Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: João Andrade de Carvalho Junior / Banca: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho / Banca: Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório / Resumo: Esse trabalho destina-se ao estudo da relação entre as condições de operação e o nível de emissão de CO2 em um forno de soleira rotativa, a óleo, utilizado para o reaquecimento de blocos de aço carbono para forjamento de rodas ferroviárias. O foco principal foi a redução na emissão de CO2 e a possibilidade de geração de créditos de carbono. Inicialmente foram apresentadas as características do sistema de aquecimento e suas influências no desempenho geral do forjamento. Em complemento foram expostas algumas condições de emissões relacionadas ao combustível e ao funcionamento do sistema de combustão. Foram selecionados parâmetros para a correção das condições de operação e ajustados para o tipo de combustível utilizado. A verificação foi feita através de análises de atmosfera. A metodologia foi eficiente e mostrou uma redução de 0,5% na concentração de CO2 nos gases de combustão que equivale a uma redução de 3,6% na emissão total de CO2. / Abstract: This work studied the relation between the operation condition and the level of CO2 emission in an oil rotary furnace used to reheat steel carbon blocks to forge rail wheels. The main focus was a CO2 reduction emission and carbon credits revenue. Initially, the heating system characteristics and its influence in the forging performance were presented. Additionally, some emission conditions related to the fuel and combustion system working were exposed. Parameters were selected to correct the operation condition and adjusted to the type of the fuel used. The results were verified by atmosphere analysis. The methodology was efficient and shows 0,5% reduction in the concentration of CO2 in the combustion gases or 3,6% reduction in CO2 total emission. / Mestre

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-19T14:32:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JORGE LUIZ MOURA DOS SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2009.pdf: 1242850 bytes, checksum: 4b01984b14177e53d87f83f20fe95699 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-19T14:32:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JORGE LUIZ MOURA DOS SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2009.pdf: 1242850 bytes, checksum: 4b01984b14177e53d87f83f20fe95699 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-29 / O processo de combustão tem grande importância para o desenvolvimento industrial. Nos últimos anos o setor industrial Brasileiro vem sofrendo seguidos aumentos no preço do gás natural e a legislação ambiental é cada vez mais restritiva, principalmente no que tange a emissões atmosféricas. O setor industrial, principalmente as empresas que tem como concorrência direta os produtos importados, concorre cada vez mais com mercados competitivos sendo necessária a redução de custos variáveis de produção. Tanto do ponto de vista econômico como ambiental é fundamental o profundo conhecimento e controle das reações de combustão que ocorrem nas fornalhas de craqueamento para a adoção de medidas de maior eficiência energética que resultem um aproveitamento mais racional de energia e uma menor disposição de poluentes como, por exemplo, CO e NOx. Este trabalho apresenta uma analise metodológica estruturada para avaliar a eficiência da combustão em uma fornalha de craqueamento de 1,2 Dicloroetano pelos métodos direto e indireto, assim como as perdas térmicas na fornalha e a carga efetivamente útil para o sistema. A eficiência de uma fornalha é obtida pela determinação da percentagem da energia fornecida para a fornalha e as percentagens de perdas térmicas devido aos vários fenômenos na operação da fornalha. As perdas térmicas avaliadas neste trabalho foram as perdas dos gases de combustão, da parede da fornalha e as perdas devido ao combustível não queimado. Neste trabalho também foi avaliado o comportamento da eficiência da fornalha com a variação do nível de excesso de ar para a combustão. / The Combustion process has great importance to the industrial development. In recent years the Brazilian Industrial sector comes suffering increases in the prices from the natural gas and the environment legislation is each more restrictive time. The sector industrial mainly the companies who have as direct competition the imported products concur each time more with competitive market being necessary the reduction of changeable costs of production. As much of the economic point of view as environment is basic the deep knowledge and control of the combustion reaction that occur in the cracking furnace for the adoption of measures of bigger energy efficient that a more rational exploitation of the energy and a lesser disposal of pollutants results as for example CO and NOx. This work presents a structuralized methodological analyzes to evaluated the combustion´s efficiency in a cracking furnace of 1,2 Ethane Dichloride for the direct and indirect method as well as the thermal losses in the furnaces and the effectively useful load for the system. The efficiency of a furnace is gotten by the determination of the percentage of the energy supplied to the furnace and the percentages of thermal losses due some phenomena in the operation of the furnace. The evaluated thermal losses in this work had been the losses of the gases of combustion, the wall of the furnace and the losses due to the fuel that did not burn. In this work also the behavior of the efficiency of the furnace with the variation of the level of air excess was evaluated for the combustion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 magalhaes_lc_me_guara.pdf: 2627349 bytes, checksum: 8fadf3c86720e6a184e9fb846efb6c45 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação analisou a viabilidade técnica de gaseificação de lama de alto de alto forno da ArcelorMittal Tubarão para produção de gás visando uma utilização interna. A gaseificação foi conduzida através de simulação em modelo de equilíbrio químico TCW - Termochemical Information and Equlibrium Calculation. Foram simuladas 3 misturas para gaseificação: a) 100% carvão metalúrgico de alto volátil (base das misturas), b) de lama de alto forno com 85% de carvão metalúrgico alto volátil e c) de lama de alto forno com 75% de carvão metalúrgico alto volátil. Os dois parâmetros principais que definiram a viabilidade técnica de gaseificação de lama de alto forno foram poder calorífico inferior - PCI e faixas de trabalho temperaturas no reator. O PCI do gás foi calculado a partir das frações molares de H2 e CO contidas no gás obtidos nas misturas simuladas / This dissertation analyzed the technical viability of blast furnace slurry gasification with the objective of using the obtained gas at ArcelorMittal Tubarão. The process was simulated using an equilibrium program, the TCW - Termochemical Information and Equilibrium Calculation. Three mixtures were considered for gasification: a) 100% high volatile metallurgical coal (the base of the mixtures), b) 15% slurry and 85% coal, and c) 25% slurry and 25% coal. The two main parameters that defined the technical viability of the blast furnace slurry were the mixture Low Heat Value (LHV) and the temperature ranges for work in the gasification reactor. The LHV was calculated from the molar fractions of H2 and CO in the gas obtained in the simulation

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_am_me_guara.pdf: 2611520 bytes, checksum: 4ed9180c920917190d4d02d7ae6dd990 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da queima de material combustível sólido injetado nas ventaneiras de um alto forno. O estudo é baseado na queima de carvões minerais e misturas considerando as reações de combustão, os parâmetros da qualidade do carvão (teor em material volátil, cinzas, carbono e oxigênio) e a análise micro-estrutural dos resíduos gerados após a queima no simulador de combustão, montado no centro de pesquisas da Companhia Siderurgica Nacional. Foi avaliada a taxa de reação do carbono dos carvões e misturas queimadas em uma termo balança. Ficou confirmado no estudo que a taxa de substituição do coque metalúrgico pelo carvão queimado no alto forno é influenciada pela eficiência de queima e que, por sua vez, é significativamente dependente das suas propriedades e das condições operacionais do alto forno. Através dos resultados obtidos ficou comprovado que os carvões com alto teor em matéria volátil queimam com maior eficiência quando comparados com os carvões de médio e baixo voláteis, porém devido ao menor teor em carbono, a sua taxa de substituição foi menor quando comparada com os carvões baixo e médio voláteis. Os carvões com maior eficiência de queima e reatividade apresentaram menor taxa de substituição nos altos fornos, quando comparados com as misturas. A análise micro-estrutural realizada nos carvões e misturas confirmou a maior eficiência de queima nos carvões mais reativos. Quanto ao coque verde de petróleo, este se mostrou de baixa eficiência de queima; porém, quando misturado a carvões de elevada reatividade, o mesmo apresentou uma eficiência de queima significativamente maior. Os resultados tanto de qualidade de ferro gusa quanto da redução de consumo de combustível nos altos fornos foram satisfatórios quando se injetou a mistura com 50% de participação. / This work presents a study on combustion of solid fuel injected in blast furnace tuyeres. The study is based on the combustion of mineral coals and blends considering the combustion reactions, the coal quality parameters (volatile matter, ash, carbon and oxygen content) and the micro structural analysis of the residues generated after coals and blends be burned it in the simulator, set up in the National Steel Company research center. The reaction rates of carbon for the coals and blends burned in a thermo balance were evaluated. It was confirmed in the study that the rate of coke replacement for the coal burned in the blast furnace is strongly influenced by the combustion efficiency, which is significantly dependent on properties and on operational conditions of the furnace. It was proven, with the obtained results, that the high volatile coals burn with higher efficiency when compared to medium and low volatile coals, but due to the lower carbon content, its replacement rate was lower when compared with low and medium volatile coals. The coals with larger combustion efficiency and reactivity presented lower replacement rates in the blast furnace, when compared with the coal blend. Micro structural analysis conducted in the coals and blends confirmed higher combustion efficiencies in more reactive coals. In relation to the green petroleum coke, it presented low combustion efficiences. However, when mixed with high volatile and high reactivity coals, its combustion efficiency was significantly increased. The results relative to the quality of the hot metal and to the reduction of fuel consumption in the blast furnace, when the blend had injected with 50% of the petroleum coke, were satisfactory.

Abstract A procedure is defined for commercializing slags arising as by-products of steelmaking, and this is used to develop certain products. The outcome of the present work comprised three products or groups of products: 1) slag-based binding agents, 2) a road structure improved by means of stabilization with such binding agents, and 3) a procedure for designing stabilized structures. The commercialization procedure was drawn up by examining the technical properties of the initial materials, excluding environmental acceptability and the mechanisms of their chemical reactions. The research proceeded in stages, of which the first was a reconsideration of the results presented in the author's licentiate thesis concerning factors affecting the stabilization of road construction aggregates with blast-furnace slag-based binding agents and their significance. This was followed by a series of experiments designed to test the validity of these results. At the third stage the selection of slag-based binding agents was extended to include LD steel slag products, while the final stage consisted of the implementation of a set of test structures and associated preliminary experiments and monitoring measurements. The binding properties of three blast-furnace slag products and three LD steel slag products, used separately or in various combinations, were examined in the course of this work, taking cement as a reference material. Materials were then eliminated as the research proceeded, either on account of their poor binding properties or on economic grounds. The final construction experiments were performed with three combinations: cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag, LD steel slag-activated granulated blast-furnace slag and a mixture of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and cement. The actual novel product among the slag-based binding agents to be introduced here is LD steel slag-activated granulated blast-furnace slag, which was found to be similar in its technical properties to cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag. Structural layers stabilized with these two binding agents showed very similar bearing capacities, although the former did not reach the same compression strengths at an age of 91 days. The reasons for these similarities lay in a larger amount of binding agent used when activated with LD steel slag and the greater thickness of the stabilized layer, factors which both tended to compensate for the poorer compression strength. The new information gained on the properties of cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag and the mixture of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and cement opens up fresh opportunities for selecting binding agents and designing road structures. Formulae were developed here for predicting the uniaxial compression strength at 91 days, used as a stabilization criterion, from the value for a sample taken at 28 days, a technique which will speed up the assessment of stabilization results, especially when using slowly reacting slag-based binding agents.

The dissertation forms part of an ongoing project for the modelling and eventual control of an electric arc furnace (EAF) process. The main motivation behind such a project is the potential benefits that can result from automation of a process that has largely been operator controlled, often with results that leave sufficient room for improvement. Previous work in the project has resulted in the development of a generic model of the process. A later study concentrated on the control of the EAF where economic factors were taken into account. Simulation results from both studies clearly demonstrate the benefits that can accrue from successful implementation of process control. A major drawback to the practical implementation of the results is the lack of a model that is proven to be an accurate depiction of the specific plant where control is to be applied. Furthermore, the accuracy of any process model can only be verified against actual process data. There lies the raison d'etre for this dissertation: to take the existing model from the simulation environment to the real process. The main objective is to obtain a model that is able to mimic a selected set of process outputs. This is commonly a problem of system identification (SID): to select an appropriate model then fit the model to plant input/output data until the model response is similar to the plant under the same inputs (and initial conditions). The model fitting is carried out on an existing EAF model primarily by estimation of the model parameters for the EAF refining stage. Therefore the contribution of this dissertation is a model that is able to depict the EAF refining stage with reasonable accuracy. An important aspect of model fitting is experiment design. This deals with the selection of inputs and outputs that must be measured in order to estimate the desired parameters. This constitutes the problem of identifiability: what possibilities exist for estimating parameters using available I/O data or, what additional data is necessary to estimate desired parameters. In the dissertation an analysis is carried out to determine which parameters are estimable from available data. For parameters that are not estimable recommendations are made about additional measurements required to remedy the situation. Additional modelling is carried out to adapt the model to the particular process. This includes modelling to incorporate the oxyfuel subsystem, the bath oxygen content, water cooling and the effect of foaming on the arc efficiency. / Dissertation (MEng (Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

This dissertation forms part of the ongoing process at UP to model and control the electric arc furniture process. Previous work focused on modelling the furnace process from empirical thermodynamic principles as well as fitting the model to actual plant data. Automation of the process mainly focused on subsystems of the process, for example the electric subsystem and the off-gas subsystem. The modelling effort, especially the model fitting resulted in parameter values that are described with confidence intervals, which gives rise to uncertainty in the model, because the parameters can potentially lie anywhere in the confidence interval space. Robust model predictive control is used in this dissertation, because it can explicityly take the model uncertainty into account as part of the synthesis process. Nominal model predictive control – not taking model uncertainty into account – is also applied in order to determine if robust model predictive control provides any advantages over the nominal model predictive control. This dissertation uses the process model from previous wok together with robust model predictive control to determine the feasibility of automating the process with regards to the primary process variables. Possible hurdles that prevent practical implementation are identified and studied. / Dissertation (MEng (Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng / unrestricted

This dissertation forms part of the ongoing process at UP to model and control the electric arc furniture process. Previous work focused on modelling the furnace process from empirical thermodynamic principles as well as fitting the model to actual plant data. Automation of the process mainly focused on subsystems of the process, for example the electric subsystem and the off-gas subsystem. The modelling effort, especially the model fitting resulted in parameter values that are described with confidence intervals, which gives rise to uncertainty in the model, because the parameters can potentially lie anywhere in the confidence interval space. Robust model predictive control is used in this dissertation, because it can explicityly take the model uncertainty into account as part of the synthesis process. Nominal model predictive control – not taking model uncertainty into account – is also applied in order to determine if robust model predictive control provides any advantages over the nominal model predictive control. This dissertation uses the process model from previous wok together with robust model predictive control to determine the feasibility of automating the process with regards to the primary process variables. Possible hurdles that prevent practical implementation are identified and studied. / Dissertation (MEng (Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng / unrestricted

This thesis considers the feasibility of using the electromagnetic techniques to monitor the wear of the refractory base of a glass-making furnace. The research focuses in building a system that is able to provide measurements of the distance to the molten glass in this demanding high temperature application. The main challenge in this project is to eliminate the effect of the refractory supporting steel structure and still be able to detect and exploit a much smaller signal from the molten glass. In order to differentiate between the molten glass and the steel supports, a multi-coil, multi-frequency technique was proposed, studied and implemented in this research.