Common barley diseases observed in North Dakota include net blotch, spot blotch, leaf and stripe rust, bacterial leaf streak, and Fusarium head blight. The first objective of this research was to determine the effect of variety and fungicide timing on disease development of barley under conventionally tilled systems. Five field trials were performed in 2016-2017 to test the effect of common varieties and fungicide applications on foliar disease of barley. Overall, varietal selection had a greater effect on the level of foliar disease observed than fungicide application. The second objective focused on the efficacy and timing of adepidyn and prothioconazole + tebuconazole on Fusarium head blight. An inoculated greenhouse experiment was performed the fall of 2017 to determine the effectiveness of fungicide timing at half-spike, full-spike, and five days after full-spike. The protectant capabilities of the fungicides were greater than their curative properties.

The grape is one of the oldest cultivated plants. It can be consumed as a fruit or it can be used as a raw material for making stews, juices or the cultivated drink – wine. Generations of wine-makers have been striving to improve both the cultivating conditions of vineyards and the quality of wine. Many harmful elements, such as herbivorous pests, diseases and storms are important factors that can have a negative impact on crop quality. To regulate the effects of these factors, an integrated protection system is used, incorporating agronomical measures, resistant varieties and a wide spectrum of pesticides. However, increasing the usage of pesticides brings certain dangers to both the production quality and the environment. This necessitates the monitoring of the negative effects, including the content of pesticide residues in the grapes. My thesis studies and experimentally assesses selected pesticide residues in certain wine samples.

Orientador: João Domingos Rodrigues / Resumo: Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em 2018 e 2019 para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes fungicidas de dois importantes grupos: estrobilurinas e carboxamidas, sobre a eficácia fotossintética e produtividade de plantas de tomate, inoculadas com Alternaria sp., em ambiente protegido na Fazenda Ituaú, Salto - SP, Brasil. O delineamento experimental aplicado em ambos os experimentos foi de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições: testemunha inoculada (água + inóculo), testemunha absoluta (água), azoxystrobina (50,0 g ha-1), boscalida (50,0 g ha-1), azoxystrobina (50,0 g ha-1) + boscalida (50,0 g ha-1), mandestrobina (194 g ha-1), impirfluxam (30 g ha-1), mandestrobina (194 g ha-1) + impirfluxam (30 g ha-1), aplicados em intervalos de 15 dias, totalizando 7 a 8 aplicações no ciclo da cultura. O efeito no desenvolvimento das plantas foi medido pela altura das plantas e produção dos cinco primeiros cachos. A eficiência fotossintética foi calculada pela medição das trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila a, teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos, e produtividade. Os fungicidas apresentaram algumas melhorias nos parâmetros analisados, como melhorando os componentes da eficiência fotossintética e da produção de frutos comerciais, porém sem apresentar diferenças significativas em relação às testemunhas. Os resultados demonstram eficácia no controle de Alternaria sp. aplicando os fungicidas em tomateiro, e também apontam para efeitos adicionais em componentes da eficiênci... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Two experiments were carried out in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effects of the application of different fungicides from two important groups: strobilurins and carboxamides, on the photosynthetic efficiency and yield of tomato plants, inoculated with Alternaria sp., grown in greenhouse at Fazenda Ituaú, Salto - SP, Brazil. The experimental design applied in both trials was randomized blocks with eight treatments and five replicates: inoculated control (water + inoculum), absolute control (water), azoxystrobin (50,0 g ha-1), boscalid (50,0 g ha-1), azoxystrobin (50,0 g ha-1) + boscalid (50,0 g ha-1), mandestrobin (194 g ha-1), inpyrfluxam (30 g ha-1), mandestrobin (194 g ha-1) + inpyrfluxam (30 g ha-1), applied at intervals of 15 days, totalizing 7 or 8 applications in the crop cycle. The effect on plant development was measured by plant height and the production of the five initial bunches. The photosynthetic efficiency was calculated from measurements of gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, content of photosynthetic pigments, and tomato productivity were evaluated. All fungicides positively affected some evaluated parameters, improving photosynthetic efficiency components and commercial fruit production, however without significant difference to the controls. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the use of these fungicides in controlling Alternaria sp. in tomato and also appoint to some additional effects on photosynthesis efficiency components and antioxidant enzym... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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The Virginia cider industry has grown rapidly in the past decade, and demands research-based recommendations for cider fermentation. This study evaluated relationships between the unique chemistry of apples and production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in cider fermentations. Yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentration and composition and residual fungicides influence H2S production by yeast during fermentation, but these factors have to date only been studied in wine grape fermentations. This study surveyed 12 Virginia-grown apple cultivars and found that the majority were severely deficient in YAN. The effects of three fungicides on cider fermentation were investigated; elemental sulfur, fludioxonil and fenbuconazole. Fenbuconazole adversely impacted fermentation kinetics. Sulfur and fludioxonil marginally impacted fermentation kinetics. Sulfur increased H2S production, but fludioxonil and fenbuconazole did not affect H2S production. There was no difference in fermentation kinetics and H2S between nitrogen sources arginine (approximating grape), asparagine (approximating apple) and ammonium (YAN supplement). Supplementation with methionine resulted in increased fermentation rate and decreased H2S production. The detrimental effects of fenbuconazole and beneficial effects of methionine were diminished with increasing total YAN. Contrary to previous findings, the most H2S was formed at 153 mg/L YAN which is above the generally recommended minimum to prevent H2S formation. These results indicate that apple juice chemistry may influence yeast metabolism during cider fermentation, in ways that have not been previously studied in grape fermentation. Our findings indicate the need for and contribute to the development of targeted fermentation management practices for cidermaking. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Seed transmission of <i>Cylindrocladium parasiticum</i> was investigated as a possible explanation for the higher-than-expected incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanut in fields fumigated with metam sodium. Sixty-three commercial seed lots from Virginia production fields were examined for the presence of seed with speckled testae, a symptom of seed infection by <i>C. parasiticum</i>. Speckled seed was present in conditioned seed lots in 1998, 1999, and 2000 at an average rate of 1%. Soon after pods were harvested, the fungus was recovered from speckled seed at high frequencies. During winter seed storage, pathogen survival remained high in seed stored at -13 and 4 C, but declined in some seed stored at 15 C and ambient temperatures. Speckled and normal seed with and without fungicide treatment was planted in steam-treated soil in the greenhouse and metam-treated field plots in 1999 and 2000. Speckled seed treated with captan + pentachloronitrobenzene (pcnb) + carboxin transmitted the pathogen to emerging plants in the greenhouse and field. Transmission levels depended on the amount of viable inoculum present in seed at the time of planting. In the field, yield losses were significant when 20% or more of the seed planted was speckled. The low incidence of speckled seed in commercial seed lots would not result in a loss of yield for growers, but may contribute to disease spread. Testing of additional seed treatment fungicides indicated that fludioxonil, tebuconazole, and thiram may offer the best protection against disease spread from seed transmission of <i>C. parasiticum</i>. / Master of Science

Sclerotinia blight, caused by <i>Sclerotinia minor</i>, is a severe disease of peanut in Virginia. Vinclozolin (V), iprodione (I), dicloran (D), and pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) were evaluated for their fungitoxicity to <i>S. minor</i>. The mean ED₅₈ values for five isolates were found to be 0.07, 0.11, 0.91, and 1.27 μg/ml, for V, I, D, and PCNB, respectively, on fungicide-amended glucose yeast-extract agar (GYEA). Fungicide-resistant growth sectors developed on media amended with I or V. Nine such strains occurred; they were capable of growth on GYEA amended with up to 1000 μg/ml of I or V, and were cross-resistant to D or PCNB. Resistance was maintained in all but two strains after repeated culture in the absence of fungicide for 3 yr. In field microplots, two resistant strains were pathogenic to peanut and survived as well as a fungicide-sensitive field isolate. D, I and V were applied to peanuts in the microplots for 3 yr at total annual rates of 8.41, 3.36, and 2.52 kg/ha, respectively. Disease severity caused by the resistant strains was suppressed 19, 33, and 87% by D, I, and V, respectively, as compared to 15, 24, and 76% for the sensitive isolate. Isolates recovered from tissue biopsies still grew on fungicide-amended GYEA indicating that <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> resistance are not equivalent in this case. Fungicide treatments reduced sclerotial populations of all strains, and reduced the viability of sclerotia from sensitive but not resistant strains. Fungicide-resistant strains were capable of surviving and competing pathogenically in microplots infested with equal numbers of sclerotia from a sensitive and a resistant strain; this trend was enhanced by fungicide applications. A survey of 763 isolates from fields treated with these fungicides failed to detect resistant strains. One fungicide-resistant isolate was recovered from an iprodione-treated microplot originally infested with a sensitive field isolate. A technique utilizing excised peanut stems was devised to evaluate isolate pathogenicity, cultivar resistance to the disease, susceptibility of different age peanut tissues, and fungicide persistence on peanut stems in the field. The method was also used to screen fungicides; results verified previous findings which indicated that <i>in vitro</i> resistance is not equivalent to <i>in vivo</i> resistance. Resistance to these fungicides may eventually become a field problem, but with correct management they should provide years of disease control. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1309198 bytes, checksum: d65db94e2ef0c47a8b4a59379f09b014 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The culture of strawberry , Fragaria x ananassa Duch, has faced several problems, among which we highlight those caused by pathogens. In addition to widely known diseases such as gray mold, new diseases have caused serious damage to the crop. In order to study the various problems of strawberry culture, this study aimed to: i) identify the causal agent of a postharvest fruit rot in strawberry , ii) to study the temporal and spatial dynamics of the redness in strawberry, whose etiology is still unknown; iii) determine the species of Botrytis that cause gray mold in strawberry in Brazil iv) conduct a survey of the current situation of fungicides for control of gray mold on strawberry v) to study the sensitivity of isolates of B. cinerea to dicarboxamide and benzimidazole fungicides. In order to identify the causal agent of post harvest fruit rot of strawberry, isolates from symptomatic fruits were analyzed by morphologic and phylogenetic analyzes. After confirming the pathogenicity of the isolates, species identification as Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense and N. parvum was taken. This is the first report of the occurrence of Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense in Brazil and the first report of Neofusicoccum spp. causing rot in strawberry. By studying the pattern of temporal and spatial distribution of the redness of strawberry was conducted in four areas of commercial cultivation. With the data on incidence of disease progress curves and dispersion maps were constructed, and analysis of aggregation of plants by ordinary runs test. The results showed that the disease has a similar disease biotic distribution pattern similar to diseases which are dispersed in the row. To achieve other goals, isolates were obtained from plants with symptoms of gray mold on various properties of different cities in the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and São Paulo, totaling 200 isolates. Initially, a study was conducted to verify the occurrence of other species of Botrytis in the fields of strawberry cultivation in Brazil. For this, the extraction of DNA from all strains was performed, followed by PCR with the specific species and B. cinerea and B. caroliniana primers. Despite the morphological variation observed among isolates , all were identified as B. cinerea . The survey on the practices used to control gray mold on strawberry was performed directly with the producers, who were asked about the products used for the control of disease, efficiency of these products and use of the practice of removing diseased material . It was possible to observe many problems, especially reduced use of cultural control measures, the use of products not recommended for culture and the low level of knowledge of the farmers. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the isolated main culture fungicides (iprodione , procymidone and thiophanate- methyl) was carried. Thus, a total of 100 isolates were grown in culture medium containing different doses of the fungicide was used. The results showed that 89% of isolates were insensitive to thiophanate-methyl fungicide, 36% to and 54% to procymidone. Considering the limited number of fungicides registered for the control of gray mold and the low sensitivity of isolates of B. cinerea to these products , it becomes difficult to manage this important disease of strawberry. / A cultura do morangueiro, Fragaria x ananassa Duch, tem enfrentado diversos problemas, dentre os quais destacam-se os causados por patógenos. Além de doenças amplamente conhecidas, como o mofo cinzento, novas doenças vêm causando sérios danos à cultura. Visando estudar os diversos problemas da cultura do morangueiro, este trabalho teve por objetivos: i) identificar o agente causal de uma podridão pós-colheita em frutos de morango; ii) estudar a dinâmica temporal e espacial do vermelhão do morangueiro, cuja etiologia é ainda desconhecida; iii) determinar as espécies de Botrytis que causam mofo cinzento em morangueiro no Brasil; iv) realizar um levantamento da situação atual do uso de fungicidas para controle do mofo cinzento do morangueiro; v) estudar a sensibilidade de isolados de B. cinerea aos fungicidas dicarboxamidas e benzimidazóis. A fim de identificar o agente causal da podridão pós-colheita de frutos de morango, isolados obtidos a partir de frutos sintomáticos foram analisados por meio de análises morfológicas e filogenéticas. Após a confirmação da patogenicidade dos isolados, foi feita a identificação das espécies como Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense e N. parvum. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência de Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense no Brasil e o primeiro relato de Neofusicoccum spp. causando podridão em morango. O estudo do padrão de distribuição temporal e espacial do vermelhão do morangueiro foi realizado em quatro áreas de cultivo comercial. Com os dados de incidência da doença foram construídas curvas de progresso e mapas de dispersão, além da análise de agregação de plantas pelo teste de ordinário runs. Os resultados mostraram que a doença apresenta comportamento semelhante a uma doença biótica com padrão de distribuição semelhante ao de doenças que se dispersam na linha de plantio. Para atingir os demais objetivos, foram obtidos isolados a partir de plantas com sintomas do mofo cinzento, em diversas propriedades de diferentes cidades nos estados do Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais e São Paulo, totalizando 200 isolados. Inicialmente, foi realizado um estudo para verificar a ocorrência de outra espécie de Botrytis nos campos de cultivo de morango no Brasil. Para isso, foi feita a extração de DNA de todos os isolados, seguindo-se à reação de PCR com primers específicos para as espécies B. cinerea e B. caroliniana. Apesar da variação morfológica observada entre os isolados, todos foram identificados como B. cinerea. O levantamento sobre as práticas utilizadas para controle do mofo cinzento do morangueiro foi realizado diretamente com os produtores, que foram questionados quanto aos produtos utilizados para o controle da doença, eficiência de controle dos produtos e uso da prática de retirada de material doente. Foi possível observar diversos problemas, destacando-se o reduzido uso de medidas de controle cultural, o uso de produtos não recomendados para a cultura e o baixo nível de conhecimento dos produtores. Por fim, foi realizada a análise de sensibilidade dos isolados aos principais fungicidas utilizados na cultura (iprodiona, procimidona e tiofanato-metílico). Para isso, foi utilizado um total de 100 isolados, os quais foram crescidos em meio de cultura contendo diferentes doses dos fungicidas. Os resultados mostraram que 89% dos isolados foram insensíveis ao fungicida tiofanato-metílico, 36% ao iprodiona e 54% ao procimidona. Considerando o número restrito de fungicidas registrados para o controle do mofo cinzento e a baixa sensibilidade dos isolados de B. cinerea a estes produtos, torna-se difícil o manejo dessa importante doença do morangueiro.