Fysisk bestraffning och psykologisk kontroll som utförs av föräldrar är exempel på problematiska föräldrabeteenden som kan orsaka depressiva symptom hos ungdomar. Studiens syfte är att undersöka om det finns skillnader i depressiva symptom mellan ungdomar som har utsatts för fysisk bestraffning och ungdomar som har utsatts för psykologisk kontroll över tid. Studien använder sig utav sekundärdata från ett forskningsprojekt, bestående av enkätsvar som har samlats in från ungdomar mellan 13-15 år i en mellanstor svensk stad. Studien visade inga skillnader i depressiva symptom hos ungdomarna när symptomen av fysisk bestraffning och psykologisk kontroll jämfördes över tid. Dock var sambanden mellan fysisk bestraffning och depressiva symptom svagare än mellan psykologisk kontroll och depressiva symptom. / Corporal punishment and psychological control exercised by parents are examples of problematic parental behaviors that can cause depressive symptoms in adolescents. The study aims to investigate whether there are differences in depressive symptoms among adolescents who have experienced physical punishment and adolescents who have experienced psychological control over time. The study used secondary data from a research project, consisting of survey responses collected from adolescents in the ages between 13-15 years old in a medium-sized Swedish city. The study showed no differences in depressive symptoms in adolescents over time when the symptoms of physical punishment and psychological control were compared. However, the relationships between physical punishment and depressive symptoms was weaker than between psychological control and depressive symptoms.

Bullying is a phenomenon occurring all over the world. Previous research shows that youthswho are being physically punished by their parents are at higher risk for being involved inbullying. There are four groups when it comes to bullying, the neutrals, bullies, victims, andbully-victims. A limitation of previous research was that no one has examined why youthswho are being exposed to physical punishment by their parents often become a part ofbullying. Our focus was on the four bullying groups of youths in the ages 13 to 15. Weproposed that in order to understand how parents’ use of physical punishment against theiryouths is connected with being a bully or a victim at school, we need to take the personalitytraits self-esteem and impulsivity under consideration. The results showed that when parentsused physical punishment against their youths and the youths had certain personality traits,the risk for being a part of bullying increased. In conclusion, the youths were at higher risk ofbeing victims of bullying if they had low self-esteem, they were at higher risk of being bulliesif they were impulsive, and they were at higher risk of being bully-victims if they were bothimpulsive and had low self-esteem, meaning that we need to investigate further differentpersonality traits and their effect on youths bullying involvement in school. / Mobbning är ett fenomen som inträffar över hela världen. Tidigare forskning visar att närungdomar blir fysiskt bestraffade av sina föräldrar ökar risken för inblandning i mobbning.Det finns fyra grupper när det kommer till mobbning, de neutrala, mobbare, offer och bullyvictims.En svaghet med tidigare forskning var att ingen har undersökt hur inblandning imobbning ser ut för dem som blir utsatta för fysisk bestraffning av sina föräldrar. Vårt fokusvar på de fyra grupperna inom mobbning för ungdomar mellan åldrarna 13 till 15. Viföreslår att för att förstå hur föräldrars fysiska bestraffning på sina ungdomar hängersamman med att vara mobbare eller offer i skolan, behöver man ta hänsyn till ungdomarnassjälvkänsla och impulsivitet. Resultaten visade att om föräldrar slår sina ungdomar samt omungdomarna besitter en viss typ av personlighetsdrag, ökar risken för att de blir inblandade imobbning. Sammanfattningsvis, ungdomarna riskerade att bli offer för mobbning om de hadedåligt självförtroende, de riskerade att bli mobbare om de var impulsiva, och de riskerade attbli bully-victims om de samtidigt hade dåligt självförtroende och var impulsiva. Detta innebäratt vi behöver fortsätta undersöka olika personlighetsdrag och deras påverkan på ungdomarsinblandning inom mobbning i skolan.

The purpose of this study is to examine young adults', 18-19 years old, attitudes towards corporal punishment and with the help of social constructionism, grid-group theory and relevant concepts analyze the results and compare it with previous research. The research questions introduce various factors such as gender, origin and personal experiences of corporal punishment that may affect the attitudes. In order to fulfill the purpose and answer the research questions, a quantitative research method has been selected. There was 118 participants in the survey. The study was conducted by means of surveys in high schools in Örebro. Social constructionism made us realize how the community, perceptions and expectations might influence attitudes. Grid-group theory gave us an insight into how different family structures may explain why attitudes toward corporal punishment of children differ between individuals. One of the conclusions of this study is that the long-term trend of decreasing positive attitudes toward corporal punishment seems to continue. Results show that all of 41, 2% of young adults in our study, with parents born outside the Nordic countries, have been subjected to corporal punishment. Personal experiences and parents' origin has been shown to have effects on attitudes towards corporal punishment. Different family structures and attitudes towards child rearing may be important to understand and take into consideration in social work. The study shows that corporal punishment still exists, which makes the topic worth of attention and we recommend it to be studied further.