Since the price of fossil fuel has increased, petroleum resources have been restricted and the environmental effects have been of great concern. Biofuel has been considered to be a good solution because it is a clean, non-pollutant and a renewable energy. Biodiesel is one alternative energy that plays a major role in the energy industry. So, the development of biofuel process is more interesting. Jatropha curcas L. is considered as an alternative energy source in order to help solve the energy crisis. The purpose of this research is to investigate the optimum condition of Jatropha seed extraction via a screw press and its by-product utilization by a pyrolysis method for achieving the maximum mass conversion and energy recovery. In this study, Jatropha seeds were first extracted by a screw press with different discharge aperture sizes, namely, number 4 (4.0 mm), 8 (7.0 mm), and 10 (10.5 mm). The by-product obtained from a screw press was then performed pyrolysis runs at the operating temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 degrees C. Results revealed that the optimum condition was achieved when using discharge aperture number 8 (7.0 mm) for a screw press and performing the pyrolysis of the by- product at 500 degrees C. The mass conversion efficiency of 35.8% refined oil, 21.8% bio-char, 14.6% bio-oil, and 11.7% syn-gas were obtained. Therefore, the utilization of by-product using a pyrolysis can enhance the effectiveness of Jatropha oil extraction with only 16% mass losses occurred. In addition, the gross heating values of the products were observed as 39.6 MJ/kg for the refined oil, 35.1 MJ/kg for the bio-oil, 27.5 MJ/kg for the bio-char, and 2.1 MJ/kg for the syn-gas. Due to a high mass conversion efficiency and energy content of Jatropha products, Jatropha has the potential to serve as an alternative energy source.

In recent years, stringent world-wide regulation of copper in drinking water, wastewater discharge and sludge has prompted utilities to carefully evaluate copper sources and sinks, benefits and detriments, and mitigation. This work compiled the individual efforts of researchers and utilities to provide a basis for holistic decision-making. Mass balances suggest that between 14-61% of copper in wastewater originates from home plumbing. Dosing of pure copper sulfate "root killer" by consumers, which is of unlikely value, accounted for up to 27% of copper inputs. Removal of copper in wastewater treatment ranged from 24-90%, suggesting a potential for optimization of these processes if desired. Finally, though utilities are pressured to reduce copper inputs at all stages of the urban water cycle, substantial benefits including human and wastewater bacteria micro-nutrition, water disinfection and algae control should not be overshadowed. To better understand copper inputs from corrosion in soft waters, a 12 month study was executed. Free chlorine (0.7 mg/L) was determined to have minimally adverse effects on copper release at pH 9.5 but no significant effect at pH 7.0, and higher temperatures usually increased copper release. Organic matter including soluble and particulate NOM, sodium alginate, and gum xanthan, tended to worsen copper release. Their direct effects included complexation and mobilization of pre-existing copper scale as particulates. Indirect effects were also discovered, including a propensity of gum xanthan and alginate to decrease pH, increasing copper release, and also to produce a microbiologically unstable water, decreasing the dissolved oxygen necessary for fueling corrosion reactions. The range of organic matter effects could be placed within a unified conceptual framework. / Master of Science

A exigência de alimento proteico palatável e de alto valor nutricional torna a dieta dos peixes carnívoros altamente dependente de farinha de peixe [FP], alimento de alto custo e já escasso no mercado. Hidrolisados de subprodutos da indústria animal são alimentos de alta qualidade que podem ser usados para substituir a FP nas dietas para peixes. Este trabalho foi realizado em dois ensaios: o primeiro avaliou a digestibilidade de hidrolisados de resíduos de tilápia [RTI], cabeças de atum [CAT], fígados de suínos [FSU] e de aves [FAV] e a influência da inclusão dos hidrolisados nas dietas no perfil de enzimas digestivas nos estômagos, cecos pilóricos e intestinos de juvenis (39,73 ± 5,30 g) do Characiforme carnívoro dourado, Salminus brasiliensis; o segundo ensaio avaliou o desempenho de juvenis de dourados (4,57 ± 1,25 g) alimentados com níveis crescentes de inclusão de FSU (0, 70, 140, 210 e 280 g kg-1) na dieta. A inclusão dos hidrolisados na formulação das dietas diminuiu o pH das rações mas não interferiu no consumo pelos peixes. Os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidades dos nutrientes foram registrados em peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo RTI e FSU, enquanto os menores foram encontrados para aqueles alimentados com as dietas contendo CAT. A atividade da protease e da lipase foi maior nos estômagos dos animais, em especial aqueles que foram alimentados com a dieta contendo FSU. A atividade de amilase foi maior nos cecos pilóricos, enquanto nos intestinos foi registrada maior atividade nas dietas controle e RTI. Hidrolisados de subprodutos da indústria animal foram altamente digestíveis para dourados e o perfil enzimático dos peixes foi dependente dos nutrientes da dieta. No segundo ensaio os menores valores de ingestão diária foram registrados nos peixes alimentados com a dieta sem inclusão de hidrolisado, mas os menores valores de ganho de peso, peso final e das taxas de crescimento específico, de eficiência proteica e energética, e de retenção proteica foram registrados nos peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo 280 g kg-1 de hidrolisado suíno. A grande proporção de aminoácidos livres e pequenos peptídeos nas dietas com inclusões acima de 140 g kg-1 do produto aparentemente reduziu a síntese de proteínas dos animais. A saúde dos peixes não foi afetada significativamente pela inclusão de hidrolisados na dieta, porém, aparentemente, os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo até 140 g kg-1 de hidrolisado tiveram melhores índices imuno-hematológicos. / Carnivorous fish diets strongly depend on fish meal (FM), a high-cost, scarce feedstuff, given the need for palatable protein and high nutritious value. Animal by-product hydrolysates are high-quality feedstuff that can substitute FM in fish diets. This study evaluated digestibility of hydrolysates from tilapia residue [TR], tuna head [TH], swine liver [SL] and poultry liver [PL], and the profile of digestive enzymes in the stomachs, pyloric cecum and intestines of juvenile (39,73 ± 5,30 g) dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, a carnivorous Characin fed diets containing graded levels of hydrolysates, and the performance of juvenile dourado (4,57 ± 1,25 g) fed diets containing increasing levels of FSU (0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 g kg-1). The addition of hydrolysates to diets lowered the pH of feed, but did not alter feed intake by fish. Higher digestibility coefficients of nutrients were recorded for fish fed diets containing TR and SL, and the lower for those fed diets containing TH. Protease and lipase activity in the fish\'s stomach was higher, especially for those fed diets containing SL. Amylase activity was higher in pyloric caeca, while in the intestines the higher activity was registered for fish fed control and TR diets. Animal by-product hydrolysates were highly digestible for dourado, and enzymatic profile of fish depended on nutrients of diets. In the second trial, the lowest values of daily intake were recorded for fish fed diet without inclusion of hydrolysate. However, the lowest weight gain, final weight and specific growth rate, protein and energy efficiency, and protein retention rates were recorded for fish fed diet with 280 g kg-1 of swine hydrolysate. The large proportion of free amino acids and small peptides in the diets with inclusions above 140 g kg-1 of the product apparently reduced the protein synthesis by fish. Health status of fish was not significantly affected by dietary hydrolysates, but apparently, fish fed diets containing more than 140 g kg-1 had better immuno-hematological indices.

A exigência de alimento proteico palatável e de alto valor nutricional torna a dieta dos peixes carnívoros altamente dependente de farinha de peixe [FP], alimento de alto custo e já escasso no mercado. Hidrolisados de subprodutos da indústria animal são alimentos de alta qualidade que podem ser usados para substituir a FP nas dietas para peixes. Este trabalho foi realizado em dois ensaios: o primeiro avaliou a digestibilidade de hidrolisados de resíduos de tilápia [RTI], cabeças de atum [CAT], fígados de suínos [FSU] e de aves [FAV] e a influência da inclusão dos hidrolisados nas dietas no perfil de enzimas digestivas nos estômagos, cecos pilóricos e intestinos de juvenis (39,73 ± 5,30 g) do Characiforme carnívoro dourado, Salminus brasiliensis; o segundo ensaio avaliou o desempenho de juvenis de dourados (4,57 ± 1,25 g) alimentados com níveis crescentes de inclusão de FSU (0, 70, 140, 210 e 280 g kg-1) na dieta. A inclusão dos hidrolisados na formulação das dietas diminuiu o pH das rações mas não interferiu no consumo pelos peixes. Os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidades dos nutrientes foram registrados em peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo RTI e FSU, enquanto os menores foram encontrados para aqueles alimentados com as dietas contendo CAT. A atividade da protease e da lipase foi maior nos estômagos dos animais, em especial aqueles que foram alimentados com a dieta contendo FSU. A atividade de amilase foi maior nos cecos pilóricos, enquanto nos intestinos foi registrada maior atividade nas dietas controle e RTI. Hidrolisados de subprodutos da indústria animal foram altamente digestíveis para dourados e o perfil enzimático dos peixes foi dependente dos nutrientes da dieta. No segundo ensaio os menores valores de ingestão diária foram registrados nos peixes alimentados com a dieta sem inclusão de hidrolisado, mas os menores valores de ganho de peso, peso final e das taxas de crescimento específico, de eficiência proteica e energética, e de retenção proteica foram registrados nos peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo 280 g kg-1 de hidrolisado suíno. A grande proporção de aminoácidos livres e pequenos peptídeos nas dietas com inclusões acima de 140 g kg-1 do produto aparentemente reduziu a síntese de proteínas dos animais. A saúde dos peixes não foi afetada significativamente pela inclusão de hidrolisados na dieta, porém, aparentemente, os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo até 140 g kg-1 de hidrolisado tiveram melhores índices imuno-hematológicos. / Carnivorous fish diets strongly depend on fish meal (FM), a high-cost, scarce feedstuff, given the need for palatable protein and high nutritious value. Animal by-product hydrolysates are high-quality feedstuff that can substitute FM in fish diets. This study evaluated digestibility of hydrolysates from tilapia residue [TR], tuna head [TH], swine liver [SL] and poultry liver [PL], and the profile of digestive enzymes in the stomachs, pyloric cecum and intestines of juvenile (39,73 ± 5,30 g) dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, a carnivorous Characin fed diets containing graded levels of hydrolysates, and the performance of juvenile dourado (4,57 ± 1,25 g) fed diets containing increasing levels of FSU (0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 g kg-1). The addition of hydrolysates to diets lowered the pH of feed, but did not alter feed intake by fish. Higher digestibility coefficients of nutrients were recorded for fish fed diets containing TR and SL, and the lower for those fed diets containing TH. Protease and lipase activity in the fish\'s stomach was higher, especially for those fed diets containing SL. Amylase activity was higher in pyloric caeca, while in the intestines the higher activity was registered for fish fed control and TR diets. Animal by-product hydrolysates were highly digestible for dourado, and enzymatic profile of fish depended on nutrients of diets. In the second trial, the lowest values of daily intake were recorded for fish fed diet without inclusion of hydrolysate. However, the lowest weight gain, final weight and specific growth rate, protein and energy efficiency, and protein retention rates were recorded for fish fed diet with 280 g kg-1 of swine hydrolysate. The large proportion of free amino acids and small peptides in the diets with inclusions above 140 g kg-1 of the product apparently reduced the protein synthesis by fish. Health status of fish was not significantly affected by dietary hydrolysates, but apparently, fish fed diets containing more than 140 g kg-1 had better immuno-hematological indices.

At present, cementitious binders are used extensively in the construction industry and principally in concretes. They are also used in some applications like ground improvement. In these applications the cost of the binder, typically Portland cement, accounts for a considerable proportion of the total cost of the technique. In addition to the financial cost there is also the environmental impact of quarrying and processing of raw materials to produce Portland cements. Gypsum waste, by-pass dust and fly ash by-products have been identified as the alternative sources of cementitious binder. Using these materials has two advantages: they have little or no production cost; and the re-use of such material would negate the need for expensive disposal. This thesis describes a programme of laboratory testing and study on the possible field trials to investigate the possibility of using mentioned by-product materials as construction materials. Laboratory trials carried out to investigate the properties of waste materials in different combinations; binary and ternary using the same water content. Specimens were evaluated on the basis of Unconfined Compressive Strength at 3,7 and 28 days curing. It was found that pastes containing waste gypsums, Basic oxygen Slag and Run of station ash achieved the highest unconfined compressive strengths (up to 20 MPa) and five mixes of these groups were selected for further tests such as viscosity, permeability, expansion, XRD and freeze and thaw. Data obtained from the ternary combinations were analyzed using two different methods, i.e. Response Surface method and Artificial Neural Network. Two prediction models were created using MINITAB and MATLAB software and the predicted results were compared. It was concluded that the Artificial Neural Network had fewer errors than the response surface model. The feasibility of using by-product materials in two field trials was also studied and the possibility of 100% cement replacement in low strength concrete used in subway backfilling (using 80%BOS-15% Plasterboard Gypsum-5%bypass dust) and light weight blocks (60% run of station ash-20%plaster board gypsum-20% bypass dust) was investigated. It was found that waste gypsum could be used in both trials and the basic oxygen slag could be used for subway backfilling because it improved the flow. However it was not a good idea to use the steel slag in light weight products because of its density. The thesis concludes that there are several potential applications for the use of the waste gypsums in combination with other waste materials in the construction industry but further work is required before it can be used commercially. However the sources and differing chemical contents of the by-product materials may have significant impact on the cementitious behaviour of by product materials.

Os ovinos apresentam grande potencial de aproveitamento de produtos que não seriam empregados na alimentação de animais monogástricos. Dentre esses produtos estão os coprodutos da cadeia do biodiesel. Porém os ruminantes produzem metano durante o processo digestivo, um dos gases de efeito estufa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o farelo de algodão e a glicerina bruta na alimentação de ovinos em substituição ao farelo de soja e do milho. Neste trabalho foram realizados três experimentos. O primeiro foi realizado ensaio in vitro de produção de gases e de degradabilidade da matéria orgânica para avaliar dietas com feno de Tifton (70%) e concentrado (30%) com milho e farelo de soja. As dietas experimentais foram elaboradas substituindo-se o farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão e o milho por glicerina bruta nos níveis de 25, 50, 75 e 100%, totalizando 25 dietas. Como resultado, foi encontrada redução na produção de gases com o aumento na proporção de farelo de algodão, além do aumento na produção de gases até 75% de glicerina bruta, sendo que acima deste nível houve redução na produção de gases. Para a degradabilidade das dietas, houve aumento com a substituição de até 50% de farelo de algodão. Quanto à produção de metano, houve aumento de acordo com o aumento nos níveis de glicerina, não sendo influenciada pela presença de farelo de algodão. Com os resultados deste primeiro experimento, foram selecionadas dez dietas que apresentaram maiores valores de degradabilidade e menor produção de metano, as quais foram utilizadas nos ensaios in vitro de degradabilidade e digestibilidade pós ruminal da proteína; bem como a quantificação dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) produzidos no ensaio de produção de gases. Para os resultados de degradabilidade da proteína foi observado que a adição de glicerina bruta promoveu redução, enquanto que para a digestibilidade da proteína pós-rúmen, a presença de glicerina bruta não teve efeito. Para os AGCC se observou aumento na produção de propionato e redução na de acetato, em relação à adição de glicerina bruta. Após os dois ensaios, foram selecionadas cinco dietas que apresentaram os melhores resultados de degradabilidade in vitro para estimar a síntese microbiana in vitro. Não foram observadas diferenças entre as dietas testadas para síntese microbiana. De acordo com os resultados dos ensaios in vitro, foram selecionadas duas dietas que apresentaram os melhores resultados para a digestibilidade da proteína e da matéria orgânica, bem como para a produção de metano. Foram realizados dois ensaios, o primeiro com 15 animais e o segundo com 6 animais. Como resultados foram observados redução na digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e da proteína bruta para as dietas testadas. Quanto à concentração de AGCC in vivo, houve redução na concentração de acetato e aumento na de propionato. A produção de metano in vivo foi menor nos animais que receberam as dietas testadas. Como conclusão pode-se afirmar que tanto o farelo de algodão como a glicerina bruta podem substituir os ingredientes tradicionais farelo de soja e milho na dieta para ruminantes / Sheep have great potential for using products that usually would not be used in feeding of monogastric animals. Among these products are the byproducts of the biodiesel chain. However ruminants produce methane during the digestive process, one of the greenhouse gases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cottonseed meal and crude glycerin in diets for sheep to replace soybean meal and corn respectively. This work was carried out in three experiments. The first trial was an in vitro gas production and organic matter degradability assay for evaluating diets with 70% Tifton hay and 30% concentrate (soybean meal and corn). The experimental diets were formulated by replacing soybean meal by cottonseed meal and corn by crude glycerin at levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100%, totaling 25 diets. As results, it was observed a decreased in the gas production with the increase in the proportion of cottonseed meal, and it was also observed an increase when crude glycerin was increased up to 75%, and above this level, there was a reduction in the gases production. For degradability, it was increased with the replacement of up to 50% of cottonseed meal. Methane production was increased in accordance with increasing levels of glycerin, and it was not influenced by the presence of cottonseed meal. After this experiment, it was selected ten diets which showed higher degradability and lower methane production, and then they were used for in vitro degradability and post ruminal digestibility of protein tests, as well as the quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced during the gas test. The result of degradability of the protein was observed that the addition of crude glycerin caused a reduction in degradability of the diets; as for the digestibility of protein post-rumen, the presence of crude glycerin did not affect digestibility, whereas the highest values were observed in the diets which had lower degradability. SCFA quantification showed an increase in propionate production and decreased in acetate production as reflecting the addition of crude glycerin. After the two tests, it was selected five diets in order to evaluate its potential for in vitro microbial synthesis; with no differences observed among the tested diets. According to the results from the in vitro assays, it was selected two diets which showed best results for digestibility of protein and organic matter as well as methane production. These two diets were used to conduct an in vivo digestibility trial and quantification of enteric methane production. Two experiments were conducted, the first with 15 animals and the second with 6 animals. As results, it was observed reduction in neutral detergent fiber and crude protein digestibility for the tested diets. As for the concentration of SCFA in vivo, reduction in the acetate concentration with increase in propionate concentrations was observed. For methane production in vivo, there was a reduction in methane production by animals fed the tested diets. As a conclusion, it can be stated that both the cottonseed meal and crude glycerin can replace the traditional ingredients soybean meal and corn in diets for ruminants

The production of biofuels has increased in recent years, to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. However, current production practices are heavily criticized on their environmental sustainability. Life cycle assessments have therefore been used in policies and academic studies to assess the systems; with divergent results. In the coming years however, biofuel production practices must improve to meet strict environmental sustainability policies. The aims of the research presented in this thesis, are to explore and analyze concepts from industrial symbiosis (IS) to improve the efficiency and environmental performance of biofuel production and identify possible material and energy exchanges between biofuel producers and external industries. An exploration of potential material and energy exchanges resulted in a diverse set of possible exchanges. Many exchanges were identified between biofuel producers to make use of each other’s by-products. There is also large potential for exchanges with external industries, e.g. with the food, energy and chemical producing industries. As such, the biofuel industry and external industries have possibilities for potential collaboration and environmental performance improvements, though implementation of the exchanges may be influenced by many conditions. In order to analyze if concepts from IS can provide benefits to firms of an IS network, an approach was created which outlines how quantifications of IS networks can be produced using life cycle assessment literature for guidelines and methodological considerations. The approach offers methods for quantifying the environmental performance for firms of the IS network and an approach to distribute impacts and credits for the exchanges between firm, to test the assumed benefits for the firms of the IS network. Life cycle assessment, and the approach from this thesis, have been used to quantify the environmental performance of IS networks by building scenarios based on an example from an IS network of biofuel producers in Sweden. From the analyses, it has been found that exchanges of material and energy may offer environmental performance improvements for the IS network and for firms of the network. However, the results are dependent upon the methodological considerations of the assessments, including the reference system, functional unit and allocation methods, in addition to important processes such as the agricultural inputs for the system and energy systems employed. By using industrial symbiosis concepts, biofuel producers have possibilities to improve the environmental performance. This is done by making use of by-products and waste and diversifying their products, promoting a transition toward biorefinery systems and a bio-based economy for regional environmental sustainability. / Produktionen av biobränslen har ökat de senaste åren, vilket är ett steg mot klimateffektivare lösningar i transportsektorn, men biodrivmedlen har ifrågasatts med hänvisning till tveksamheter kring deras miljö- och energiprestanda. Lifecykelanalyser har därför använts inom akademiska studier och för policy för att utvärdera systemen, dock utan samstämmiga resultat. Under de kommande åren måste därför praxis för produktion av biobränslen förbättras för att kunna möta de strikta kraven i hållbarhetskriterier för biobränslen. Syftet med forskningen som presenteras i den här doktorsavhandlingen är att utforska och analysera koncept från området Industriell symbios (IS) och därigenom identifiera förbättringar för ökad effektivitet och miljöprestanda för biobränsleproduktion. Vidare är syftet att identifiera möjliga material- och energiutbyten mellan biobränsleproducenter och externa industrier. Potentiella material- och energiutbyten undersöktes, vilket resulterade förslag på flera olika typer av potentiella utbyten. Undersökningen visar på en potential för att använda biprodukter i en biobränsleprocess som råvara till en annan biobränsleframställning. Vidare identifierades en stor potential för utbyten med externa industrier, som till exempel matproducenter samt industrier för energi och kemikalier. Det är tydligt att det finns möjligheter för biobränsleproducenter och externa industrier att samarbeta och därmed ge möjlighet till förbättringar i miljöprestandan, dock kan en implementering av dessa utbyten påverkas av många olika förutsättningar. Avhandlingen presenterar även ett tillvägagångssätt för att visa hur kvantifiering av miljöprestanda inom ett nätverk för IS kan genomföras genom att använda riktlinjer och metodavvägningar från litteratur för livscykelanalys.  Detta tillvägagångssätt kan användas för att analysera om koncept från IS kan leda till fördelar för företagen i ett IS-nätverk. Tillvägsgångssättet ger möjlighet att kvantifiera miljöprestandan för företagen i IS-nätverket och ger dessutom vägledning för hur miljöpåverkan från utbytena kan distribueras mellan de olika företagen. Metoden utvecklades för att bland annat undersöka de förmodade fördelarna från IS för varje enskild aktör. Livscykelanalys i kombination med tillvägagångssättet ovan har använts för att kvantifiera miljöprestandan för IS-nätverk genom att konstruera scenarier. Scenarierna har baserats på ett exempel från ett IS-nätverk av biobränsleprocenter i Sverige. Analyserna visar att utbyten av material- och energi kan ge förbättringar i miljöprestanda. Resultaten är dock beroende av vilka metodavvägningar som gjorts, till exempel val av referenssystem, funktionell enhet och allokeringsmetoder. Vidare spelar viktiga processer som inputs från jordbruk och val av energisystem stor roll för resultatet. Metodavvägningar för utväderingen influerar även miljöpåverkan samt hur den fördelas mellan företagen i IS-nätverket. Dessutom kan den lokala miljöpåverkan öka medan den globala påverkan minskar. Sammanfattningsvis kan biobränsleproducenter, genom att använda koncept från industriell symbios, ges möjlighet att förbättra sin miljöprestanda. Detta kan ske genom att använda biprodukter och avfall samt genom att diversifiera sina produkter som ett första steg mot en övergång mot bioraffinaderier och en mer biobaserad ekonomi för regional hållbarhet.

Os ovinos apresentam grande potencial de aproveitamento de produtos que não seriam empregados na alimentação de animais monogástricos. Dentre esses produtos estão os coprodutos da cadeia do biodiesel. Porém os ruminantes produzem metano durante o processo digestivo, um dos gases de efeito estufa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o farelo de algodão e a glicerina bruta na alimentação de ovinos em substituição ao farelo de soja e do milho. Neste trabalho foram realizados três experimentos. O primeiro foi realizado ensaio in vitro de produção de gases e de degradabilidade da matéria orgânica para avaliar dietas com feno de Tifton (70%) e concentrado (30%) com milho e farelo de soja. As dietas experimentais foram elaboradas substituindo-se o farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão e o milho por glicerina bruta nos níveis de 25, 50, 75 e 100%, totalizando 25 dietas. Como resultado, foi encontrada redução na produção de gases com o aumento na proporção de farelo de algodão, além do aumento na produção de gases até 75% de glicerina bruta, sendo que acima deste nível houve redução na produção de gases. Para a degradabilidade das dietas, houve aumento com a substituição de até 50% de farelo de algodão. Quanto à produção de metano, houve aumento de acordo com o aumento nos níveis de glicerina, não sendo influenciada pela presença de farelo de algodão. Com os resultados deste primeiro experimento, foram selecionadas dez dietas que apresentaram maiores valores de degradabilidade e menor produção de metano, as quais foram utilizadas nos ensaios in vitro de degradabilidade e digestibilidade pós ruminal da proteína; bem como a quantificação dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) produzidos no ensaio de produção de gases. Para os resultados de degradabilidade da proteína foi observado que a adição de glicerina bruta promoveu redução, enquanto que para a digestibilidade da proteína pós-rúmen, a presença de glicerina bruta não teve efeito. Para os AGCC se observou aumento na produção de propionato e redução na de acetato, em relação à adição de glicerina bruta. Após os dois ensaios, foram selecionadas cinco dietas que apresentaram os melhores resultados de degradabilidade in vitro para estimar a síntese microbiana in vitro. Não foram observadas diferenças entre as dietas testadas para síntese microbiana. De acordo com os resultados dos ensaios in vitro, foram selecionadas duas dietas que apresentaram os melhores resultados para a digestibilidade da proteína e da matéria orgânica, bem como para a produção de metano. Foram realizados dois ensaios, o primeiro com 15 animais e o segundo com 6 animais. Como resultados foram observados redução na digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e da proteína bruta para as dietas testadas. Quanto à concentração de AGCC in vivo, houve redução na concentração de acetato e aumento na de propionato. A produção de metano in vivo foi menor nos animais que receberam as dietas testadas. Como conclusão pode-se afirmar que tanto o farelo de algodão como a glicerina bruta podem substituir os ingredientes tradicionais farelo de soja e milho na dieta para ruminantes / Sheep have great potential for using products that usually would not be used in feeding of monogastric animals. Among these products are the byproducts of the biodiesel chain. However ruminants produce methane during the digestive process, one of the greenhouse gases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cottonseed meal and crude glycerin in diets for sheep to replace soybean meal and corn respectively. This work was carried out in three experiments. The first trial was an in vitro gas production and organic matter degradability assay for evaluating diets with 70% Tifton hay and 30% concentrate (soybean meal and corn). The experimental diets were formulated by replacing soybean meal by cottonseed meal and corn by crude glycerin at levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100%, totaling 25 diets. As results, it was observed a decreased in the gas production with the increase in the proportion of cottonseed meal, and it was also observed an increase when crude glycerin was increased up to 75%, and above this level, there was a reduction in the gases production. For degradability, it was increased with the replacement of up to 50% of cottonseed meal. Methane production was increased in accordance with increasing levels of glycerin, and it was not influenced by the presence of cottonseed meal. After this experiment, it was selected ten diets which showed higher degradability and lower methane production, and then they were used for in vitro degradability and post ruminal digestibility of protein tests, as well as the quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced during the gas test. The result of degradability of the protein was observed that the addition of crude glycerin caused a reduction in degradability of the diets; as for the digestibility of protein post-rumen, the presence of crude glycerin did not affect digestibility, whereas the highest values were observed in the diets which had lower degradability. SCFA quantification showed an increase in propionate production and decreased in acetate production as reflecting the addition of crude glycerin. After the two tests, it was selected five diets in order to evaluate its potential for in vitro microbial synthesis; with no differences observed among the tested diets. According to the results from the in vitro assays, it was selected two diets which showed best results for digestibility of protein and organic matter as well as methane production. These two diets were used to conduct an in vivo digestibility trial and quantification of enteric methane production. Two experiments were conducted, the first with 15 animals and the second with 6 animals. As results, it was observed reduction in neutral detergent fiber and crude protein digestibility for the tested diets. As for the concentration of SCFA in vivo, reduction in the acetate concentration with increase in propionate concentrations was observed. For methane production in vivo, there was a reduction in methane production by animals fed the tested diets. As a conclusion, it can be stated that both the cottonseed meal and crude glycerin can replace the traditional ingredients soybean meal and corn in diets for ruminants

Abstract A procedure is defined for commercializing slags arising as by-products of steelmaking, and this is used to develop certain products. The outcome of the present work comprised three products or groups of products: 1) slag-based binding agents, 2) a road structure improved by means of stabilization with such binding agents, and 3) a procedure for designing stabilized structures. The commercialization procedure was drawn up by examining the technical properties of the initial materials, excluding environmental acceptability and the mechanisms of their chemical reactions. The research proceeded in stages, of which the first was a reconsideration of the results presented in the author's licentiate thesis concerning factors affecting the stabilization of road construction aggregates with blast-furnace slag-based binding agents and their significance. This was followed by a series of experiments designed to test the validity of these results. At the third stage the selection of slag-based binding agents was extended to include LD steel slag products, while the final stage consisted of the implementation of a set of test structures and associated preliminary experiments and monitoring measurements. The binding properties of three blast-furnace slag products and three LD steel slag products, used separately or in various combinations, were examined in the course of this work, taking cement as a reference material. Materials were then eliminated as the research proceeded, either on account of their poor binding properties or on economic grounds. The final construction experiments were performed with three combinations: cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag, LD steel slag-activated granulated blast-furnace slag and a mixture of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and cement. The actual novel product among the slag-based binding agents to be introduced here is LD steel slag-activated granulated blast-furnace slag, which was found to be similar in its technical properties to cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag. Structural layers stabilized with these two binding agents showed very similar bearing capacities, although the former did not reach the same compression strengths at an age of 91 days. The reasons for these similarities lay in a larger amount of binding agent used when activated with LD steel slag and the greater thickness of the stabilized layer, factors which both tended to compensate for the poorer compression strength. The new information gained on the properties of cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag and the mixture of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and cement opens up fresh opportunities for selecting binding agents and designing road structures. Formulae were developed here for predicting the uniaxial compression strength at 91 days, used as a stabilization criterion, from the value for a sample taken at 28 days, a technique which will speed up the assessment of stabilization results, especially when using slowly reacting slag-based binding agents.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13338号 / 論農博第2881号 / 新制||農||1079(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5245(農学部図書室) / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 准教授 熊谷 元 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM