The purpose of this study was to explore the funding patterns and sources of adult basic education (ABE) provided by community based organizations (CBOs) and to determine their success in attracting funding from external sources such as corporations, foundations, charitable and philanthropic organizations. This study sought to develop an understanding of the involvement of community based organizations in delivering adult basic education services, their funding sources and patterns by identifying who the funders were, and why they made financial contributions to CBOs. This study was exploratory and descriptive in nature, designed to deal with the lack of methodical inquiry regarding the funding pattern and sources of CBOs who deliver ABE. It was designed to bridge the gap iii between the assumed notions of the importance of CBOs and their actual levels of funding from a variety of sources. / Ph. D.

This thesis brings together six works published between 2003 and 2007 which consider public involvement in environmental matters. The later works focus on access to justice, one of three elements of public involvement. The works support the thesis that aspects of public involvement and, in particular access to justice in environmental matters, remain elusive for many individuals and groups in society; something that is inconsistent with both domestic and international law. They include analysis of why the need for participation arises and how it should be secured. By publishing primary research and new commentary the publications identify the gaps in the provision of public involvement in environmental matters and offer options for change. They have also informed further research and debate. The publications are brought together in this submission in chronological order, which illustrates how the hypothesis develops. The works are critically appraised in an introductory chapter. Public involvement is first discussed in The Prestige oil disaster, another example of the West living beyond its means (Environmental Law & Management 15[2003]1 16 (Jan 2003). LawText Publishing, Banbury, UK) and sets the backdrop for the later works. It highlights some of the key environmental problems of our time including, for instance, that environmental protection remains subservient to the pursuit economic development. Getting to the real EIA (Journal of Environmental Law, (2003) Vol 15, No. 2, p. 141 Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK) considers the role of public involvement in major land use development decision making by analysing one of the key participatory areas of public involvement; environmental impact assessment (EIA). EIA places emphasis on access to information and public participation in helping to prevent rather than alleviate adverse socio-environmental impacts. It is argued in Getting to the real F£IA that for the major development projects requiring EIA, public participation is nominal in nature and that, often, IS entirely absent. While Getting to the real EIA considers information and participation, access to justice is the focus of the third work; Civil law aspects of environmental justice ((2003) Environmental Law Foundation, London, UK). The work is based upon primary research which was necessary once it became evident that there was little, if any, data on how effective the judicial system is in securing access to environmental justice. The search conclusions were critical of the present judicial system highlighting that, in practice, a legal remedy was often unavailable to individuals and communities in challenging environmental decisions and resolving environmental problems; the most significant barrier being prohibitive expense. This was to such an extent that the UK Government was not meeting its international obligations. The failure to provide effective access to the courts as highlighted in Civil law aspects prompted the publication of the later work; The cost of doing the rights thing (Environmental Law & Management 16[2004]2 p. 59 (Mar 2004). LawText Publishing, Banbury, UK) which reviews the problems of access to environmental justice and then proposes innovative ways of starting to resolve those inherent in the legal justice system, including liability for an opponent's costs' if any legal challenge is ultimately unsuccessful. As the arguments surrounding funding constraints on access to justice were crystallising, the need to produce a substantive text clarifying the environmental rights and responsibilities of all interested parties became clear. This prompted the publication of A Practical Approach to Environmental Law ((2005). OUP, Oxford, UK) which is, in the main, a practitioner's text. However, the text also seeks to explain and raise awareness of the environmental rights that are available in the UK and the notion that public involvement in environmental decision-making has a central role. For instance, Chapter .2 Environmental rights and principles which is incorporated into this submission, outlines the main aspects of information, participation and access to justice and explains their relevant judicial and governmental application. While A Practical Approach to Environmental Law is novel in its comprehensive approach, its primary purpose is to inform readers, in an objective way, of the present legal position. Its inclusion in this submission is to illustrate how the arguments raised in the earlier publications have been presented to a wide audience. The final published work, ‘Current concerns in environmental decision making’ (Journal of Environment and Planning Law [2007] p. 536 Sweet & Maxwell, London, UK), places the argument of limitations of access to justice alongside the parallel and associated problems of an unwilling public protector and a conservative judiciary. It revisits the need for public participation in environmental matters by highlighting the reluctance of public bodies and the courts to take the issue of environmental justice seriously. It also argues that recent efforts in access to justice are largely superficial and that fundamental change remains necessary. The final paper was presented at the University of Kent, Critical Lawyer's Conference on 24 February 2007. The submitted works follow a distinct .theme by exploring the application of public involvement in environmental matters highlighting what is the main criticism of the public participatory provision in the UK the provision of access to the courts without prohibitive expense. The works have also been directly related to practical experience and work in seeking to improve the position. In drawing the published works together in one volume it has been helpful to outline some of the underlying issues relating to public involvement including what is meant by public participation, any levels and limitations to the rights now said to be conferred. This analysis has been provided in an expanded introduction which also includes a' critical appraisal of the main published works. Paul Stookes 22nd April 2008

During the last decades we have seen a growing number of new start-ups in the service/knowledge sector. These types of companies often have no fiscal assets to secure loans with. What types of financing alternatives are there in those situations? I will in this thesis show that there are two directions to choose between to get financial support. By gathering of information I have been able to show that there are more than one alternative to consider when needing funding and that using different alternatives will lead to different results. I will not say which one is the right one, but that there are different ways and there will be different outcomes depending on which one you choose. The study also shows that there are a lot of things you need to take into consideration before using a venture capitalist. An empirical study is made between two companies that decided to use different ways to get the financial support they required. The result shown in this study is that the entrepreneurs own financial situation affect what direction the entrepreneur will take.

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the public policy guiding the funding of community colleges in Texas. In essence, the history of community college funding from 1942 to 2006 has been documented. Specifically, the study focused on the funds community colleges have received from the State of Texas, analyzed the funding shares from state and local sources, assessed the changes in the state/local source relationship over time, and detailed the development of the Texas community college formula system. A two-phase research process was used for this policy analysis. First, an archival analysis located both primary and secondary documents related to Texas community college funding. After examining these records, a revenue database for Texas community colleges was created. Second, thirteen open-ended interviews of individuals with knowledge of community college funding were conducted. Based upon the analysis of state funds and other revenue sources, several conclusions were reached including: 1) During the pre-formula period (1942-1973), state funds were provided solely as an instructional supplement to public community colleges. This was known as the sufficient-to-supplement policy; 2) There has been an agreement between the State of Texas and the community colleges regarding community college funding as the formula system was implemented. The state would fund instruction and the college districts would pay for facilities; 3) The proportion of Texas community college operating revenues from the state has decreased relative to the other sources of revenue available to community colleges; 4) Full formula funding is a concept that is much discussed among Texas community college leaders. However, it has never been realized in the history of funding Texas public community colleges; 5) "Sufficient-to-supplement" is not an adequate or meaningful policy for funding community colleges in Texas. The policy recommendations that emerged from the study were: 1) The State of Texas should establish an explicit policy on how public community colleges will be financed, and 2) The State of Texas should adequately fund the new policy. / text

Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law) / The decision by countries to relax the common law doctrines of maintenance and champerty to accommodate Third Party Funding (TPF) in dispute resolution has sparked a worldwide debate. The controversial practice of funding disputes in exchange for a share of a successful outcome or settlement has left courts and administering institutions in a compromising position. South Africa joined the debate in 2004 after the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) relaxed the application of the doctrines in favour of TPF. The SCA found that domestic courts have the necessary mechanisms to protect themselves against any repercussions of TPF without the assistance of the doctrines. The SCA limited their search to the abilities of the courts and did not consider the effect TPF could have on other dispute resolution processes such as arbitration. This study seeks to discover whether arbitration can protect itself against the repercussions of TPF. It further questions the possibility of adopting regulations to aid in the protection of arbitration should the current mechanisms be insufficient.

Orientador: Vicente Rodriguez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T02:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jardim_KarolinadaSilvaMiranda_M.pdf: 679053 bytes, checksum: 6b5512cb00632da050294ba059f1ab7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho procura tratar das mudanças no ordenamento legal e no gasto público na educação pública nos anos 90, bem como a atuação do Estado neste contexto, visto que tais mudanças foram conduzidas por processos que necessitaram passar pelo âmbito estatal. No Brasil, podemos citar o Fundef - Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino e de Valorização do Magistério (e mais recentemente o Fundeb), fundos criados por emendas constitucionais que reorganizaram todo o sistema de financiamento da educação brasileiro, o que deixou mais clara a responsabilidade que cada ente federado tem em relação ao investimento de recursos na educação. Embora o Fundef se estenda até o ano de 2005 e, portanto, vigora além dos anos 90 e na gestão do sucessor de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, o título deste trabalho se refere aos "anos 90" porque o mesmo foi implantado nesta época; os dados apresentados e analisados com maior ênfase neste trabalho, porém, farão referência o período de vigência deste Fundo, ou seja, até 2005. Em relação à Argentina, podemos citar a Lei de Transferência de 1991, que transferiu a responsabilidade dos serviços educativos de educação secundária e superior não universitária às províncias e ao governo da Cidade de Buenos Aires e a Lei Federal de 1993, que trouxe uma série de reformas que deram nova definição aos papéis administrativos e às responsabilidades financeiras do sistema educativo em todos os níveis de governo, reestruturando por completo o sistema educativo. Neste contexto de mudanças legais, será abordada também a atuação do Banco Mundial nestes dois países no que se refere à influência na condução das políticas educacionais, analisando as estratégias adotadas por cada país para fazer frente a essas recomendações vindas de fora. / Abstract: The present work intends to examine the changes in the legal order and public spending on public education in the 90s, and also the funding sources for education in Brazil and Argentina. In Brazil we can cite the Fundef - Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino e de Valorização do Magistério (and more recently the Fundeb) -, funds created by laws that reorganized all the education funding system and which left clearer the responsibility that each federal entity has in relation to the investment of resources in education. Although Fundef extends itself until 2005, the title of this work refers to the 90s because it was created at this time; the data presented and analyzed with more emphasis in this work, however, will refer the duration of this Fund, which runs until 2005. About Argentina, we can cite the Lei de Transferência (1991), which transferred the rest of the responsibility for secondary education and higher non-university services to the Buenos Aires city government and to the provinces, and the Lei Federal de Educação (1993), which brought plenty of reforms that gave a new definition to the administrative roles and responsibilities of financial education at all levels of government, restructuring the education system completely. In this context of legal changes will deal with the role of the World Bank in these two countries with regard to the influence on the educational policies, analyzing the strategies adopted by each country to deal with these external recommendations. / Mestrado / Ciencias Sociais na Educação / Mestre em Educação

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / David C. Thompson / The purpose of this study was to determine what school leaders believe is a suitable funding level for Kansas school districts and to simulate the effect and cost of selected findings. More specifically, three questions were examined: How much money do top leaders in each school district in Kansas believe is needed to provide a suitable education for all students in their school district? What would be a suitable per-pupil funding level for districts when examined by varying enrollment sizes if based on the perceived needs of school district leaders in Kansas? And, what would be the statewide cost to implement a suitable per-pupil funding level for districts of varying sizes based on the expressed needs of school district leaders in Kansas? To accomplish its purpose, the study was carried out in three phases. First, it examined research in the areas of school finance equity and adequacy, both of which influence how much money is distributed to schools. Second, this study surveyed top school district leaders in Kansas in search of their opinions regarding how much money is needed to provide an adequate and suitable education. Third, survey data provided the basis for selected simulations designed to estimate the effect and cost of proposed changes on individual school districts and the state of Kansas. The results of this study show that school district leaders widely believe more money is needed to meet performance mandates for regular education students, at-risk students, and bilingual students. When considering only regular education students, this study found that school leaders believe the state of Kansas is underfunding schools by $577 million. In addition, this study shows that at-risk students need an additional $246.6 million to be provided an adequate education, while bilingual student show nearly another $18 million of need. Some school districts in Kansas have managed to offset the perceived under-funding by utilizing local tax options beyond base state funding. These local options, however, are subject to voter approval and lead to concern by some over equitable and adequate funding for all school districts in Kansas.

The thesis is based on the financing of education system in the Czech Republic and Sweden according to each level of education. There is characterized the organisation and the structure of the school system in both countries and analysed the methods of funding. In the main part, there are compared the means of funding education systems with emphasis on the differences bethween both countries and major issues of the czech school system. In the last part of the thesis I come up with ideas of adopting certain elements from swedish to czech model of financing education.

„800 Millionen Euro für Schulen, Straßen, Sportstätten und ÖPNV“ konnte man im Februar 2016 einer Pressemitteilung der sächsischen Staatsregierung entnehmen. Von Investitionen, welche „direkt vor Ort in Sachsens Städten und Gemeinden spürbar sein [sollen]“, war auf der Homepage der CDU-Fraktion Sachsen die Rede. Sachsens Ministerpräsident Tillich sprach von einem Konjunkturpaket mit „Einmaligkeitscharakter“, CDU-Fraktionschef Frank Kupfer vom größten Sonderprogramm in der Geschichte des Landes Sachsen. Bei diesem Paket handelt es sich um das Investitionsprogramm „Brücken in die Zukunft“, welches der Freistaat Sachsen auf Grundlage des Gesetzes zur Stärkung der kommunalen Investitionskraft aufgesetzt hat. Die finanziellen Mittel sollen demnach den sächsischen Kommunen zur Finanzierung von Infrastrukturprojekten zur Verfügung gestellt werden.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of private funds on selected Texas public institutions of higher education by identifying and comparing the specific ways these institutions are affected by private funds. Conclusions: 1. Private contributions to institutions of higher education will continue to increase in the immediate future. 2. Private contributions to public institutions of higher education come from a variety of sources. 3. Private contributions make a greater impact on programs and projects involving people rather than on buildings and equipment in public institutions of higher education. 4. Future uses of private money in public institutions of higher education also appear to be related to people rather than to capital spending. 5. Public institutions of higher education in Texas will depend upon private funds to a greater extent in the foreseeable future.