<p>Automationscenter & Bråvalla Elteknik AB is a company that offers the market completed total solutions where the customer can operate and monitor their production from the terminal. In these total solutions they lack standard circuit which are developed by the company and which could manoeuvre/control/monitor controlled process objects. This report defines the work of developing the most common standard circuits.The report is initiated by a short theoretical part about PLC and the PLC system, with a connected terminal, which has been used. Thereafter, the turnout of the demands of specification is reported, after discussing with the supervisor in the course of the project. The report concludes with a disclosure of how the programming, the documentation and the testing have proceeded and a final discussion concerning the project and proposals on continuation.The result is a CD with the documentation of standard circuits and how they are implemented in a new project. One library file with the program code to all standard circuit. Program code and documentation for both demonstration and testing are also on the CD. This project represents a start of POS (Process Objektsstyrnings Standard) as the collection is called at Automationscenter.</p> / <p>Automationscenter & Bråvalla Elteknik AB är ett företag som erbjuder marknaden färdiga totallösningar där kunden kan manövrera och övervaka sin produktion från operatörspaneler. I denna totallösning saknar företaget egna framtagna ”typkretsar” som manövrerar/kontrollerar/övervakar styrda processobjekt. En typkrets skall ha en del som implementeras i PLC och en del som implementeras i operatörspanelen.Denna rapport redogör för hur några av de vanligaste ”typkretsarna” tas fram.Rapporten inleds med en kort teoridel om PLC och det PLC‐system med tillhörande operatörspanel som använts. Därefter redogörs hur typkretsarnas kravspecifikation blev efter att ha diskuterat med handledaren under arbetets gång. Rapporten avslutas med en redovisning för hur programmeringen, dokumentationen och testningen gått till och en avslutande diskussion om arbetet och förslag på fortsättning.Resultatet blev en CD‐skiva med dokumentation om typkretsarna och hur de implementeras i ett nytt projekt: en biblioteksfil med programkoden till alla typkretsar. Programkod och dokumentation för både visning och testning finns också med på skivan. Ex‐jobbet utgör en början på POS Process Objektsstyrnings Standard som samlingen heter på Automationscenter & Bråvalla Elteknik AB.</p>

Automationscenter &amp; Bråvalla Elteknik AB is a company that offers the market completed total solutions where the customer can operate and monitor their production from the terminal. In these total solutions they lack standard circuit which are developed by the company and which could manoeuvre/control/monitor controlled process objects. This report defines the work of developing the most common standard circuits.The report is initiated by a short theoretical part about PLC and the PLC system, with a connected terminal, which has been used. Thereafter, the turnout of the demands of specification is reported, after discussing with the supervisor in the course of the project. The report concludes with a disclosure of how the programming, the documentation and the testing have proceeded and a final discussion concerning the project and proposals on continuation.The result is a CD with the documentation of standard circuits and how they are implemented in a new project. One library file with the program code to all standard circuit. Program code and documentation for both demonstration and testing are also on the CD. This project represents a start of POS (Process Objektsstyrnings Standard) as the collection is called at Automationscenter. / Automationscenter &amp; Bråvalla Elteknik AB är ett företag som erbjuder marknaden färdiga totallösningar där kunden kan manövrera och övervaka sin produktion från operatörspaneler. I denna totallösning saknar företaget egna framtagna ”typkretsar” som manövrerar/kontrollerar/övervakar styrda processobjekt. En typkrets skall ha en del som implementeras i PLC och en del som implementeras i operatörspanelen.Denna rapport redogör för hur några av de vanligaste ”typkretsarna” tas fram.Rapporten inleds med en kort teoridel om PLC och det PLC‐system med tillhörande operatörspanel som använts. Därefter redogörs hur typkretsarnas kravspecifikation blev efter att ha diskuterat med handledaren under arbetets gång. Rapporten avslutas med en redovisning för hur programmeringen, dokumentationen och testningen gått till och en avslutande diskussion om arbetet och förslag på fortsättning.Resultatet blev en CD‐skiva med dokumentation om typkretsarna och hur de implementeras i ett nytt projekt: en biblioteksfil med programkoden till alla typkretsar. Programkod och dokumentation för både visning och testning finns också med på skivan. Ex‐jobbet utgör en början på POS Process Objektsstyrnings Standard som samlingen heter på Automationscenter &amp; Bråvalla Elteknik AB.

Zusammenfassung "Prozessgebundene Berechnungs-Baugruppen bieten Konstrukteuren die Möglichkeit, ihre zum Teil mehrstufigen Berechnungen durch den Einsatz modularer Funktionsbausteine ablauforientiert, verbindlich, nachvollziehbar und vor allem zeitsparender zu gestalten. Die Grundlage dieser neuen Methode bilden Ansätze, die sich bereits in der Informationstechnik und in der Konstruktionsmethodik bewährt haben. Vom Anforderungsmanagement bis zur Validierung kann dabei auf eine Bibliothek modularer Berechnungsobjekte in Form von Prozess-Bausteinen zugegriffen werden, deren Schnittstellen und Datenstrukturen ausnahmslos einheitlichen Definitionen entsprechen. Gemeinsam mit der in Anlehnung an den eCl@ss - Standard entwickelten Merkmalsstruktur der Prozess-Bausteine wird so eine hohe Wiederverwendbarkeit in unterschiedlichen Berechnungskonfigurationen erzielt. Ihre Klassifizierung orientiert sich an konstruktionssystematischen Gesichtspunkten. Die Methode wird beispielhaft an Berechnungen für Getriebekomponenten erläutert."

Today’s   market   is   subjected   to   numerous   changes   due   to   the   need   of   continuous improvement  of  different  commercial  brands  in  order  to  survive  against  competitors.  This competition  drives  the  evolution  of  industrial  processes,  to  satisfy  the  high  customers’ requirements. It means that factors such as flexibility, adaptability and agility are crucial for the  successful  development  of  industries,  which  experience  some  degrees  of  uncertainty due  to  machine  breakdowns,  delays  and  market  fluctuations  among  others.  The  current trend  in  manufacturing  industries  consists  in  the  implementation  of  distributed  control systems (DCS), substituting the earlier programmable logic controllers (PLC) systems where a main  processor  operated  as  the  central  unit  of  the  system.  To  this  end,  the  application  of function  blocks  (FB)  compliant  with  the  IEC  61499  standard  represents  an  innovative technique  for  dealing  with  the  design  and  programming  of  DCSs.  These  FBs  enable  the creation  of  event-driven  networks  governed  by  embedded  algorithms  that  can  be  used  to enhance  the  flexibility  and  portability  of  industrial  job-shops  based  on  a  distributed architecture.  Job-shop  floors  represent  a  principal  concept  in  manufacturing  industries.  This  project  is focused on the integration of a computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine and a gantry robot  which  must  be  coordinated  and  cooperate  for  the  achievement  of  an  industrial machining  and  assembly  process.  It  implies  the  design  of  a  PLC-managed  distributed  cell using  nxtControl  software.  This  software  facilitates  the  construction  of  FBs-networks  to control both machines and enables the communication process via service interface function blocks (SI-FB). Likewise, the whole process will be monitored using an interface also created within nxtControl which will allow the operator to decide the batch and characteristics of the production.  This project is also intended to set the basis for the understanding of the FB concept defined in  IEC  61499  which  moves  away  from  earlier  scan-based  systems  to  event-driven  models, aiming to contribute to the development of future research in the function blocks area.

Standards are, nowadays, a useful and sometimes essential tool, in the world of automated industry. Since the development of the standard IEC 61131-3, automation has made progresses in a consistent manner. This allows an engineer to develop control programs for any type of systems using the language set in the standard. However, this standard was not enough because it did not cover the control over distributed systems. Therefore, it was necessary to establish rules in this field. In order to fill this gap, the new standard IEC 61499 was developed. Its main objective is to describe how to develop, design and implement distributed control systems, using the new concept of function blocks. By the use of the new function blocks, it is possible to control distributed systems in a quick and easy way, adding some advantages such as reusability, portability, and much enhanced maintenance.This project involves the preparation of a manufacturing cell composed of a gantry robot interacting with a CNC machine. The project is developed in two sections; one is focused on the computer programming with function blocks for the gantry robot and HMI, and the other is prepared for the programming of function blocks for the CNC machine and HMI. The communications between PLC, PC, gantry robot and CNC machine are developed using the standard IEC 61499. This document covers the survey and research made for the first section of the project.The new standard IEC 61499 provides the methodologies and the appropriated tools to achieve a good control in distributed systems. The basic tools offered by this standard are the new function blocks which will be the main tool used in this project. Equally important, it is necessary to take into account the different assembly features and the machining features in order to design better function blocks to control the system. An HMI has to be developed in order to obtain a good interface for a worker of this cell.The aim of this project is to investigate how the new standard IEC 61499 works in a real manufacturing cell and how the new function blocks interact in a real distributed system. Moreover, it is important to see how the event flow works, controlling all the sequences required in the manufacturing cell.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiegoRCS.pdf: 1496847 bytes, checksum: 878c1e9b5f02010d7a253a52ac910a64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-15 / Industrial automation networks is in focus and is gradually replacing older architectures of systems used in automation world. Among existing automation networks, most prominent standard is the Foundation Fieldbus (FF). This particular standard was chosen for the development of this work thanks to its complete application layer specification and its user interface, organized as function blocks and that allows interoperability among different vendors' devices. Nowadays, one of most seeked solutions on industrial automation are the indirect measurements, that consist in infering a value from measures of other sensors. This can be made through implementation of the so-called software sensors. One of the most used tools in this project and in sensor implementation are artificial neural networks. The absence of a standard solution to implement neural networks in FF environment makes impossible the development of a field-indirect-measurement project, besides other projects involving neural networks, unless a closed proprietary solution is used, which dos not guarantee interoperability among network devices, specially if those are from different vendors. In order to keep the interoperability, this work's goal is develop a solution that implements artificial neural networks in Foundation Fieldbus industrial network environment, based on standard function blocks. Along the work, some results of the solution's implementation are also presented / As redes para automa??o industrial v?m se destacando e substituindo aos poucos as arquiteturas mais antigas dos sistemas utilizados na ?rea de automa??o. Dentre as redes para automa??o industrial j? existentes, a que mais se destaca ? a Foundation Fieldbus (FF). Essa arquitetura foi escolhida para desenvolver o presente trabalho devido ? completa especifica??o da camada de aplica??o e, por causa da sua interface com o usu?rio, organizada em blocos, o que possibilita a interoperabilidade entre os dispositivos de fabricantes diferentes. Atualmente, uma das aplica??es mais procuradas na automa??o industrial ? a medi??o indireta, que consiste em inferir um valor a partir das medidas de outros sensores. Isso pode ser realizado atrav?s da implementa??o dos chamados software sensors, ou, sensores de software. Uma das ferramentas mais utilizadas no projeto e implementa??o dos sensores de software s?o as redes neurais artificiais. A falta de uma solu??o padr?o que implemente redes neurais no ambiente de redes FF impossibilita o desenvolvimento de um projeto de medi??o indireta para o campo, al?m de outros poss?veis projetos que envolvam redes neurais, a menos que se opte por uma solu??o propriet?ria, o que n?o garante manter a interoperabilidade entre os dispositivos da rede, principalmente se esses forem de fabricantes diferentes. Visando manter a interoperabilidade, este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma solu??o para executar algoritmos de redes neurais artificiais no ambiente de redes para automa??o industrial Foundation Fieldbus baseada em blocos funcionais padr?es. Ao fim deste trabalho, encontram-se alguns resultados da implementa??o da solu??o aqui abordada

Many industrial control systems use programmable logic controllers (PLCs) since they provide a highly reliable, off-the-shelf hardware platform. On the programming side, function blocks (FBs) are reusable PLC components that can be composed to implement the required system behaviour. A higher quality system may be realized if the FBs are pre-certified to be compliant with an international standard such as IEC 61131-3. Unfortunately, the set of programming notations defined in IEC 61131-3 lack well-defined formal semantics. As a result, tool vendors and users of PLCs may have inconsistent interpretations of the expected system behaviour. To address this issue, we propose an engineering method for formally verifying the conformance of candidate implementations of FBs (and their compositions) to their high-level, input-output requirements. The proposed method is sufficiently general to handle FBs supplied by IEC 61131-3, and industrial FB applications involving real-time requirements. Our method involves several steps. First, we use tabular expressions to ensure the completeness and disjointness of the requirements for the FB. Second, we formalize the candidate implementation(s) of the FB in question. Third, we state and prove theorems regarding the consistency and correctness of the FB. All three steps are performed using the Prototype Verification Systems (PVS) proof assistant. As a first case study, we apply our approach to the IEC 61131-3 standard to examine the entire library of FBs and their supplied implementations described in structured text (ST) and function block diagrams (FBDs). As a second case study, we apply our approach to two realistic sub-systems taken from the nuclear domain. Applying the proposed method, we identified three kinds of issues: ambiguous behavioural descriptions, missing assumptions, and erroneous implementations. Furthermore, we suggest solutions to these issues. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / A formal verification approach for the function block based control systems

Ferramentas de simulação de barramentos de comunicação de chão de fábrica (fieldbuses) têm aplicação industrial durante a fase de projeto de malhas de controle, pois permitem a prévia avaliação do desempenho de tais malhas bem como o treinamento de operadores do sistema de controle. Este trabalho descreve uma ferramenta de simulação de fieldbus com foco na camada de aplicação de blocos funcionais Foundation Fieldbus que preenche os requisitos acima citados em uma plataforma única e autônoma em relação a fabricantes do sistema de controle e, para além disso, tem aplicação no ambiente industrial por usuários de fieldbus como uma ferramenta no desenvolvimento de blocos funcionais \"customizados\", bem como no ambiente acadêmico como ferramenta didática para ensino de sistemas de controle distribuídos. / Fieldbus simulation tools are used in the industry during the planning stages of control network implementations since they allow for a pre-evaluation of the network\'s performance as well as providing a training environment for the control systems operators. This thesis describes a fieldbus simulation tool focused on the Foundation Fieldbus functional blocks application layer that meets the requirements mentioned above within a single vendor independent platform. Additionally, the tool can be used by industrial fieldbus users developing custom functional blocks and, in an academic environment, as an application for teaching distributed control systems.

A crescente complexidade do controle dos processos industriais vem exigindo sistemas de controle cada vez mais precisos, confiáveis e versáteis. No sentido de atender a estas exigências, algoritmos diversos de controle e estimação, tais como: técnicas de controle adaptativas, preditivas, estimação paramétrica, filtros de Kalman, observação de estados, etc. têm sido desenvolvidas, simuladas e implementadas com relativa facilidade nos modernos sistemas digitais. Este trabalho propõe uma estratégia de controle em redes Fieldbus usando controle adaptativo por modelo de referência através de variáveis de estado, para resolver sistemas complexos. O algoritmo de controle proposto é composto por um observador de estados trabalhando em conjunto com um esquema de controle adaptativo por modelo de referência. As malhas de controle no Fieldbus consistem em um conjunto de blocos funcionais padrões existentes, conectados aos novos blocos funcionais propostos e desenvolvidos de acordo com as especificações da norma Fieldbus Foundation. Este algoritmo de controle realiza os cálculos de maneira distribuída entre os dispositivos da rede Fieldbus, implicando em várias vantagens, tais como: a) perda do supervisório não implica na perda do algoritmo de controle, b) menor tráfego de dados na rede, c) algoritmo de controle que não depende do tempo de processamento do computador. Os resultados dos testes obtidos são apresentados e demonstraram um alto grau de precisão, destacando-se a estabilidade e aplicabilidade do algoritmo proposto. / The rising complexity of the industrial control processes has been claiming more and more accurate, reliable and versatile control systems. Attempting to satisfy this demand, several control and estimation systems algorithms, such as adaptive and predictive techniques, parametric estimation, Kalman filtering, state observation, have been designed, simulated and implemented with relative easiness in the modern digital systems. This work proposes a new control strategy in Fieldbus networks, using adaptive control techniques through state variables, to solve complex systems. The proposed control algorithm is based on an states observer concurrently working with a reference model adaptive control scheme. The modified Fieldbus network consists of a set of standard function blocks, connected to the proposed new function blocks. These new function blocks comply with the specifications of the Fieldbus Foundation norm. This control algorithm accomplishes its calculation in a distributed way among the fieldbus devices. This operating feature results in some advantages, such as: any failure in the supervisory system does not imply in the loss of the control algorithm, b) a lower data transmission in the network, c) control algorithm that does not depend on the processing time of the computer. The obtained results corroborate with the expected advantages of the proposed algorithm, in terms of high degree of accuracy, stability and applicability.

Ferramentas de simulação de barramentos de comunicação de chão de fábrica (fieldbuses) têm aplicação industrial durante a fase de projeto de malhas de controle, pois permitem a prévia avaliação do desempenho de tais malhas bem como o treinamento de operadores do sistema de controle. Este trabalho descreve uma ferramenta de simulação de fieldbus com foco na camada de aplicação de blocos funcionais Foundation Fieldbus que preenche os requisitos acima citados em uma plataforma única e autônoma em relação a fabricantes do sistema de controle e, para além disso, tem aplicação no ambiente industrial por usuários de fieldbus como uma ferramenta no desenvolvimento de blocos funcionais \"customizados\", bem como no ambiente acadêmico como ferramenta didática para ensino de sistemas de controle distribuídos. / Fieldbus simulation tools are used in the industry during the planning stages of control network implementations since they allow for a pre-evaluation of the network\'s performance as well as providing a training environment for the control systems operators. This thesis describes a fieldbus simulation tool focused on the Foundation Fieldbus functional blocks application layer that meets the requirements mentioned above within a single vendor independent platform. Additionally, the tool can be used by industrial fieldbus users developing custom functional blocks and, in an academic environment, as an application for teaching distributed control systems.