certains actifs relativement aux fondamentaux peut être expliquée dans le cadre de modèles standards dès lors que l’on relâche l’hypothèse d’anticipations rationnelles et que l’on suppose que les agents estiment les paramètres des lois gouvernant la dynamique des fondamentaux, à la façon d’économètres. Sous cette hypothèse, un modèle de prix d’actifs standard permet d’expliquer l’épisode de forte valorisation du prix des actions américaines au début des années 2000, suivi par un fort effondrement des cours à partir de 2008 et jusqu’à mi-2009.Enfin, nous montrons que modéliser un processus d’apprentissage bayésien sur le prix des actifs immobiliers dans le cadre d’un modèle DSGE avec des frictions de crédit permet d’expliquer simultanément la forte volatilité des prix immobiliers - qui a joué un rôle central dans la crise des subprimes - et celle de variables caractérisant le cycle des affaires aux Etats-Unis sur la période 1985-2015. / In view of the disconnect between the pricing of three types of assets (two types of financial assets and real-estate assets) and economic fundamentals in the recent period ofsevere economic and financial crises, this thesis aims at highlighting the role of economicagents’ expectations.First, this thesis emphasizes that the role of expectations in the recent Eurozonesovereign debt crisis relates to strategic complementarities in agents’ decisions. In thisrespect, this thesis focuses on one major but mostly unnoticed fact: the share of governmentdebt held by the resident sector increased beginning at the end of 2008 in the mostfragile economies of the zone. We show that – whereas public debt shocks positively affectthe home bias in sovereign debt – pessimistic expectation shocks can also significantlyexplain variations in home bias.Second, this thesis shows that excess volatility in stock and in house prices relativeto fundamentals can be accounted for by standard models when the rational expectationshypothesis is relaxed and when agents are assumed to estimate the parameters of the lawsof motion driving the dynamics of economic fundamentals – that is, as econometricians.Under this assumption, a standard asset pricing model can explain the persistently highvaluation in US stock prices in the early 2000s followed by their dramatic bust by 2009.Finally, we show that modelling Bayesian learning regarding house prices in the contextof a DSGE model with credit frictions allows us to simultaneously replicate the dramaticvolatility in house prices - which played a crucial role in the subprime crisis - and in businesscycle variables over the 1985-2015 period.

This thesis considers an evaluating the fulfilling a Social Services Community Plan in the town Pribram. First described the basic starting point of community planning. After that follows mapping the current status of community planning in the town Pribram by the scheduled activities. The fulfilling of Social services community plan in the town Pribram is first evaluated for each priority area and in the end as a whole. The thesis also contains proposals to improve the situation.

Conceptual development and achievement are embedded in social relationships. Research on self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom has shown teachers' inaccurate perceptions about a child's ability shape schoolchildren's intellectual development in the direction of the misperception (Jussim & Harber, 2005; Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968; Sorhagen, 2013). This contrasts with prior research on the influences of parents' misperceptions, which has shown that parents with accurate perceptions of their child's abilities, compared to those with misperceptions, have children with advanced conceptual development and higher achievement (Hunt & Paraskevopoulos, 1980; S. A. Miller, Manhal, & Mee, 1991; Sorhagen, 2014a, 2014b). Taken together, the literature on adult misperceptions of child abilities paints discrepant pictures of how adults' inaccurate beliefs may influence children's achievement trajectories. There is evidence for conditional direct and indirect effects of misperceptions within both literatures. Perhaps if moderating conditions were the same at school and at home, the effects of teacher and parent misperceptions would be the same. The present dissertation used prospective data to address the conflicting evidence on the effects of teachers' and mothers' misperceptions of abilities, focusing on differences in the magnitude and direction of adult misperceptions by the levels of environmental control (i.e. rigidly structured and intrusive versus autonomy-supporting). The results confirmed and extended the prior literature by showing that children's reading and math achievement in high school were differentially affected by the accuracy of adults' perceptions of the children's abilities depending on whether the adult is a teacher or mother. Children's high school performance benefited most when their teachers overestimated their abilities and when their mothers' accurately estimated their abilities in in third-grade. Furthermore, there was evidence for mediation through adults' differential treatment in the reading models. Evidence for moderation was also seen in the reading models, but only for the influence of teachers' misperceptions on teacher attention, which indirectly led to differences in child achievement (i.e. conditional indirect effects). The effects of teachers' misperceptions were more profound at low levels of environmental control compared to highly controlled classrooms. Thus environmental control did not lead to similar influences of teacher and mother misperceptions. This supports the notion that there are different consequences of teacher and mother misperceptions on child achievement. The results of additional analyses found child characteristics (i.e. child birth order, gender, ethnicity, family SES, child social competencies, and prior abilities), as well as teacher's self-efficacy predicted the degree of accuracy of the adults' perceptions of children's reading and math abilities. Furthermore, the results showed that teachers' and mothers' perceptions were often accurate, but when one adult was inaccurate, it was likely that the other adult's perception was similar. As we become increasingly aware of the importance of social influences on cognition, the results of the present dissertation suggest that it is important to consider differences between socializing agents. / Psychology

Judgments of Learning (JOL) that are made after a delay, instead of immediately after study, are more accurate in terms of predicting later recall (the delayed JOL effect). The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (SFP) theory explains the delayed JOL effect as the result of a testing effect. In the current study we tested the prediction that performing delayed JOLs leads to a memory improvement. During learning, 79 participants studied Swahili-Swedish word pairs, immediately followed by a cued recall test, and then made either one single or three repeated, spaced JOLs. A final cued recall test was given after either 5 minutes or 1 week. Making repeated JOLs did not increase memory performance compared to the single JOL condition, hence lending no support to the SFP theory. However, making repeated JOLs did improve their relative accuracy, which suggests that the delayed JOL effect mainly concerns memory monitoring and not performance.

The present work has as its primary objective to characterize the pluviometric system in the state of Sergipe and evaluate the applicability of the artificial neural networks in the process of fulfilling malfunctions in the historical series of pluvimetric data. It is intended, with this work, to socialize the technical knowledge about the existing system in the state and present to the users data of precipitation, a possible tool for the treatment of this information. To characterize the pluviometric system in the state of Sergipe, interviews were carried in public organizations, at the state and federal level, that have pluviometric posts or stations in Sergipe, aiming at identifying the profile of the people responsible for the stations; the structure of the network; and the process of monitoring and validating the precipitation data. To evaluate the functioning of the neural networks when the failures were fulfilled, three experiments were carried out, varying the structure of the created system. The results of the research reveal that Sergipe has a pluviometric system with good density, but poor distribution of stations. Also, a considerable number of stations today are inactive, and amongst the ones that are active, the great majority is conventional, and models that do not meet the recommendations of the World Meteorology Organization. This points out the urgent need to restructure the pluviometric system in the state. It has also been discovered that failures in the process of collection and transmission of data generate innumerous problems and inconsistence in the data of historical series of pluviometric data. About the applicability of the neural network to overcome the last problem, the experiments showed that the neural systems are able to generate satisfactory results. Nevertheless, there is some difficulty to obtain the values with precision, because the series of pluviometric data are not obtained with regularity, which implies in problems to recognize a specific pattern. Whereas researchers aim at consistent and precise data, this technique should not be disregarded, but improved and utilized after the pre-treatment of the data through simpler models. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a rede pluviométrica do Estado de Sergipe e avaliar a aplicabilidade das redes neurais artificiais no preenchimento de falhas nas séries históricas de dados pluviométricos. Pretende-se, com este trabalho, socializar os conhecimentos técnicos sobre a rede existente no Estado e apresentar aos usuários dos dados de precipitação uma possível ferramenta voltada ao tratamento desses dados. Para caracterizar a rede pluviométrica do Estado, foram realizadas entrevistas nas entidades públicas, estaduais e federais, que possuem postos ou estações pluviométricas no Estado, visando identificar o perfil das pessoas responsáveis pelas estações; a estrutura da rede; e o processo de monitoramento e validação dos dados de precipitação. E, para avaliar o comportamento das redes neurais, quando aplicadas ao preenchimento de falhas, foram realizados 03 experimentos, variando a estrutura da rede criada. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam que Sergipe possui uma rede pluviométrica com boa densidade, mas com má distribuição das estações. Além disso, um número significativo de estações estão atualmente desativadas e dentre as que estão em funcionamento, a grande maioria é do tipo convencional e de modelos que não atendem às recomendações da Organização Mundial de Meteorologia OMM. O que mostra a urgente necessidade de reestuturação da rede pluviométrica do Estado. Constatou-se também que as falhas no processo de coleta e transmissão dos dados geram inúmeros problemas de inconsistência de dados e lacunas nas séries históricas de dados pluviométricos. Quanto à aplicabilidade das redes neurais para solucionar este último problema, os experimentos mostraram que as redes neurais conseguem gerar resultados satisfatórios. Porém, com certa dificuldade de obter valores com precisão, pois as séries de dados pluviométricos não apresentarem muita regularidade, dificultando o reconhecimento de uma lógica ou de um padrão. No entanto, embora o que se almeje sejam dados consistentes e precisos, esta técnica não deve ser descartada, mas sim aprimorada e utilizada após o prétratamento dos dados através de modelos mais simples.