Phoma stem canker is a disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) caused by closely related plant pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa. It is an economically important disease, causing annual yield losses of approximately £770 million worldwide. When colonising oilseed rape, L. maculans and L. biglobosa exist in close proximity on the leaf, competing for resources as they move through the main leaf vein and into the stem. Fungicides are commonly used to decrease severity of phoma stem canker on oilseed rape. However, the efficacy and longevity of active chemicals is under threat from evolution of resistance in pathogen populations and government legalisation. Moreover, it has been suggested that both L. maculans and L. biglobosa differ in their sensitivity to azoles, and important class of fungicides that are used to control the disease through the inhibition of lanosterol 14-α demethylase (erg11, CYP51). This project aims to further understand the role that fungicides have in controlling phoma stem canker by investigating their efficacy against L. maculans and L. biglobosa in crops, in vitro and in planta. In field experiments, established in Cambridgeshire across four cropping seasons, the fungicide mixture penthiopyrad (SDHI) plus picoxystrobin (QoI) was as effective at controlling phoma leaf spotting and phoma stem canker in winter oilseed rape as prothioconazole (DMI), suggesting that both fungicides could be used to reduce phoma stem canker symptoms. The two pathogens differed in their growth rates in vitro, with L. biglobosa growing faster than L. maculans when untreated or treated with lower fungicide concentrations. Fungicide sensitivity assays suggest that L. maculans and L. biglobosa are both sensitive to DMI, SDHI and QoI fungicides and that differences between the species are minor. Prothioconazole and penthiopyrad + picoxystrobin had a similar efficacy on oilseed rape cotyledons colonised with either L. maculans or L. biglobosa. There was no difference between species on prothioconazole treated plants, although there was a difference between L. maculans and L. biglobosa when treated with 20 μg/ml penthiopyrad + picoxystrobin. Heterologous yeast expression of LmCYP51B and LbCYP51B with fungicide sensitivity testing of the yeast transformants suggests that LmCYP51B and LbCYP51B are similarly sensitive to azole fungicides flusilazole, prothioconazole-desthio and tebuconazole. These findings are supported by homology protein modelling, which predicts that LmCYP51B and LbCYP51B are structurally very similar, specifically at the azole-binding site. In conclusion, fungicides are still an effective control method for reducing phoma stem canker symptoms caused by Leptosphaeria species in the UK, and a useful tool to in the sustainable production of oilseed rape.

Orientador: Rumy Goto / Coorientador: Antonio Carlos Maringoni / Banca: Marcio Christian Serpa Domingues / Banca: Rerison Catarino da Hora / Resumo: Conduziu-se três experimentos no Sítio Janeiro, município de Pardinho-SP, em área de produção comercial de brássicas para avaliar o manejo alternativo de controle químico e/ou biológico associado a aplicação de nutrientes no controle preventivo de hérnia em repolho (Plasmodiophora brassica Woronin). No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se a eficácia de produtos químicos, biológicos e nutrientes em diferentes épocas de aplicações no manejo da hérnia. No segundo, avaliou-se a eficiência de produtos químicos e nutrientes no manejo da hérnia sob aspectos patológicos e bioquímicos. No terceiro, avaliou-se a eficiência de produtos químicos e nutrientes aplicados nas mudas para manejo preventivo da hérnia. Com base nos resultados obtidos nos experimentos chegou-se às seguintes conclusões:a aplicação de ciazofamida em rega de mudas de repolho hibrido Shinsei, antes do transplante a campo, mostrou potencialidade de controle da hérnia das crucíferas e maior produção das plantas em áreas/solos com baixo a moderado inoculo da P. brassicae.Plantas de repolho hibrido Shinsei em função dos tratamentos empregados não mostraram alterações quanto ao incremento na atividade de enzimas (SOD, CAT, POD, PPO e PAL) e fenóis totais na parte aérea e nas raízes. / Abstract: It was conducted three experiments on the Site Janeiro municipality of Pardinho-SP, in commercial production of brassica area to evaluate alternative management of chemical control and / or biological associated with application of nutrients in the preventive control clubroots in cabbage (Plasmodiophora brassica Woronin). In the first experiment, evaluated the effectiveness of chemical, biological and nutrients in times of applications in the management of clubroots. Then, evaluated the effectiveness of chemicals and nutrients into the clubroots handling under pathological and biochemical aspects. In the third, evaluated the effectiveness of chemicals and nutrients applied to seedlings for preventive control of clubroots. Based on the results obtained in the experiments we came to the following conclusions: the application of cyazofamid in irrigation hybrid cabbage seedlings Shinsei before the transplant field, showed control capability clubroots and largest production plants in areas / soils with low to moderate inoculum of P. brassicae... / Mestre

"Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a mucosal infection caused by Candida species and represents one of the most common clinical problems in women of reproductive age (68,71). Annually in the United States there are approximately 13 million cases of VVC, resulting in 10 million gynecologic office visits per year (38). It is estimated that 75% of women will experience at least one episode in their lifetime, with a projected 50% of all women experiencing multiple episodes (23). Candida albicans is a dimorphic commensal organism of the urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts and has been identified as the main pathogenic agent in VVC, accounting for approximately 85-90% of patients with positive cultures (52). Despite extensive research, the invasive mechanism of vaginal yeast infections is not well understood. Traditionally it has been assumed that changes in the host vaginal environment promote the dimorphic transition from blastospore to hyphae, resulting in a shift from asymptomatic colonization to symptomatic vaginitis (28). In contrast to the normal, systemic immune response, which confers an aseptic environment for tissue and organs, immune responses at the mucosal level are designed to prevent tissue invasion and local disease while maintaining an indigenous flora that could be both beneficial and pathogenic (28). Since fungi are eukaryotic, the vital cellular mechanisms that are usually targeted by modern pharmacologic agents, such as DNA replication and protein translation, are either conserved or have a strong homology to their human orthologs. Obtaining a better understanding of natural fungal suppression mechanisms and molecules at the mucosal level may pave the way for the development of more efficacious drugs or preventative regiments. The mechanism by which the human immune system is able to resist fungal invasion at the vaginal mucosa is unknown. Our research was aimed at finding any host factors that might play a role in the suppression of or prevention of a fungal infection at the vaginal mucosa. In order to screen candidate molecules that might be important in this type of vaginal defense, we chose a pathogenic C. albicans strain, SC5314, to test fungal cell viability upon introduction of the candidate molecules. We have identified a host factor that exhibits strong fungicidal activity when organically extracted from both human and bovine serum albumins. Characterization of this factor through organic extractions and acetone separations reveal that this molecule is a non-polar lipid. Serum samples that have been thoroughly stripped of fatty acids and other lipophilic molecules show no apparent fungicidal activity in cell viability assays. Since the factor is extractable from both human and bovine serum albumins, it may be conserved among mammals. Identification and characterization of this molecule may play a pivotal role in understanding host-Candida interactions at the mucosal membrane interface. Due to its human origin, the use of this factor as an antifungal would be extremely advantageous in regards to FDA (Food and Drug Administration) guidelines and ADMET (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicology) properties. "

Construction materials are exposed to different conditions along the way from the sawmill, during storage and handling, until the materials are a part of the completed construction. During this time the materials may be exposed to moisture and dirt that can cause an attack by moulds. This, in turn, can give rise to health problems for individuals staying in the building and can also be the cause of a bad smell in the building. It is therefore necessary to protect the materials during this limited period of transport, storage, and handling.In this study two construction materials were used; untreated wood and plasterboard. As a possible protection for the materials coatings based on biopolymers were made. Biopolymers are totally degradable and are relatively cheap raw materials. The biopolymers used in this study were starch from potato, protein from corn, and acetylated mono- and diglyceride. Also, fungicides that function as inhibitors for mould growth were added to the coatings.Samples of wood and plasterboard were covered with the coatings using a paint sprayer. The samples were then exposed to a spore suspension containing spores from four of the most common mould species found attacking building material. The samples were then placed in three different climates differing in temperature and humidity. The conditions were in all three cases favourable for mould growth. The samples were placed in these conditions for a month and analysis of the growth on the samples was made once a week and according to a scale with five grades.The results varied very much between the samples, even between samples treated with the same coating, but an obvious trend gave indications of that it is possible to use biopolymers as protection for construction materials. In this study the coating based on the acetylated monoglyceride showed the best properties. / Uppsatsnivå: C

O controle químico é uma das medidas mais empregadas no manejo de doenças de plantas, sendo imprescindível em inúmeros patossistemas agrícolas. Portanto, compreender a dinâmica das interações entre os produtos e a planta tem grande importância prática, pois poderá embasar ajustes nas estratégias de controle. O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a tenacidade e a sistemicidade dos fungicidas epoxiconazol, piraclostrobina e fluxapiroxade em plantas de soja e videira. Para avaliar a tenacidade dos produtos foram simuladas chuvas de diferentes intensidades e intervalos após a aplicação. Procedeu-se a inoculação dos patógenos, Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Phakopsora euvitis, e avaliou-se a severidade e a área abaixo da curva de progresso das doenças. Para os estudos de absorção e translocação, utilizaram-se as moléculas radiomarcadas, 14C-epoxiconazol, 14C-piraclostrobina e 14C-fluxapiroxade, que foram diluídas com suas respectivas formulações comerciais. As variáveis foram avaliadas as 3, 9, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação (HAA). Especificamente para o fungicida fluxapiroxade foram avaliados os efeitos de sua associação ao adjuvante óleo mineral e ao fosfito de potássio em plantas de soja, e sua absorção e translocação em folhas novas e velhas de videira. Em geral, a eficiência dos fungicidas foi crescente com o aumento do intervalo entre a aplicação e a simulação da chuva. A adição do adjuvante aumentou a tenacidade do fluxapiroxade e o fosfito de potássio não teve o mesmo efeito. A sistemicidade na soja foi alta para o epoxiconazol, intermediária para o fluxapiroxade e baixa para a piraclostrobina. Na videira a piraclostrobina foi a mais absorvida, seguida pelo epoxiconazol e o fluxapiroxade. Os fungicidas epoxiconazol e fluxapiroxade translocaram-se predominantemente no sentido acropetal e a piraclostrobina não apresentou translocação a longas distâncias. A adição de adjuvante ao fluxapiroxade promoveu maior e mais rápida absorção e translocação nas plantas de soja, enquanto que, o fosfito de potássio teve efeito antagônico, que resultou em 53% de redução na absorção. Não houve diferença na absorção e translocação do fluxapiroxade em folhas velhas e novas de videira, porém a redistribuição foi maior nas folhas novas. O fluxapiroxade mostrou-se ser um fungicida com potencial protetor e curativo. Protetor, pois grande quantidade do produto (>65%) permanece na parte externa das folhas da soja e videira até as 72 HAA, e curativo pois mostrou uma absorção crescente com o tempo, o que significa que há uma liberação contínua do produto para o interior das folhas. Os folíolos de soja absorveram mais os três fungicidas do que as folhas de videira. A translocação à longa distância em ambas as culturas foi baixa (<1%) para todos os fungicidas avaliados. A translocação do epoxiconazol e fluxapiroxade aumenta com o decorrer das horas nas plantas de soja e não em mudas de videira e a piraclostrobina tem uma translocação limitada e constante em ambas as culturas. Quanto maior e mais rápida for a absorção dos fungicidas, menores serão as perdas decorrentes das intempéries, e por consequência maior será a eficácia dos produtos. / The chemical control is one of the measures most used in the management of plant diseases, being essential in many agricultural pathosystems. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of the interactions between products and plants has great practical importance in providing knowledge that can support better the control strategies. The work has aimed to study the rainfastness and systemicity of the fungicides epoxiconazole, pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad in soybean and vine plants. The rainfall was simulated in different intensities and intervals after application in order to assess the rainfastness of the products.The pathogens, Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora euvitis were inoculated and the severity and the area under the disease progress curve were assessed. For the uptake and translocation studies, it was used the radiolabeled molecules, 14C-epoxiconazole, 14C-pyraclostrobin and 14C-fluxapyroxad, which were diluted with their respective commercial formulations. The parameters were assessed at 3, 9, 24, 48 and 72 hours after application (HAA). In particular for the fluxapyroxad were assessed the effects of its association with adjuvant and potassium phosphite on soybean plants, and their absorption and translocation in old and new vine leaves. Overall, the fungicides efficiency were boosted with the increasing interval between the application and the rainfall simulation. The addition of adjuvant improved the rainfastness of fluxapyroxad and the phosphite did not have the same effect.The systemicity on soybeans was high for the epoxiconazole, intermediate for fluxapyroxad and low for pyraclostrobin. In vine, pyraclostrobin was more absorbed, followed by epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad. The fungicides epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad translocated mainly acropetally and pyraclostrobin did not show translocation to long distances. The addition of adjuvant to fluxapyroxad has promoted greater and more rapid uptake and translocation on soybean plants, while potassium phosphite had antagonistic effect, which resulted in 53% reduction in uptake. There was no difference in the absorption and translocation of fluxapyroxad in old and new vine leaves. Nevertheless, the redistribution was higher in young leaves. The fluxapyroxad proved to be a fungicide with protective and curative potential. Protective because large amount of product (>65%) remains outside of the soy and vine leaves up to 72 HAA and curative because it showed an increased absorption over the time, which means that there is a continuous release of the product into the leaves. The soybean leaflets absorbed more the three fungicides than the vine leaves. The translocation to long distances in both crops were low (<1%) for all evaluated fungicides. The translocation of epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad increases with the course of time on soybean plants and not in nursery trees of vine and the pyraclostrobin has limited and constant translocation in both crops. In nutshell, as bigger and faster the absorption of fungicides smaller are the losses resulting from the weather and most effective will be the products.

O Brasil é o 9° produtor mundial de arroz e o primeiro fora do continente asiático, com produção de 12,2 milhões de toneladas em 2,4 milhões de hectares na safra 2013/14. A incidência de doenças é um dos principais fatores que afeta a produção do arroz (Oryza sativa L.) no Brasil e o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas é atividade recente. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a interferência da aplicação de fungicidas na qualidade das sementes de arroz, em função do período e do ambiente de armazenamento. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, sendo utilizadas sementes de arroz dos cultivares SCS 118, BRS Pampa e IRGA 424, 3 lotes de cada cultivar, representadas pelo controle e pelas aplicações dos fungicidas Penflufem + Trifloxistrobina, Metalaxil + Tiabendazol + Fludioxonil e Piraclostrobina + Tiofanato-metílico + Fipronil, nas doses de 50, 100 e 150 ml / 100 kg de sementes de arroz, respectivamente; as sementes foram avaliadas 1, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias após o tratamento. O armazenamento das sementes foi realizado por 120 dias, em ambientes natural e controlado (10ºC e 20% UR). Para determinar a qualidade das sementes foram avaliados o teor de água, a germinação, o vigor (primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento de plântula e testes de envelhecimento acelerado e de frio) e a sanidade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com análise de variância para cada cultivar e a comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Os resultados permitem concluir: a) O tratamento das sementes de arroz com fungicidas, independente do genótipo, é adequado para manter a qualidade das sementes, por um período de armazenamento de até cento e vinte dias; b) Há influência do fungicida, do ambiente e do período de armazenamento na germinação e no vigor das sementes de arroz; c) A interferência do fungicida na qualidade da semente de arroz varia de acordo com o lote e com o cultivar; d) Os três fungicidas são eficientes para o controle dos principais fungos associados às sementes de arroz, com destaque para Tiabendazol + Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil para o controle de Microdochium oryzae e Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina para o controle de Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp. / Brazil is the 9th largest producer of rice and the first outside Asia, with production of 12.3 million tonnes at 2.4 million hectares in harvest 2013/14. The incidence of disease is a major factor affecting rice production in Brazil and the seed treatment with fungicides is a recent study. This research has the purpose to evaluate the interference of fungicide application on the quality of rice seeds, according to the environment and period of storage. The research was conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, being used rice seeds of the cultivars SCS 118, BRS Pampa and IRGA 424, three seed lots from each cultivar, were represented by the control and the applications of fungicides Penflufem + Trifloxystrobin, Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl + Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin + Thiophanate-methyl + Fipronil, at doses of 50, 100 and 150 ml / 100 kg seed of rice, respectively; the seeds were evaluated 1, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days after treatment. These seeds were stored for 120 days in two environments: natural and dry cold room (10 °C and 20% RH). To determine the seed quality were evaluated water content, germination, vigor (first count of germination, seedling length, accelerated aging and cold tests) and sanity. The experimental design was completely randomized, with analysis of variance for each cultivar and comparison of average by Tukey test (5%). The results indicate: a) The treatment of rice seeds with fungicides, regardless of genotype, it is appropriate to maintain the quality of the seeds, for a storage period of one hundred and twenty days; b) There is influence of fungicide, environment and storage period on the germination and vigor of rice seeds; c) The interference of the fungicide varies according to the genotype and seed quality; d) The three fungicides are effective for the control of major fungi associated with rice seeds, especially Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil in control of Microdochium oryzae and Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina in control of Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as espécies de fungos fitopatogênicos presentes em sementes de P. guenoarum Arech. ecótipo “Azulão”, bem como, verificar a sensibilidade in vitro dos fungos isolados a diferentes fungicidas e avaliar a eficiência do tratamento químico no controle de fungos e no desempenho fisiológico das sementes. Cinco lotes de sementes (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 e 2015), obtidos de área experimental na EEA/UFRGS, foram analisados quanto à qualidade física e fisiológica através dos testes de umidade, pureza, germinação e vigor (PCG, IVG e TZ). Para a avaliação da qualidade sanitária fez-se o isolamento dos fungos fitopatogênicos associados às sementes pelo método de “blotter test”. A patogenicidade dos fungos encontrados foi avaliada por inoculação de plântulas, através de suspensões de conídios. Os fungos fitopatogênicos foram caracterizados através de análise morfológica e molecular. Para a caracterização molecular utilizou-se o espaçador interno de transcrição de rDNA [primers ITS1 / ITS4] e o gene RNA polimerase II (RPB2) [primers 5f2 / 7cr]. Por meio de ensaios de fungitoxicidade in vitro, estudou-se a sensibilidade dos isolados fúngicos detectados nas sementes, testando-se quatro fungicidas (Carboxina + Tiram, Cabendazim + Tiram, Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil e Tiofanato-metílico) e cinco concentrações (1; 2,5; 5; 10 e 30 ppm), determinando-se a DL50. Os fungicidas mais eficientes foram avaliados no tratamento das sementes, somente no lote 2015. Os lotes 2014 e 2015 apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação e vigor. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as espécies de fungos fitopatogênicos presentes em sementes de P. guenoarum Arech. ecótipo “Azulão”, bem como, verificar a sensibilidade in vitro dos fungos isolados a diferentes fungicidas e avaliar a eficiência do tratamento químico no controle de fungos e no desempenho fisiológico das sementes. Cinco lotes de sementes (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 e 2015), obtidos de área experimental na EEA/UFRGS, foram analisados quanto à qualidade física e fisiológica através dos testes de umidade, pureza, germinação e vigor (PCG, IVG e TZ). Para a avaliação da qualidade sanitária fez-se o isolamento dos fungos fitopatogênicos associados às sementes pelo método de “blotter test”. A patogenicidade dos fungos encontrados foi avaliada por inoculação de plântulas, através de suspensões de conídios. Os fungos fitopatogênicos foram caracterizados através de análise morfológica e molecular. Para a caracterização molecular utilizou-se o espaçador interno de transcrição de rDNA [primers ITS1 / ITS4] e o gene RNA polimerase II (RPB2) [primers 5f2 / 7cr]. Por meio de ensaios de fungitoxicidade in vitro, estudou-se a sensibilidade dos isolados fúngicos detectados nas sementes, testando-se quatro fungicidas (Carboxina + Tiram, Cabendazim + Tiram, Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil e Tiofanato-metílico) e cinco concentrações (1; 2,5; 5; 10 e 30 ppm), determinando-se a DL50. Os fungicidas mais eficientes foram avaliados no tratamento das sementes, somente no lote 2015. Os lotes 2014 e 2015 apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação e vigor. / This study was aimed to determine the phytopathogenic fungi species present in P. guenoarum Arech seeds. "Azulão" ecotype, as well as to verify the in vitro sensitivity of the isolated fungi to different fungicides and to evaluate the efficiency of the chemical treatment in the control of fungi and the physiological performance of the seeds. Five seed lots (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015), obtained from the experimental area of the EEA / UFRGS, were analyzed for physical and physiological quality by means of moisture, purity, germination and vigor tests (PCG, IVG and TZ). For the evaluation of the sanitary quality, the phytopathogenic fungi associated to the seeds were isolated by the blotter test method. The pathogenicity of the fungi found was evaluated by inoculation of seedlings by conidial suspensions. Phytopathogenic fungi were characterized by morphological and molecular analysis. The internal transcription spacer of rDNA [primers ITS1 / ITS4] and RNA polymerase II (RPB2) [primers 5f2 / 7cr] was used for the molecular characterization. The sensitivity of the fungal isolates detected in the seeds was evaluated using four fungicides (Carboxin + Thiram, Cabendazim + Thiram, Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil and Thiophanate-methyl) and five concentrations (1; 2,5; 5; 10 and 30 ppm), the LD50 being determined. The most efficient fungicides were evaluated in the treatment of seeds only in lot 2015. The lots 2014 and 2015 presented a higher percentage of germination and vigor. The species of phytopathogenic fungi most frequent in seed lots of P. guenoarum ecotype "Azulão" are Bipolaris micropus, Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium incarnatum and Phoma herbarum. In vitro conditions, the fungicide Carboxin + Thiram inhibits the mycelial growth of the fungi F. incarnatum, C. geniculata and B. micropus with high efficacy (LD50 < 1 ppm), whereas Metalaxyl + Fludioxonil inhibits with high efficacy the fungi P. herbarum, C. geniculata and B. micropus. The chemical treatment with the fungicides Carboxin + Thiram, Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil and the combination of both products in the seeds of P. guenoarum is efficient in the control of B. micropus, C. geniculata, F. incarnatum and P. herbarum and promotes better physiological performance.

O Brasil é o 9° produtor mundial de arroz e o primeiro fora do continente asiático, com produção de 12,2 milhões de toneladas em 2,4 milhões de hectares na safra 2013/14. A incidência de doenças é um dos principais fatores que afeta a produção do arroz (Oryza sativa L.) no Brasil e o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas é atividade recente. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a interferência da aplicação de fungicidas na qualidade das sementes de arroz, em função do período e do ambiente de armazenamento. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, sendo utilizadas sementes de arroz dos cultivares SCS 118, BRS Pampa e IRGA 424, 3 lotes de cada cultivar, representadas pelo controle e pelas aplicações dos fungicidas Penflufem + Trifloxistrobina, Metalaxil + Tiabendazol + Fludioxonil e Piraclostrobina + Tiofanato-metílico + Fipronil, nas doses de 50, 100 e 150 ml / 100 kg de sementes de arroz, respectivamente; as sementes foram avaliadas 1, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias após o tratamento. O armazenamento das sementes foi realizado por 120 dias, em ambientes natural e controlado (10ºC e 20% UR). Para determinar a qualidade das sementes foram avaliados o teor de água, a germinação, o vigor (primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento de plântula e testes de envelhecimento acelerado e de frio) e a sanidade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com análise de variância para cada cultivar e a comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Os resultados permitem concluir: a) O tratamento das sementes de arroz com fungicidas, independente do genótipo, é adequado para manter a qualidade das sementes, por um período de armazenamento de até cento e vinte dias; b) Há influência do fungicida, do ambiente e do período de armazenamento na germinação e no vigor das sementes de arroz; c) A interferência do fungicida na qualidade da semente de arroz varia de acordo com o lote e com o cultivar; d) Os três fungicidas são eficientes para o controle dos principais fungos associados às sementes de arroz, com destaque para Tiabendazol + Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil para o controle de Microdochium oryzae e Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina para o controle de Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp. / Brazil is the 9th largest producer of rice and the first outside Asia, with production of 12.3 million tonnes at 2.4 million hectares in harvest 2013/14. The incidence of disease is a major factor affecting rice production in Brazil and the seed treatment with fungicides is a recent study. This research has the purpose to evaluate the interference of fungicide application on the quality of rice seeds, according to the environment and period of storage. The research was conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, being used rice seeds of the cultivars SCS 118, BRS Pampa and IRGA 424, three seed lots from each cultivar, were represented by the control and the applications of fungicides Penflufem + Trifloxystrobin, Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl + Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin + Thiophanate-methyl + Fipronil, at doses of 50, 100 and 150 ml / 100 kg seed of rice, respectively; the seeds were evaluated 1, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days after treatment. These seeds were stored for 120 days in two environments: natural and dry cold room (10 °C and 20% RH). To determine the seed quality were evaluated water content, germination, vigor (first count of germination, seedling length, accelerated aging and cold tests) and sanity. The experimental design was completely randomized, with analysis of variance for each cultivar and comparison of average by Tukey test (5%). The results indicate: a) The treatment of rice seeds with fungicides, regardless of genotype, it is appropriate to maintain the quality of the seeds, for a storage period of one hundred and twenty days; b) There is influence of fungicide, environment and storage period on the germination and vigor of rice seeds; c) The interference of the fungicide varies according to the genotype and seed quality; d) The three fungicides are effective for the control of major fungi associated with rice seeds, especially Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil in control of Microdochium oryzae and Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina in control of Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp.

Diseases in natural ecosystems are often assumed to be less severe than those observed in domestic cropping systems due to the extensive biodiversity exhibited in wild vegetation communities. In Australia, it is this natural biodiversity that is now under threat from Phytophthora cinnamomi. The soilborne Oomycete causes severe decline of native vegetation communities in south-western Victoria, Australia, disrupting the ecological balance of native forest and heathland communities. While the effect of disease caused by P. cinnamomi on native vegetation communities in Victoria has been extensively investigated, little work has focused on the Anglesea healthlands in south-western Victoria. Nothing is known about the population structure of P. cinnamomi at Anglesea. This project was divided into two main components to investigate fundamental issues affecting the management of P. cinnamomi in the Anglesea heathlands. The first component examined the phenotypic characteristics of P. cinnamomi isolates sampled from the population at Anglesea, and compared these with isolates from other regions in Victoria, and also from Western Australia. The second component of the project investigated the effect of the fungicide phosphonate on the host response following infection by P. cinnamomi. Following soil sampling in the Anglesea heathlands, a collection of P, cinnamomi isolates was established. Morphological and physiological traits of each isolate were examined. All isolates were found to be of the A2 mating type. Variation was demonstrated among isolates in the following characteristics: radial growth rate on various nutrient media, sporangial production, and sporangial dimensions. Oogonial dimensions did not differ significantly between isolates. Morphological and physiological variation was rarely dependant on isolate origin. To examine the genetic diversity among isolates and to determine whether phenotypic variation observed was genetically based, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were conducted. No significant variation was observed among isolates based on an analysis of molecular variance (AMQVA). The results are discussed in relation to population biology, and the effect of genetic variation on population structure and population dynamics. X australis, an arborescent monocotyledon indigenous to Australia, is highly susceptible to infection by P. cinnamomi. It forms an important component of the heathland vegetation community, providing habitat for native flora and fauna, A cell suspension culture system was developed to investigate the effect of the fungicide phosphonate on the host-pathogen interaction between X. australis and P. cinnamomi. This allowed the interaction between the host and the pathogen to be examined at a cellular level. Subsequently, histological studies using X. australis seedlings were undertaken to support the cellular study. Observations in the cell culture system correlated well with those in the plant. The anatomical structure of X australis roots was examined to assist in the interpretation of results of histopathological studies. The infection of single cells and roots of X. australis, and the effect of phosphonate on the interaction are described. Phosphonate application prior to inoculation with P. cinnamomi reduced the infection of cells in culture and of cells in planta. In particular, phosphonate was found to stimulate the production of phenolic material in roots of X australis seedlings and in cells in suspension cultures. In phosphonate-treated roots of X australis seedlings, the deposition of electron dense material, possibly lignin or cellulose, was observed following infection with P. cinnamomi. It is proposed that this is a significant consequence of the stimulation of plant defence pathways by the fungicide. Results of the study are discussed in terms of the implications of the findings on management of the Anglesea heathlands in Victoria, taking into account variation in pathogen morphology, pathogenicity and genotype. The mode of action of phosphonate in the plant is discussed in relation to plant physiology and biochemistry.

Excessive growth by red clover, Trifolium pratense L., grown for seed interferes with maximum seed production and harvest in Oregon's Willamette Valley. This study was conducted during 1986 and 1987 on red clover cv. Kenland to determine if plant height and dry matter production could be inhibited and seed yields improved with the plant growth regulators (PGRs) uniconazol (XE-1019) and paclobutrazol (Parlay). The effects of different soil-applied and foliar-applied PGRs and application rates on plant height, crop biomass, and yield components of red clover were measured at Corvallis, OR on Woodburn silt-loam (fine-silty mixed mesic Aquultic Argixerolls) soil. Soil-applied PGRs were also managed under single and multiple irrigation regimes in 1986. Under a single irrigation regime in 1986, canopy height was reduced by 32% when XE-1019 was applied at 1.12 kg ai/ha and was reduced by 13% when Parlay was applied at 1.68 kg ai/ha. Averaged over the two-year period, straw yield was reduced 40% with XE-1019 (1.12 kg ai/ha) and by 12% with Parlay (1.68 kg ai/ha). Seed yield was increased by 11% with the lower XE-1019 rate (0.14 kg ai/ha) and was increased by 14% with the higher Parlay rate (1.68 kg ai/ha). Soil-applied PGR treatments reduced canopy height by 25% with XE-1019 (1.12 kg ai/ha) and was reduced by 11% with Parlay (1.68 kg ai/ha) under multiple irrigation in 1986. Straw yield was reduced by 30% with XE-1019 (0.84 kg ai/ha), but Parlay had no effect on straw yield. In addition, seed yield was increased by 8% with XE-1019 (0.56 kg ai/ha) and by 18% with Parlay (1.68 kg ai/ha). Foliar-applied XE-1019 (1.12 kg ai/ha) reduced canopy height by 13% in 1986 and by 25% in 1987, whereas foliar-applied Parlay (1.12 kg ai/ha) reduced canopy height by 9% in 1986 and by 19% in 1987. In 1986, seed yield increases averaged 16% across all 3CE-1019 treatments (0.07 to 1.12 kg ai/ha) and was increased an average of 21% across all Parlay treatments (0.28 to 1.68 kg ai/ha). However, 1987 was drier and warmer than 1986, consequently, foliar-applied XE-1019 reduced seed yields by an average of 23% and Parlay reduced seed yields by an average of 21%. Total dry weight and straw weight were unaffected by foliar-applied PGR treatment in both years. Use of XE-1019 and Parlay in field crop production has the potential to reduce dry matter production and improve seed recovery, but results vary from year to year. These PGRs have the potential to improve seed yields and may be effective in improving harvest conditions by reducing vegetative biomass. / Graduation date: 1995