Le vieillissement du parc aéronautique, mais aussi la volonté de prolonger le cycle de vie des appareils, impose aux techniques de maintenance des exigences de contrôle accrues en termes de fiabilité et de rapidité. Les principaux enjeux étant la détection, et surtout la caractérisation des micro-fissures pouvant apparaitre dans les pièces sensibles des appareils. Cette caractérisation pouvant aller jusqu'à la reconstruction qualitative, voire quantitative du profil des fissures, ce qui suppose la résolution du problème inverse consistant, à partir des signaux mesurés, à remonter à certaines caractéristiques de la pièce inspectée, notamment géométriques, qui en sont en partie la cause.Ce manuscrit présente une approche originale de conception de sonde d'imagerie par courants de Foucault. Cette approche, ici appliquée à l'imagerie de pièces aéronautiques cylindriques, consiste à concevoir la sonde de façon à satisfaire la double contrainte d'une instrumentation performante et d'une résolution possible du problème inverse. Ainsi, la conception de la sonde est-elle faite de manière à ce que d'une part les signaux mesurés, résultant de ses interactions avec la pièce contrôlée, soient d'amplitude la plus élevée possible, et d'autre part, a n que ces interactions soient modélisables au moyen d'un modèle qui se prête bien à l'inversion.Dans un premier temps, une méthodologie de conception de sonde est présentée, qui vise à optimiser le dimensionnement et l'agencement de ses éléments en se fixant des contraintes de sensibilité et de résolution. Un prototype, conçu d'après cette méthodologie, est réalisé, mis en œuvre et caractérisé. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus, qui s'avèrent en accord avec une modélisation par éléments finis, offrent une validation du fonctionnement de la sonde, celle-ci permettant effectivement de mettre en évidence les défauts types (micro-fissures) recherchés dans la pièce inspectée. Dans un second temps, la configuration des interactions sonde-pièce inspectée, choisie à dessein, est mise à profit pour élaborer un modèle direct. Celui-ci repose sur l'hypothèse selon laquelle, les défauts étant de faibles dimensions, il est possible de considérer que la perturbation de signal qu'ils engendrent est équivalente à celle que génèreraient des sources virtuelles de courants localisées uniquement dans le volume du défaut. Outre sa simplicité, cette modélisation offre l'avantage d'être adaptée à une mise en œuvre au moyen de la méthode des points sources distribués. Or celle-ci permet de formuler le problème direct sous forme matricielle ce qui constitue une base de nature à faciliter la résolution du problème inverse.C'est à ce problème qu'est consacrée la dernière partie du mémoire. Des méthodes d'inversion y sont proposées, visant à traiter progressivement la complexité du problème. Ainsi un algorithme d'inversion mono-fréquence est-il proposé, qui se montre efficace pour reconstruire des défauts sur de faibles profondeurs. Pour une meilleure reconstruction en profondeur, des algorithmes multifréquence faisant appel à des méthodes de régularisation sont ensuite conçus et appliqués à des signaux correspondant à des défauts de géométries diverses. / The ageing of the aeronautical fleet and the will to increase the aircrafts lifetime require the maintenance techniques to be made always more reliable and fast. In this context, the detection and characterization of the microscopic cracks likely to appear in some sensitive parts of the aircrafts is an important issue to be faced.This work deals with an original approach for the design of an eddy current imaging probe dedicated to the non destructive evaluation of cylindrical fastener parts. This approach consists in designing the probe in such a way that it both satisfies the constraint of an efficient sensing and that of enabling the inverse problem to be solved with a view to the defects reconstruction.Firstly, a probe design methodology is presented that optimizes the emission/reception topology, the choice of the probe elements and their arrangement according to sensitivity and resolution constraints. A prototype is built, implemented and characterized and validation of the design is obtained as the researched defects are displayed with experimental performances that agree with finite elements modelling simulations.Secondly, since the probe relies on a uniform eddy current flow interacting with small defects, a rather simple forward model is proposed based on virtual defect current sources (VDCS). The model implementation is carried out using the distributed point source method leading to a matrix formulation that can facilitate the resolution of the inverse problem.Finally, mono-frequency and multi-frequency methods are proposed for inverting the VDCS forward model and promising defect reconstruction results are obtained.

Com o crescimento do ciclismo como opção para lazer, meio de transporte e, principalmente, esporte voltado à competição, estudos mais aprofundados fizeram-se necessários visando à maximização do desempenho de atletas de alto nível. De forma complementar, muitos são os desenvolvimentos na área de sistemas de instrumentação com o objetivo primordial de possibilitar a medição e a caracterização dos diversos parâmetros de interesse dos pesquisadores na área do ciclismo. Tendo em vista o surgimento de diversos sistemas comerciais que permitem realizar a medição de grandezas como força e potência mecânica gerada pelo ciclista, este trabalho propôs instrumentar e caracterizar as medições provenientes dos pedais e pedivelas de uma bicicleta de estrada com a finalidade de, posteriormente, compará-las com base em métodos estatísticos adequados. Em função das limitações mecânicas inerentes à bicicleta e presentes no movimento de rotação nos pedais e pedivelas, foram criados sistemas completamente independentes, com alimentações elétricas feitas por baterias, e a sincronização para o início das aquisições, através de módulos ZigBee. Os ensaios contaram com a participação de dez voluntários, os quais foram responsáveis por gerar vinte sprints de dados, cada, que serviram para avaliar estatisticamente e concluir, por meio de Análises de Variância, que as forças aplicadas pelos ciclistas se diferenciaram significativamente para pelo menos uma das células de carga. / Cycling has grown as a leisure activity, means of transport and mainly as a professional sport. Therefore, deeper studies and research aiming at maximizing the performance of high-level athletes have been made necessary. Additionally to such studies, the area of instrumentation schemes has developed seeking to make possible the measuring and characterization of several parameters for researchers interested in cycling. Regarding the vibrant surging of systems that allow the measuring of magnitudes such as the forces and mechanical power generated by the cyclist, the present research aims at implementing and characterizing the measuring deriving from pedals and crankset for a road bicycle so as to analyze the results with appropriate statistic methods. Considering the mechanical limitations inherent to the bicycle the movement of pedals and crankset independent electrical systems charged by batteries were created, as well as the synchronization for the beginning of data acquisitions through ZigBee modules. Ten volunteers participated on the practices. They generated twenty sprints of data each. Such data served to statistically evaluate and conclude, based on variance analysis, that the power applied by the cyclists are significantly different for one of the load cell.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 91-92. / by Robert Gregory Clarke. / B.S.

A high resolution pressure gauge has been developed for use in thermodynamic measurements along the lambda line in liquid helium. The gauge was designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures and provide pressure measurements up to 30bar, with an accuracy of 3 × 10¯¹ºbar in a 1Hz bandwidth. Experiments reported here show the gauge to have met these specifications; at least for measurements close to zero pressure, at temperatures close to 4.5K. It is expected that operation at higher pressures, and at temperatures closer to the lambda transition, will result in similar or even improved performance. The gauge consists of a titanium-alloy diaphragm with a superconducting position transducer read-out. Compensation techniques internal to the superconducting circuit were used to eliminate any significant sensitivity to temperature fluctuations and in-line acceleration. For high values of common-mode rejection, thermal compensation revealed a non-linear temperature characteristic which was exploited to provide a further reduction in the temperature sensitivity. Acceleration compensation was achieved up to a common-mode rejection of more than 78dB. Present performance appears to be limited by thermal gradient fluctuations at low frequencies and at higher frequencies by a noise source which appears to originate beyond the superconducting transducer. It is expected that some further improvement may be gained in this higher frequency band simply by trapping a larger persistent current in the superconducting circuit. In the course of development and characterization of the gauge several anomalous effects were discovered and investigated. In response to changes in temperature, the gauge was found to exhibit irreversible behaviour in a variety of ways. These phenomena were fully investigated and found to be complex in nature. A critical state model was employed which was successful in explaining many of the observed effects. Other authors have observed apparently related behaviour in samples of niobium and some have developed similar critical state models which give results generally consistent with those reported here. However, these latter works have not investigated the presence of such effects within superconducting wires; neither have they considered the implications for devices based upon superconducting wire circuits. It appears this anomalous behaviour may be relevant to a broad range of instruments employing superconducting wire circuits similar to that used here. If this is the case, the results presented here have significant consequences for the performance of such devices

Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-174). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

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